Controversies in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Preterm Infants

Clinics in Perinatology

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 153-164

  Tipnis, Neelesh A ^a   Tipnis, Sajani M ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Apnea; Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; Gastroesophageal reflux disease; Preterm infant; Proton pump inhibitor

Indexed keywords

ALGINIC ACID; ANTACID AGENT; BACLOFEN; BETHANECHOL; CISAPRIDE; DOMPERIDONE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FAMOTIDINE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LANSOPRAZOLE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; OMEPRAZOLE; PLACEBO; PROKINETIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RANITIDINE;

ANAMNESIS; ANTIREFLUX OPERATION; APNEA; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGM HERNIA; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; ENDOSCOPY; ENTERIC FEEDING; ESOPHAGEAL PH MONITORING; ESOPHAGUS ATRESIA; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT SCINTISCANNING; GROWTH DISORDER; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DISEASE; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC PYLORUS STENOSIS; LUNG DYSPLASIA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STOMACH ACID SECRETION; STOMACH FUNDOPLICATION; SUPINE POSITION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES;

EID: 58249083786     PISSN: 00955108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2008.09.011     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Dhillon A.S., and Ewer A.K. Diagnosis and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units. Acta Paediatr 93 1 (2004) 88-93
2. Kohelet D., Boaz M., Serour F., et al. Esophageal pH study and symptomatology of gastroesophageal reflux in newborn infants. Am J Perinatol 21 2 (2004) 85-91
3. Marino A.J., Assing E., Carbone M.T., et al. The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. J Perinatol 15 5 (1995) 369-371
4. Newell S.J., Booth I.W., Morgan M.E., et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child 64 6 (1989) 780-786
5. Barron J.J., Tan H., Spalding J., et al. Proton pump inhibitor utilization patterns in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 45 4 (2007) 421-427
6. Malcolm W.F., Gantz M., Martin R.J., et al. Use of medications for gastroesophageal reflux at discharge among extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 121 1 (2008) 22-27
7. Omari T.I., Barnett C., Snel A., et al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in healthy premature infants. J Pediatr 133 5 (1998) 650-654
8. Jadcherla S.R., Duong H.Q., Hoffmann R.G., et al. Esophageal body and upper esophageal sphincter motor responses to esophageal provocation during maturation in preterm newborns. J Pediatr 143 1 (2003) 31-38
9. Jadcherla S.R., Gupta A., Stoner E., et al. Correlation of glottal closure using concurrent ultrasonography and nasolaryngoscopy in children: a novel approach to evaluate glottal status. Dysphagia 21 1 (2006) 75-81
10. Orlando R.C. Review article: oesophageal mucosal resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 12 3 (1998) 191-197
11. Tobey N.A., Carson J.L., Alkiek R.A., et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a morphological feature of acid reflux-damaged human esophageal epithelium. Gastroenterology 111 5 (1996) 1200-1205
12. Thach B.T. Maturation and transformation of reflexes that protect the laryngeal airway from liquid aspiration from fetal to adult life. Am J Med 111 Suppl. 8A (2001) 69S-77S
13. Davies A.M., Koenig J.S., and Thach B.T. Upper airway chemoreflex responses to saline and water in preterm infants. J Appl Phys 64 4 (1988) 1412-1420
14. Leape L.L., Holder T.M., Franklin J.D., et al. Respiratory arrest in infants secondary to gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatrics 60 6 (1977) 924-928
15. Herbst J.J., Book L.S., and Bray P.F. Gastroesophageal reflux in the "near miss" sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 92 1 (1978) 73-75
16. Herbst J.J., Minton S.D., and Book L.S. Gastroesophageal reflux causing respiratory distress and apnea in newborn infants. J Pediatr 95 5 Pt 1 (1979) 763-768
17. Spitzer A.R., Boyle J.T., Tuchman D.N., et al. Awake apnea associated with gastroesophageal reflux: a specific clinical syndrome. J Pediatr 104 2 (1984) 200-205
18. Walsh J.K., Farrell M.K., Keenan W.J., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: relation to apnea. J Pediatr 99 2 (1981) 197-201
19. Barrington K.J., Tan K., and Rich W. Apnea at discharge and gastro-esophageal reflux in the preterm infant. J Perinatol 22 1 (2002) 8-11
20. Di Fiore J.M., Arko M., Whitehouse M., et al. Apnea is not prolonged by acid gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. Pediatrics 116 5 (2005) 1059-1063
21. Peter C.S., Sprodowski N., Bohnhorst B., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and apnea of prematurity: no temporal relationship. Pediatrics 109 1 (2002) 8-11
