Heterogeneity in chlorine susceptibility for Legionella pneumophila released from Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella

Journal of Applied Microbiology

Volumn 106, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 97-105

  Chang, C W ^a,b   Kao, C H ^b   Liu, Y F ^b  

^a National Taiwan University ^*  (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Acanthamoeba; Chlorination; Disinfection; Hartmannella; Legionella pneumophila

Indexed keywords

CELL MEMBRANES; CHLORINATION; DETERIORATION; DISINFECTION; PROTOZOA;

% REDUCTIONS; ACANTHAMOEBA; CELLULAR MEMBRANES; CULTURABILITY; CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE; HARTMANNELLUM; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; LEGIONELLAE; LOW DEGREE; MEMBRANE INTEGRITY;

CHLORINE;

AGAR; CHLORINE; DISINFECTANT AGENT;

BACTERIUM; CHLORINE; HETEROGENEITY; PROTOZOAN;

ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANII; AGAR MEDIUM; AMOEBA; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL MEMBRANE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CELL HETEROGENEITY; CELL MEMBRANE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HOST; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; NONHUMAN; ACANTHAMOEBA; ANIMAL; BACTERIAL COUNT; DRUG EFFECTS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HARTMANNELLA; MICROBIOLOGY;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANII; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); HARTMANNELLA; HARTMANNELLA VERMIFORMIS; LEGIONELLA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ANIMALS; CELL MEMBRANE; CHLORINE; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DISINFECTANTS; HARTMANNELLA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA;

