China debates soft power

Chinese Journal of International Politics

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 287-308

  Mingjiang, Li ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 58149513935     PISSN: 17508916     EISSN: 17508924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cjip/pon011     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. For the role of the scholarly community in Chinese foreign policy making, see Yang Guangbin et al., Zhongguo Guonei Zhengzhi Jingii yu Duiwai Guanxi (China's Domestic Political Economy and Foreign Relations) (Beijing: Zhongguo remnin daxue chubanshe, 2007)
2. Hao Yufan and Lin Su, Zhongguo Waijiao Juece: Kaifang yu Duoyuan de Shehui Yinsu Fenxi (Chinese Foreign Policy Making: An Analysis of Societal Forces) (Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2007)
3. Chih-yu Shih, Reform, Identity and Chinese Foreign Policy (Taipei: Vanguard Institute for Policy Studies Publication, 2000)
4. Xuanli Liao, Chinese Foreign Policy Thank Tanks and China's Policy Towards Japan (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2006).
5. Jiang Zemin, Political Report to the 16th CCP Congress, November 8, 2002.
6. 'Yi Ruanshili Tisheng Guojia Zhonghe Jinzhengli', ('Use Soft Power to Upgrade National Comprehensive Competitiveness'), Wen Hui Bao (Wen Hui Newspaper), June 21, 2004.
7. Yang Taoyuan,'Tisheng Zhongguo Ruan Shili: Jiedu Zhongyang Zhengzhiju Di Shisan Ci Jiti Xuexi', ('Upgrading China's Soft Power: An Explanation of the 13th Collective Study Session of the CCP CC Politburo'), Liaowang Xinwen Zhoukan (Outlook News Weekly), No. 23, June 7, 2004.
8. Ma Lisi, 'Guanyu Woguo Jiaqiang Ruan Shili Jianshe de Chubu Sikao', ('Preliminary Thoughts on Accelerating China's Soft Power Building'), Dang de Wenxian (Literature of Chinese Communist Party), No. 7, pp. 35-38.
9. Pan Yue, 'Quanguo Zhengxie Zhaokai Zhuanti Xieshanghui', ('CPPCC National Committee Convenes a Special Consultation Meeting'), Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), July 25, 2007
10. Excerpt of Jia's speech at the CPPCC National Committee special session on July 24, Dang Jian (Party Building), No. 9, 2007, p. 6.
11. 'Nuli Tigao Gucjia Ruan Shili', ('Strive to Raise National Soft Power'), Guangming Ribao (Guangming Daily), November 17, 2006.
12. 'Tigao Guojia Wenhua Ruan Shili,' ('Upgrading National Cultural Soft Power'), Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), December 29, 2007.
13. See Study Group on Soft Power at CICIR, 'Ruanshili: Guoji Jiejian', ('International Lessons about Soft Power,') Liaowang Xinwen Zhoukan (Outlook News Weekly), No. 11, March 12, 2007.
14. Men Honghua, 'Zhongguo Ruanshili Pinggu Baogao', ('Assessment and Report of China's Soft Power'), Guoji Guancha (International Observations) No. 2 and No. 3, 2007.
15. Ibid.
16. The Chinese translation of Soft Power has four versions: Ruan Shili, ruan liliang, ruan guoli and Ruan Quanli. Ruan Shili is becoming more popular than the other three. For the searches, I entered all four terms and used the 'or' function.
17. For a comprehensive review of Chinese discourse on Soft Power, see Liu Qing and Wang Litao, 'Jinnian Guonei Ruan Liliang Lilun Yanjiu Zongshu', ('A Review of Chinese Studies on Soft Power Theory in Recent Years'), Jiangnan Shehui Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Jiangnan Social University) No. 2, 2007, Vol. 9, pp. 14-23.
18. Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), p. x.
19. Ibid., p. 11.
20. Wang Huning, 'Zuowei Guojia Shili de Wenhua: Ruan Quanli', ('Culture as National Power: Soft Power'), Fuda Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Fudan University), No. 3, 1993, pp. 23-28.