22. Kimball A.L., and Carlton D.P. Gastroesophageal reflux medications in the treatment of apnea in premature infants. J Pediatr 138 3 (2001) 355-360
23. Allen J., Zwerdling R., Ehrenkranz R., et al. Statement on the care of the child with chronic lung disease of infancy and childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 3 (2003) 356-396
24. Starosta V., Kitz R., Hartl D., et al. Bronchoalveolar pepsin, bile acids, oxidation, and inflammation in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Chest 132 5 (2007) 1557-1564
25. Chen P.H., Chang M.H., and Hsu S.C. Gastroesophageal reflux in children with chronic recurrent bronchopulmonary infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 13 1 (1991) 16-22
26. Davis Jr. R.D., Lau C.L., Eubanks S., et al. Improved lung allograft function after fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease undergoing lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 3 (2003) 533-542
27. Foglia R.P., Fonkalsrud E.W., Ament M.E., et al. Gastroesophageal fundoplication for the management of chronic pulmonary disease in children. Am J Surg 140 1 (1980) 72-79
28. Raghu G., Yang S.T., Spada C., et al. Sole treatment of acid gastroesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case series. Chest 129 3 (2006) 794-800
29. Jolley S.G., Herbst J.J., Johnson D.G., et al. Esophageal pH monitoring during sleep identifies children with respiratory symptoms from gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology 80 6 (1981) 1501-1506
30. Akinola E., Rosenkrantz T.S., Pappagallo M., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants < 32 weeks gestational age at birth: lack of relationship to chronic lung disease. Am J Perinatol 21 2 (2004) 57-62
31. Omari T.I., Barnett C.P., Benninga M.A., et al. Mechanisms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm and term infants with reflux disease. Gut 51 4 (2002) 475-479
32. Farhath S., He Z., Nakhla T., et al. Pepsin, a marker of gastric contents, is increased in tracheal aspirates from preterm infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 121 2 (2008) e253-e259
33. Frakaloss G., Burke G., and Sanders M.R. Impact of gastroesophageal reflux on growth and hospital stay in premature infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26 2 (1998) 146-150
34. Khalaf M.N., Porat R., Brodsky N.L., et al. Clinical correlations in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit with varying severity of gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 32 1 (2001) 45-49
35. Orenstein S.R. Gastroesophageal reflux. Curr Probl Pediatr 21 5 (1991) 193-241
36. Orenstein S.R., Shalaby T.M., Devandry S.N., et al. Famotidine for infant gastro-oesophageal reflux: a multi-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled, withdrawal trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 9 (2003) 1097-1107
37. Snel A., Barnett C.P., Cresp T.L., et al. Behavior and gastroesophageal reflux in the premature neonate. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 30 1 (2000) 18-21
38. Barnett C.P., Omari T., Davidson G.P., et al. Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in premature infants with feed intolerance. J Paediatr Child Health 37 6 (2001) 559-563
39. Moore D.J., Tao B.S., Lines D.R., et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of omeprazole in irritable infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 143 2 (2003) 219-223
40. Rudolph C.D., Mazur L.J., Liptak G.S., et al. Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 32 Suppl. 2 (2001) S1-S31
41. Vandenplas Y., Goyvaerts H., Helven R., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux, as measured by 24-hour pH monitoring, in 509 healthy infants screened for risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 88 4 (1991) 834-840
42. Vandenplas Y., and Hassall E. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 35 2 (2002) 119-136
43. Salvatore S., Hauser B., Vandemaele K., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants: how much is predictable with questionnaires, pH-metry, endoscopy and histology?. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 40 2 (2005) 210-215
44. Rosen R., Lord C., and Nurko S. The sensitivity of multichannel intraluminal impedance and the pH probe in the evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 2 (2006) 167-172
45. Condino A.A., Sondheimer J., Pan Z., et al. Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in pediatric patients with asthma using impedance-pH monitoring. J Pediatr 149 2 (2006) 216-219
46. Lopez-Alonso M., Moya M.J., Cabo J.A., et al. Twenty-four-hour esophageal impedance-pH monitoring in healthy preterm neonates: rate and characteristics of acid, weakly acidic, and weakly alkaline gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatrics 118 2 (2006) e299-e308
47. Maki M., Ruuska T., Kuusela A.L., et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic esophageal and gastric lesions in preterm infants in intensive care. Crit Care Med 21 12 (1993) 1863-1867
