Prevalence and clinical characteristics of psychotic versus nonpsychotic major depression in a general psychiatric outpatient clinic

Depression and Anxiety

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 54-64

  Gaudiano, Brandon A ^a,b   Dalrymple, Kristy L ^a,c   Zimmerman, Mark ^a,c  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BUTLER HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Delusions; Hallucinations; Major depression; Outpatient psychiatry; Psychotic depression

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FEMALE; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; SUICIDAL IDEATION;

ADULT; AFFECTIVE DISORDERS, PSYCHOTIC; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OUTPATIENT CLINICS, HOSPITAL; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RHODE ISLAND; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS;

EID: 58549098745     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: 15206394     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.20470     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Johnson J, Horwath E, Weissman M. The validity of major depression with psychotic features based on a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:1075-1081.
2. Ohayon M, Schatzberg A. Prevalence of depressive episodes with psychotic features in the general population. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1855-1861.
3. Coryell W, Pfohl B, Zimmerman M. The clinical and neuroendocrine features of psychotic depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1984;172:521-528.
4. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). J Am Med Assoc 2003;289:3095-3105.
5. Coryell W. Psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:27-31.
6. Keller J, Schatzberg AF, Maj M. Current issues in the classification of psychotic major depression. Schizophr Bull 2007;33:877-885.
7. Rothschild AJ. Challenges in the treatment of depression with psychotic features. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:680-690.
8. Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ. Psychotic (delusional) major depression: should it be included as a distinct syndrome in DSM-IV? Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:733-745.
9. Lattuada E, Serretti A, Cusin C, Gasperini M, Smeraldi E. Symptomatologic analysis of psychotic and non-psychotic depression. J Affect Disord 1999;54:183-187.
10. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Hickie I, et al. Distinguishing psychotic and non-psychotic melancholia. J Affect Disord 1991;22:135-148.
11. Thakur M, Hays J, Kishnan K. Clinical, demographic and social characteristics of psychotic depression. Psychiatry Res 1999;86:99-106.
12. Charney DS, Nelson JC. Delusional and nondelusional unipolar depression: further evidence for distinct subtypes. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:328-333.
13. Gaudiano BA, Miller IW. Dysfunctional cognitions in hospitalized patients with psychotic versus nonpsychotic major depression. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:357-365.
14. Serretti A, Lattuada E, Cusin C, Gasperini M, Smeraldi E. Clinical and demographic features of psychotic and nonpsychotic depression. Compr Psychiatry 1999;40:358-362.
15. Coryell W, Lavori P, Endicott J, Keller M, VanEerdewegh M. Outcome in schizoaffective, psychotic, and nonpsychotic depression. Course during a six- to 24-month follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:787-791.
16. Rothschild AJ, Samson JA, Bond TC, Luciana MM, Schildkraut JJ, Schatzberg AF. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and 1-year outcome in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:392-400.
17. Coryell W, Endicott J, Keller M. The importance of psychotic features to major depression: course and outcome during a 2-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987;75:78-85.
18. Coryell W, Tsuang MT. Primary unipolar depression and the prognostic importance of delusions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:1181-1184.
19. Leckman JF, Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, et al. Subtypes of depression. Family study perspective. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:833-838.
20. Rothschild AJ. Management of psychotic, treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996;19:237-252.
21. Aronson T, Shukla S, Gujavarty K, Hoff A, Dibuono M, Kahn E. Relapse in delusional depression: a retrospective study of the course of treatment. Compr Psychiatry 1988;29:12-21.
22. Lykouras E, Malliaras D, Christodoulou GN, et al. Delusional depression: phenomenology and response to treatment. A prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;73:324-329.
23. Brown R, Frances A, Kocsis J, Mann J. Psychotic vs. nonpsychotic depression: comparison of treatment response. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;170:635-637.
24. Gaudiano BA, Beevers CG, Miller IW. Differential response to combined treatment in patients with psychotic versus nonpsy-chotic major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005;193:625-628.
25. Nelson JC, Davis JM. DST studies in psychotic depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1497-1503.
26. Verdoux H, van Os J. Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2002;54:59-65.
27. Vythilingam M, Chen J, Bremner JD, Mazure CM, Maciejewski PK, Nelson JC. Psychotic depression and mortality. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:574-576.