21. For instance, Luo Jianbo, 'Zhongguo Jueqi de Duiwai Wenhua Zhanlue', ('External Cultural Strategy in China's Rise'), Zhonggong Zhongyang Dangxiao Xuebao (Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CCP), No. 3, 2006, pp. 97-100.
22. Jiang Haiyan, 'Hongyang Zhonghua Minzu de Youxiu Wenhua yu Zengqiang Woguo de Ruan Shili', ('Promoting the Outstanding Culture of the Chinese Nation and Strengthening China's Soft Power'), Zhonggong Zhongyang Dangxiao Xuebao (Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CCP), No. 1, 2007, Vol. 11, pp. 107-112
23. Li Haijuan, '"Ruan Quanli" Jingzheng Beijing xia de Wenhua Zhanlue', ('Cultural Strategy in the Context of Soft Power Competition' , Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping Liluan Yanjiu (Studies of Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory), No. 12, 2004, pp. 49-54.
24. Men Honghua, 'Assessment and Report of China's Soft Power'.
25. Ni Xun, 'Quanguo Zhengxie Weiyuan Tan Zengqiang Wenhua Ruan Shili de Zhuoyandian', ('CPPCC National Committee Members Discuss How to Strengthen Cultural Soft Power'), Guangrning Ribao (Guangming Daily) January 3, 2008.
26. Yu Xintian, 'Ruan Liliang Duanxiang', ('Some Reflections on Soft Power'), WaiJiao Pinglun (Foreign Affairs Review), No. 97, 2007, pp. 35-36.
27. Men Honghua, 'Assessment and Report of China's Soft Power'.
28. Feng Jian and Qian Haihong, 'Gonggong Guanxi Shiye xia de Zhongguo Ruan Shili Jiangou', ('China's Soft Power Construction in the Perspective of Public Relations'), Xinwen Daxue (Journalistic University), No. 2, 2007, pp. 75-76.
29. Su Changhe, 'Zhongguo de Ruan Quanli Yi Guoji Zhidu yu Zhongguo de Guanxi Wei Li', ('China's Soft Power - an Example in the Relationship between China and International Institutions'), Guoji Guancha (International Observations), No. 2, 2007, pp. 27-35.
30. Zhao Lei, 'Zhongguo Ruan Shili Tisheng Yin Ren Guanzhu', ('Increase of China's Soft Power Raises Attention'), Zhongguo Dang Zheng Ganbu Luntan (Forum of Chinese Party and Government Officials), No. 1, 2007, pp. 45-46.
31. Yao Xu, 'Gonggong Guanxi de Chuanbo Shouduan yu Zhongguo Ruan Shili Jiangou', ('Communication Methods of Public Relations and China's Soft Power Building), Xinwen qianshao (News Frontline), No. 7, 2007, pp. 93-94.
32. For instance, Ji Ling and Chen Shiping, 'Guoji Zhengzhi de Bianqian yu Ruan Quanli Lilun', ('Changes in International Politics and the Soft Power Theory'), Waijiao Pinglun (Foreign Affairs Review), No. 96, 2007, pp. 97-105
33. Fang Changping, 'Zhong Mei Ruan Shili Bijiao Jiqi Dui Zhongguo de Qishi', ('A Comparison of Soft Power between China and the US and its Implications for China'), Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics), No. 7, 2007, pp. 21-27
34. Su Changhe, 'China's Soft Power'.
35. Gong Tieying, 'Lun Ruan Quanli de Weidu', (On the Dimensions of Soft Power), Shijie Jingii yu Zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics), No. 9, 2007, pp. 16-22.
36. Yan Xuetong, 'Ruan Shili de Hexin Shi Zhengzhi Shili', ('The Core of Soft Power is Political Power'), Huanqiu Shibao (Global Times), May 22, 2007.