48. Heine R.G., Cameron D.J., Chow C.W., et al. Esophagitis in distressed infants: poor diagnostic agreement between esophageal pH monitoring and histopathologic findings. J Pediatr 140 1 (2002) 14-19
49. Morigeri C., Bhattacharya A., Mukhopadhyay K., et al. Radionuclide scintigraphy in the evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in symptomatic and asymptomatic pre-term infants. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging (2008)
50. Ours T.M., Kavuru M.S., Schilz R.J., et al. A prospective evaluation of esophageal testing and a double-blind, randomized study of omeprazole in a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for chronic cough. Am J Gastroenterol 94 11 (1999) 3131-3138
51. Fass R., Fennerty M.B., Ofman J.J., et al. The clinical and economic value of a short course of omeprazole in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Gastroenterology 115 1 (1998) 42-49
52. Johnsson F., Weywadt L., Solhaug J.H., et al. One-week omeprazole treatment in the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33 1 (1998) 15-20
53. Orenstein S.R., Whitington P.F., and Orenstein D.M. The infant seat as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux. N Engl J Med 309 13 (1983) 760-763
54. van Wijk M.P., Benninga M.A., Dent J., et al. Effect of body position changes on postprandial gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying in the healthy premature neonate. J Pediatr 151 6 (2007) 585-590
55. Wenzl T.G., Schneider S., Scheele F., et al. Effects of thickened feeding on gastroesophageal reflux in infants: a placebo-controlled crossover study using intraluminal impedance. Pediatrics 111 4 Pt 1 (2003) e355-e359
56. Peter C.S., Wiechers C., Bohnhorst B., et al. Influence of nasogastric tubes on gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants: a multiple intraluminal impedance study. J Pediatr 141 2 (2002) 277-279
57. Aly H., Abdel-Hady H., Khashaba M., et al. Erythromycin and feeding intolerance in premature infants: a randomized trial. J Perinatol 27 1 (2007) 39-43
58. Chicella M.F., Batres L.A., Heesters M.S., et al. Prokinetic drug therapy in children: a review of current options. Ann Pharmacother 39 4 (2005) 706-711
59. Omari T.I., Benninga M.A., Sansom L., et al. Effect of baclofen on esophagogastric motility and gastroesophageal reflux in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 149 4 (2006) 468-474
60. B receptor agonist AZD9343 on transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and acid reflux in healthy volunteers: a phase 1 trial. Gastroenterology 134 4(S1) (2008) A126
61. Kelly E.J., Chatfield S.L., Brownlee K.G., et al. The effect of intravenous ranitidine on the intragastric pH of preterm infants receiving dexamethasone. Arch Dis Child 69 1 Spec No (1993) 37-39
62. Kuusela A.L., Ruuska T., Karikoski R., et al. A randomized, controlled study of prophylactic ranitidine in preventing stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in neonatal intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 25 2 (1997) 346-351
63. Sachs G., Shin J.M., and Howden C.W. Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 Suppl. 2 (2006) 2-8
64. Springer M., Atkinson S., North J., et al. Safety and pharmacodynamics of lansoprazole in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease aged <1 year. Paediatr Drugs 10 4 (2008) 255-263
65. Zhang W., Kukulka M., Witt G., et al. Age-dependent pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole in neonates and infants. Paediatr Drugs 10 4 (2008) 265-274
66. Omari T.I., Haslam R.R., Lundborg P., et al. Effect of omeprazole on acid gastroesophageal reflux and gastric acidity in preterm infants with pathological acid reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44 1 (2007) 41-44
67. Guillet R., Stoll B.J., Cotten C.M., et al. Association of H2-blocker therapy and higher incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 117 2 (2006) e137-e142
68. Bianconi S., Gudavalli M., Sutija V.G., et al. Ranitidine and late-onset sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinat Med 35 2 (2007) 147-150
69. Canani R.B., Cirillo P., Roggero P., et al. Therapy with gastric acidity inhibitors increases the risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatrics 117 5 (2006) e817-e820
70. Leonard J., Marshall J.K., and Moayyedi P. Systematic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression. Am J Gastroenterol 102 9 (2007) 2047-2056 quiz 2057
71. Yang Y.X., Lewis J.D., Epstein S., et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. J Am Med Assoc 296 24 (2006) 2947-2953
72. O'Connell M.B., Madden D.M., Murray A.M., et al. Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Med 118 7 (2005) 778-781
73. Holschneider P., Dubbers M., Engelskirchen R., et al. Results of the operative treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in childhood with particular focus on patients with esophageal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 17 3 (2007) 163-175
74. Gilger M.A., Yeh C., Chiang J., et al. Outcomes of surgical fundoplication in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 11 (2004) 978-984