28. Zimmerman M. Integrating the assessment methods of researchers in routine clinical practice: the Rhode Island methods to improve diagnostic assessment and services (MIDAS) project. In: First MB, ed. Standardized evaluation in clinical practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association;2003:29-74.
29. Flint AJ, Schaffer A, Meyers BS, Rothschild AJ, Mulsant BH. Research assessment of patients with psychotic depression: the STOP-PD approach. Psychiatr Ann 2006;37:48-56.
30. First MB. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 1997.
31. Pfohl B, Blum N, Zimmerman M. Structured interview for DSM-IV personality: SIDP-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1997.
32. Guy W. Clinical global impression ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology revised. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976.
33. Spitzer RL, Endicott J. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (SADS). New York: Biometric Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1977.
34. Endicott J, Andreasen N, Spitzer RL. Family history research diagnostic criteria. New York: Biometric Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1978.
35. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. Psychiatric diagnosis in clinical practice: is comorbidity being missed? Compr Psychiatry 1999;40:182-191.
36. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire: development, reliability and validity. Compr Psychiatry 2001;42:175-189.
37. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. A self-report scale to help make psychiatric diagnoses: the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:787-794.
38. McGuire PK, Jones P, Harvey I, Williams M, McGuffin P, Murray RM. Morbid risk of schizophrenia for relatives of patients with cannabis-associated psychosis. Schizophr Res 1995;15:277-281.
39. Zimmerman M, Chelminski I. Generalized anxiety disorder in patients with major depression: is DSM-IVs hierarchy correct? Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:504-512.
40. Chen CK, Lin SK, Sham PC, Ball D, Loh el W, Murray RM. Morbid risk for psychiatric disorder among the relatives of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005;136:87-91.
41. Rothschild AJ, Mulsant BH, Meyers BS, Flint AJ. Challenges in differentiating and diagnosing psychotic depression. Psychiatr Ann 2006;36:40-46.
42. Regier DA, Kaelber CT, Rae DS, et al. Limitations of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments for mental disorders. Implications for research and policy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:109-115.
43. Meyers BS, Greenberg R. Late-life delusional depression. J Affect Disord 1986;11:133-137.
44. Posternak MA, Zimmerman M. Elevated rates of psychosis among treatment-seeking Hispanic patients with major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005;193:66-69.
45. Whaley AL, Geller PA. Ethnic/racial differences in psychiatric disorders: a test of four hypotheses. Ethn Dis 2003;13:499-512.
46. Coryell W, Leon A, Winokur G, et al. Importance of psychotic features to long-term course in major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:483-489.
47. Goldberg JF, Harrow M. Subjective life satisfaction and objective functional outcome in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders: a longitudinal analysis. J Affect Disord 2005;89:79-89.
48. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. Psychotic subtyping of major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:311-314.
49. Mueser KT, Goodman LB, Trumbetta SL, et al. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:493-499.
50. Scott J, Chant D, Andrews G, Martin G, McGrath J. Association between trauma exposure and delusional experiences in a large community-based sample. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:339-343.
51. Bak M, Delespaul P, Hanssen M, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, van Os J. How false are "false" positive psychotic symptoms? Schizophr Res 2003;62:187-189.
52. Copolov D, Trauer T, Mackinnon A. On the non-significance of internal versus external auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2004;69:1-6.
53. Vega J, Mortimer A, Tyson P. Somatic treatment of psychotic depression: review and recommendations for practice. J Clin Psychopharm 2000;20:504-519.
54. Carpenter LL, Price LH. Psychotic depression: what is it and how should we treat it? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2000;8:40-42.
55. Schatzberg AF. New approaches to managing psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:19-23.
56. Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Balk FJ, Geddes JR, Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for unipolar psychotic depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:410-415.
57. Parker G, Roy K, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Pedic F. Psychotic (delusional) depression: a meta-analysis of physical treatments. J Affect Disord 1992;24:17-24.
58. Gaudiano BA, Miller IW, Herbert JD. The treatment of psychotic major depression: is there a role for adjunctive psychotherapy? Psychother Psychosom 2007;76:271-277.
59. Gaudiano BA. Cognitive behavior therapies for psychotic disorders: current empirical status and future directions. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2005;12:33-50.