37. Zhu Feng, 'Zhongguo Ying Duo Cezhong "Ruan Shili" Jueqi', ('China Should Give Priority to Soft Power Rise'), Huanqiu Shibao (Global Times), April 30, 2007.
38. Zhao Lei, 'Increase of China's Soft Power Raises Attention'.
39. Zhu Majie and Yu Xintian, 'Ruan Guoli Jianshe: Bu Rong Hushi de Wuxing Yingxiang', ('Soft Power Construction: Invisible Influence not to be Ignored'), Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Shanghai Social Sciences Circle, 2004.
40. Zheng Yongnian and Zhang Chi, 'Guoji Zhengzhi zhong de Ruan Liliang Yiji Dui Zhongguo Ruan Liliang de Guancha', ('Soft Power in International Politics and an Observation of China's Soft Power'), Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics), No. 7, 2007, pp. 133-138.
41. Men Honghua, 'Assessment and Report of China's Soft Power'.
42. Zhao Haibin, 'Yi Zhongyiyao Chuantong Wenhua Tisheng Zhongguo Ruan Shili', ('Use Traditional Chinese Medical Culture to Upgrade China's Soft Power'), Yunan Zhongyiyao Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Yunnan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine), No. 1, 2007, Vol. 30, pp. 4-9.
43. Zhao Shusen, 'Jingji Shijiao xia de Ruan Quanli yu Zhongguo de Heping Fazhan', ('Soft Power in Economic Perspective and China's Peaceful Development'), Yafei Zongheng (All-round Asia-Africa), No. 5, 2007, pp. 53-59.
44. Cheng Bin et al., 'Tiyu Wenhua Chuanbo yu Tisheng Guojia Ruan Shili', ('Communications of Sports Culture and the Increase of China's Soft Power'), Collection of Excerpts of Papers Presented at the 8th National Sports Science Conference, 2007.
45. Qian Zhengshun, 'Jiaoyu Waijiao zai Guojia Ruan Shili Waijiao Zhong Dayoukewei', ('Educational Diplomacy to Play a Big Role in China's Soft Power Diplomacy'), Guojia Jiaoyu Xingzheng Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of National Academy of Education and Administration), No. 2, 2007, pp. 33-35.
46. Yu Keping, 'Zhongguo Moshi: Jingyan yu Jianjie', ('The China Model: Experience and Lessons') in Yu Keping, ed., Zhongguo Moshi yu Beijing Gongshi - Chaoyue Huashengdun Gongshi (The Chinese Model and Beijing Consensus - beyond the Washington Consensus) (Beijing: Shehui kexue chubanshe, 2006), p. 19.
47. Hu Jintao, Report at the CCP 17th Congress, October 15, 2007.
48. Wang Zuoshu, Goujian Shehuizhuyi Hexie Shehui de Ruan Shili (Building Soft Power for a Socialist Harmonious Society) (Beijing: Remin Chubanshe, 2007).
49. Zhan Yijia, 'Zhongguo Shi Ruan Shili Daguo Ma? ('Is China a Nation with Strong Soft Power?') Shijie Zhishi (World Knowledge), No. 20, 2006, p. 5
50. Deng Xiaochao, 'Qiaoran Jueqi de Zhongguo Ruan Shili', ('Chinese Soft Power Quietly Growing'), Pandeng (Ascent), No. 6, 2005, pp. 89-93
51. 'Touxi Zhongguo "Ruan Shili"', ('Analyzing China's Soft Power' , Jiefang Ribao (Liberation Daily), October 3, 2005.
52. Men Honghua, 'Assessment and Report of China's Soft Power'.
53. Huang Renwei, 'Ruan Liliang yu Guojia Anquan', ('Soft Power and National Security'), Xuexi Yuekan (Study Monthly), No. 1, 2003, pp. 23-28.