EID: 58249109444     PISSN: 13645072     EISSN: 13652672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03980.x     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Abu Kwaik, Y., Fields, B.S. Engleberg, N.C. (1994) Protein expression by the protozoan Hartmannella vermiformis upon contact with its bacterial parasite Legionella pneumophila. Infect Immun 62, 1860 1866.
2. Abu Kwaik, Y., Gao, L.-Y., Harb, O.S. Stone, B.J. (1997) Transcriptional regulation and the macrophage-induced gene (gspA) of Legionella pneumophila and phenotypic characterization of a null mutant. Mol Microbiol 24, 629 642.
3. Arana, I., Santorum, P., Muela, A. Barcian, I. (1999) Chlorination and ozonation of waste-water: comparative analysis of efficacy through the effect on Escherichia coli membranes. J Appl Microbiol 86, 883 888.
4. Barker, J., Brown, M.R.W., Collier, P.J., Farrell, I. Gilbert, P. (1992) Relationship between Legionella pneumophila and Acanthamoeba polyphaga: physiological status and susceptibility to chemical inactivation. Appl Environ Microbiol 58, 2420 2425.
5. Borella, P., Montagna, M.T., Stampi, S., Stancanelli, G., Romano-Spica, V., Triassi, M., Marchesi, I., Bargellini, A., et al. (2005) Legionella contamination in hot water of Italian hotels. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 5805 5813.
6. Bozue, J.A. Johnson, W. (1996) Interaction of Legionella pneumophila with Acanthamoeba castellanii: uptake by coiling phagocytosis and inhibition of phagosome- lysosome fusion. Infect Immun 64, 668 673.
7. Breiman, R., Field, B.S., Sanden, G.N., Volmer, L., Meier, A. Spika, J.S. (1990) Association of shower use with Legionnaires' disease. JAMA 263, 2924 2926.
8. Brieland, J., McClain, M., Heath, L., Chrisp, C., Huffnagle, G., LeGendre, M., Hurley, M., Fantone, J. et al. (1996) Coinculation with Hartmannella vermiformis enhances replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection in a murine model of Legionnaires' disease. Infect Immun 64, 2449 2456.
9. Chang, C.W., Hwang, Y.H., Cheng, W.Y. Chang, C.P. (2007) Effects of chlorination and heat disinfection on long-term starved Legionella pneumophila in warm water. J Appl Microbiol 102, 1636 1644.
10. Cirillo, J.D., Falkow, S. Tompkins, L.S. (1994) Growth of Legionella pneumophila in Acanthamoeba castellanii enhances invasion. Infect Immun 62, 3254 3261.
11. Donlan, R.M., Forster, T., Murga, R., Brown, E., Lucas, C., Carpenter, J. Fields, B. (2005) Legionella pneumophila associated with the protozoan Hartmannella vermiformis in a model multi-species biofilm has reduced susceptibility to disinfectants. Biofouling 21, 1 7.
12. EPA (1999) Legionella: Human Health Criteria Document. US Environmental Protection Agency EPA-822-R-99-001, Washington, DC.
13. EWGLINET and EWGLI (2005) European guidelines for control and prevention of travel associated Legionnaires' disease. http://www.ewgli.org/data/european- guidelines/european-guidelines-jan05.pdf [accession date 20 July 2007].
14. Fields, B.S. (1996) The molecular ecology of legionellae. Trends Microbiol 4, 286 290.
15. Gao, L.-Y. Abu Kwaik, Y. (2000) The mechanism of killing an exiting the protozoan host Acanthamoeba polyphaga by Legionella pneumophila. Environ Microbiol 2, 79 90.
16. Greub, G. Raoult, D. (2003) Morphology of Legionella pneumophila according to their location within Hartmannella vermiformis. Res Microbiol 154, 619 621.
17. Greub, G. Raoult, D. (2004) Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clin Microbiol Rev 17, 413 433.
18. Harb, O.S., Venkataraman, C., Haack, B.J., Gao, L.-Y. Abu Kwaik, Y. (1998) Heterogeneity in the attachment and uptake mechanisms of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium, Legionella pneumophila, by protozoan hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 64, 126 132.
19. Hoefel, D., Monis, P.T., Grooby, W.L., Andrews, S. Saint, C.P. (2005) Profiling bacterial survival through a water treatment process and subsequent distribution system. J Appl Microbiol 99, 175 186.
20. Holden, E.P., Winkler, H.H., Wood, D.O. Leinbach, E.D. (1984) Intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila within Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. Infect Immun 45, 18 24.
21. Kilvington, S. Price, J. (1990) Survival of Legionella pneumophila within cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure. J Appl Bacteriol 68, 519 525.
22. Kuchta, J.M., States, S.J., McGlaughlin, J.E., Overmeyer, J.H., Wadowsky, R.M., McNamara, A.M., Wolford, R.S. Yee, R.B. (1985) Enhanced chlorine resistance of tap water-adapted Legionella pneumophila as compared with agar medium-passaged strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 50, 21 26.
23. Kuchta, J.M., Navratil, J.S., Shepherd, M.E., Wadowsky, R.M., Dowling, J.N., States, S.J. Yee, R.B. (1993) Impact of chlorine and heat on the survival of Hartmannella vermiformis and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila. Appl Environ Microbiol 59, 4096 4100.
24. Lisle, J.T., Pyle, B.H. McFeters, G.A. (1999) The use of multiple indices of physiological activity to access viability in chlorine disinfected Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lett Appl Microbiol 29, 42 47.
25. Molmeret, M., Horn, M., Wagner, M., Santic, M. Kwaik, Y.A. (2005) Amoebae as training grounds for intracellular bacterial pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 20 28.
26. Moreno, Y., Alonso, J.L., Botella, S., Ferrus, M.A. Hernandez, J. (2004) Survival and injury of Arcobacter after artificial inoculation into drinking water. Res Microbiol 155, 726 730.
27. Nakamura, H., Yagyu, H., Kishi, K., Tsuchida, F., Oh-Ishi, S., Yamaguchi, K. Matsuoka, T. (2003) A large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease due to an inadequate circulating and filtration system for bath water-epidemiologic manifestations. Intern Med 42, 806 811.
28. Phe., M.-H., Dossot, M., Guilloteau, H. Block, J.-C. (2005) Nucleic acid fluorochromes and flow cytometry prove useful in assessing the effect of chlorination on drinking water bacteria. Wat Res 39, 3618 3628.
29. Ramirez, G.W., Alonso, J.L., Villanueva, A., Guardino, R., Basiero, J.A., Bernecer, I. Morenilla, J.J. (2000) A rapid, direct method for assessing chlorine effect on filamentous bacteria in activated sludge. Wat Res 34, 3894 3898.
30. Rivera, F., Lares, F., Gallegos, E., Ramirez, E., Bonilla, P., Calderon, A., Martinez, J.J., Rodriguez, S. et al. (1989) Pathogenic amoebae in natural thermal waters of three resorts of Hidalgo, Mexico. Environ Res 50, 289 295.
31. Rivera, F., Ramirez, E., Bonilla, P., Calderon, A., Gallegos, E., Rodriguez, S., Ortiz, R., Zalaivar, B. et al. (1993) Pathogenic and free-living amoebae isolated from swimming pools and physiotherapy tubs in Mexico. Environ Res 62, 43 52.
32. Rohr, U., Weber, S., Michel, R., Selenka, F. Wilhelm, M. (1998) Comparison of free-living amoebae in hot water systems of hospitals with isolates from moist sanitary areas by identifying genera and determining temperature tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 64, 1822 1824.
33. Stocks, S.M. (2004) Mechanism and use of the commercially available viability stain, BacLight. Cytometry Part A 61A, 189 195.
34. Storey, M.V., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Ashbolt, N.J. Stenström, T.A. (2004) The efficacy of heat and chlorine treatment against thermotolerant Acanthamoebae and Legionellae. Scand J Infect Dis 36, 656 662.
35. Thomas, V., Herrera-Rimann, K., Blanc, D.S. Greub, G. (2006) Biodiversity of amoebae and amoeba-resisting bacteria in a hospital water network. Appl Environ Microbiol 72, 2428 2438.
36. Tsvetkova, N., Schild, M., Panaiotov, S., Kurdova-Mintcheva, R., Gottstein, B., Walochnik, J., Aspock, H., Lucas, M.S. et al. (2004) The identification of free-living environmental isolates of amoebae from Bulgaria. Parasitol Res 92, 405 413.
37. Tyndall, R.L. Domingue, E.L. (1982) Cocultivation of Legionella pneumophila and free-living amoebae. Appl Environ Microbiol 44, 954 959.
38. Wiedenmann, A., Langhammer, W. Botzenhart, K. (2001) A case report of false negative Legionella test results in a chlorinated public hot water distribution system due to the lack of sodium thiosulfate in sampling bottles. Int J Hyg Environ Health 204, 245 249.