54. Feng Jian and Qian Haihong, 'China's Soft Power Construction in the Perspective of Public Relations'.
55. Ibid.
56. Zhang Jianjing, '"Beijing Gongshi" yu Zhongguo Ruan Shili de Tisheng', ('The 'Beijing Consensus' and the Increase of China's Soft Power'), Dangdai Shijie yu Shehuizhuyi (Contemporary World and Socialism), No. 4, 2004, pp. 10-14.
57. Pang Zhongying, 'Kongzi Sixiang de "Chukou" he Ruan Liliang de Shiyong', ('The Export of Confucianism and Use of Soft Power'), Shijie Zhishi (World Knowledge), No. 17, 2006, p. 67.
58. Yu Yunquan, 'Zhongguo Wenhua Ruan Shili Jianshe Renzhongdaoyuan', ('China's Cultural Soft Power Construction Has a Long way to Go'), Duiwai Dachuanbo (External Communications), No. 1, 2007, pp. 44-46.
59. Zhao Changmao, 'Zhongguo Xuyao Ruan Shili', ('China Needs Soft Power'), Liaowang Xinwen Zhoukan (Outlook News Weekly), June 7, 2004.
60. Huang Renwei, Zhongguo Jueqi de Shijian he Kongjian (Time and Space of China's Rise) (Shanghai: Shanghai shehuikexue chubanshe, 2002).
61. Men Honghua, 'Assessment and Report of China's Soft Power'.
62. Li Jie, 'Tisheng Ruan Shili Dui Shixian Woguo Heping Jueqi Zhanlue de Zuoyong', ('The Role of Increasing Soft Power for the Realization of China's Peaceful Rise'), Taipingyang Xuebao (Journal of Pacific Studies), No.12, 2005, pp. 64-71
63. Huang Jing and Yue Zhanju, 'Ruan Shili Jianshe yu Zhongguo de Heping Fazhan Daolu', ('Building Soft Power and China's Peaceful Development Road'), Dangdai Shijie yu Shehuizhuyi (Contemporary World and Socialism), No. 5, 2006, pp. 103-107.
64. Luo Jianbo, 'External Cultural Strategy in China's Rise'.
65. Wang Jianjun, 'Ruan Shili Shengwen', ('Soft Power Given More Attention'), Liao Wang (Outlook Weekly), No. 11 March 12, 2007.
66. Men Honghua, 'Assessment and Report of China's Soft Power'.
67. Fang Changping, 'A Comparison of Soft Power between China and the US and its Implications for China'.
68. Song Xiaofeng, 'Shi Xi Zhongguo Heping Jueqi zhong de Ruan Quanli Yinsu', ('A Preliminary Analysis of the Soft Power Factor in China's Peaceful Rise'), Guangdong Xingzheng Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Guangdong Institute of Public Administration), No. 3, 2005, pp. 46-50.
69. Zhang Jianjing, 'The Beijing Consensus and the Increase of China's Soft Power'. President Hu Jintao said at a meeting with Chinese diplomatic emissaries that to better serve Chinese interests during this 'important period of strategic opportunity', China needs to strive to ensure four 'environments': A peaceful and stable international environment; a neighbourly and friendly environment in surrounding regions; a cooperative environment based on equality and mutual benefits; and an objective and friendly media environment.
70. Liu Sen, 'Xiang Shijie Shuoming Zhongguo, Guanjian Kao Tisheng Ruan Shili', ('Upgrading Soft Power is Key in Explaining China to the Outside World'), Jiefang Ribao (Liberation Daily), November 3, 2007.
71. Wang Jianjun, 'Soft Power Given More Attention'.
72. Fang Changping, 'A Comparison of Soft Power between China and the US and its Implications for China'.
73. Huang Jing and Yue Zhanju, 'Building Soft Power and China's Peaceful Development Road'.
74. Zhang Jianjing, 'The 'Beijing Consensus' and the Increase of China's Soft Power'.
75. Zhu Feng, 'China Should Give Priority to Soft Power Rise'.
76. See Study Group on Soft Power at CICIR, 'International Lessons about Soft Power'.
77. Yu Xibin, 'Ruan Shili Liluan de Neihan, Chansheng Beijing ji Yunyong', ('Content, Background, and Application of the Soft Power Theory'), Dangdai Shijie (Contemporary World), No. 9, 2006, pp. 33-35.
78. Zhao Yi,'Ruan Shili: Daguo Zhengxiong de Tuelichang', ('Soft Power: the Arena of Major Power Rivalry'), Zhongguo Shehui Daokan (China Society Periodical), No. 12, 2005, pp. 55-57.
79. Li Jie, 'Ruan Shili Jianshe yu Zhongguo de Heping Fazhan', ('Soft Power Construction and China's Peaceful Development'), Guoji Wenti Yanjiu (International Studies), No. 1, 2007, pp. 19-24.
80. He Ying et al., 'Qian Xi Guojia "Ruan Quanli" Lilun', ('Notes on National Soft Power Theory'), Guoji Guanxi Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of University of International Relations), No. 12, 2005, pp. 5-8.
81. Huang Renwei, 'Soft Power and National Security'.
82. Li Haijuan, 'Cultural Strategy in the Context of Soft Power Competition'.
83. 'Full Text of The National Planning Guidelines for Cultural Development in the 11th Five-Year Period', Xinhua News Agency, September 13, 2006.
84. Shen Suru, 'Kaizhan 'Ruan Shili' yu Duiwai Chuanbo de Yanjiu', ('Conducting Research on Soft Power and External Communications'), Duiwai Da Chuanbo (Grand External Communications), No. 7, 2006, pp. 24-28.
85. Lin Guoxia, 'Zhongguo Ruan Shili Xianzhuang Fenxi', ('An Analysis of the State of China's Soft Power'), Dang dai Shijie (Contemporary World) No. 3, 2007, pp. 24-28.
86. Jiang Haiyan, 'Promoting the Outstanding Culture of the Chinese Nation and Strengthening China's Soft Power'.
87. Shen Jiru, 'Buneng Hushi Zengqiang Woguo de "Ruan Shili"' ('The Enhancement of China's Soft Power Should not be Neglected'), Liaowang Xinwen Zhoukan (Outlook News Weekly), No. 41, 1999, pp. 12-13.
88. 'Upgrading National Cultural Soft Power'.
89. 'Full Text of the National Planning Guidelines for Cultural Development in the 11th Five-Year Period', Xinhua News Agency, September 13, 2006.
90. Wang Haijing, 'Qian Chengdan: Zhidu Jianshe Chengqi Ruan Shili', ('Qian Chengdan: Institutional Building to Support Soft Power'), Liao Wang (Outlook Weekly), No. 11, 2007.
91. Zhang Jianjing, 'The "Beijing Consensus" and the Increase of China's Soft Power'.
92. Zhu Majie and Yu Xintian, 'Soft Power Construction: Invisible Influence not to Be Ignored'.
93. Chen Yugang, 'Shi Lun Quanqiuhua Beijing xia Zhongguo Ruan Shili de Goujian', ('Thoughts on the Construction of China's Soft Power in the Context of Globalization'), Guoji Guancha (International Observations), No. 2, 2007, pp. 36-59.
94. Wu Xu, 'Zhongguo Ruan Shili Bunneng Chi Laoben', ('China's Soft Power cannot Depend on Traditions Only'), Shiji Xing (Century), No. 6, 2007, pp. 47-48.
95. Shen Suru, 'Conducting Research on Soft Power and External Communications'.
96. Fang Changping, 'A Comparison of Soft Power between China and the US and its Implications for China'.
97. Yu Yunquan, 'China's Cultural Soft Power Construction Has a Long Way to Go'.
98. Yanzhong Huang and Sheng Ding, 'Dragon's Underbelly: An Analysis of China's Soft Power', East Asia, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2006, pp. 22-44.