Role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in human disease

Veterinary Microbiology

Volumn 134, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 45-54

  Piette, A ^a   Verschraegen, G ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Blood stream infections; Coagulase negative staphylococci; Endocarditis; Human medicine; Nosocomial infection; Species distribution; Urinary tract infections

Indexed keywords

CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; FUSIDIC ACID; GENTAMICIN; LANTIBIOTIC; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; METICILLIN; NOVOBIOCIN; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; TEICOPLANIN; TETRACYCLINE; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

AGGLUTINATION TEST; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BACTERIURIA; BIOFILM; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; BONE INFECTION; BREAST ABSCESS; CANCER PATIENT; CATHETER INFECTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS; CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; DEVICE INFECTION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; ENDOCARDITIS; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; FOREIGN BODY; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOTYPE; GRAFT INFECTION; HEALTH CARE COST; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INCIDENCE; INDWELLING CATHETER; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION RISK; INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS; INTENSIVE CARE; KERATITIS; MASTITIS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUCOSA; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMYELITIS; PERITONITIS; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; PROSTHESIS INFECTION; PROSTHESIS LOOSENING; QUORUM SENSING; SEPSIS; SHUNT INFECTION; SKIN; SPECIES DISTRIBUTION; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS LUGDUNENSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS; SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; SURGICAL INFECTION; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COAGULASE; DRUG RESISTANCE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS LUGDUNENSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS;

EID: 58149492774     PISSN: 03781135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.009     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Abu el-Asrar A.M., al-Amro S.A., al-Mosallam A.A., and al-Obeidan S. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis: causative organisms and visual outcome. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 9 (1999) 21-31
2. Agvald-Ohman C., Lund B., and Edlund C. Multiresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci disseminate frequently between intubated patients in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Crit. Care 8 (2004) R42-R47
3. Asnis D.S., St John S., Tickoo R., and Arora A. Staphylococcus lugdunensis breast abscess: is it real?. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (2003) 1348
4. Bannerman T. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and other catalase-positive cocci that grow aerobically. In: Murray P., Baron E., Jorgerson J., Pfaller M., and Yolken R. (Eds). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (2003), ASM Press, Washington
5. Barbosa-Cesnik C., Schwartz K., and Foxman B. Lactation mastitis. JAMA 289 (2003) 1609-1612
6. Biavasco F., Vignaroli C., and Varaldo P.E. Glycopeptide resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19 (2000) 403-417
7. Biedenbach D.J., Bell J.M., Sader H.S., Fritsche T.R., Jones R.N., and Turnidge J.D. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the Asia-Pacific region and an in vitro evaluation of the bactericidal activity of daptomycin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin: a SENTRY Program Report (2003-2004). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 30 (2007) 143-149
8. Cantlon C.A., Stemper M.E., Schwan W.R., Hoffman M.A., and Qutaishat S.S. Significant pathogens isolated from surgical site infections at a community hospital in the Midwest. Am. J. Infect. Control. 34 (2006) 526-529
9. CDC. National nosocomial infections surveillance (NNIS) report, data summary from October 1986 - April 1996, issued may 1996. Am. J. Infect. Control. 24 (1996) 380-388
10. Chaudhury A., and Kumar A.G. In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against oxacillin resistant staphylococci with special reference to Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 25 (2007) 50-52
11. Christiaens T.H., Heytens S., Verschraegen G., De Meyere M., and De Maeseneer J. Which bacteria are found in Belgian women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections in primary health care, and what is their susceptibility pattern anno 95-96. Acta Clin. Belg. 53 (1998) 184-188
12. Chu V.H., Cabell C.H., Abrutyn E., Corey G.R., Hoen B., Miro J.M., Olaison L., Stryjewski M.E., Pappas P., Anstrom K.J., Eykyn S., Habib G., Benito N., and Fowler Jr. V.G. Native valve endocarditis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci: report of 99 episodes from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39 (2004) 1527-1530
13. Correa L., and Pittet D. Problems and solutions in hospital-acquired bacteraemia. J. Hosp. Infect. 46 (2000) 89-95
14. Corse J., and Williams R.E. Antibiotic resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci. J. Clin. Pathol. 21 (1968) 722-728
15. Costa S.F., Miceli M.H., and Anaissie E.J. Mucosa or skin as source of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteraemia?. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4 (2004) 278-286
16. Costa S.F., Barone A.A., Miceli M.H., van der Heijden I.M., Soares R.E., Levin A.S., and Anaissie E.J. Colonization and molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcal bacteremia in cancer patients: a pilot study. Am. J. Infect. Control. 6 34 (2006) 36-40
17. Costerton J.W., Stewart P.S., and Greenberg E.P. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284 (1999) 1318-1322
18. Cuevas O., Cercenado E., Vindel A., Guinea J., Sanchez-Conde M., Sanchez-Somolinos M., and Bouza E. Evolution of the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in Spain: five nationwide prevalence studies, 1986 to 2002. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 (2004) 4240-4245
19. Dalton H.P., and Allison M.J. Etiology of bacteremia. Appl. Microbiol. 15 (1967) 808-814
20. Del' Alamo L., Cereda R.F., Tosin I., Miranda E.A., and Sader H.S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci and characterization of isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34 (1999) 185-191
21. de Mattos E.M., Teixeira L.A., Alves V.M., Rezenda e Resende C.A., da Silva Coimbra M.V., da Silva-Carvalho M.C., Ferreira-Carvalho B.T., and Figueiredo A.M. Isolation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and comparison of different molecular techniques for discriminating isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45 (2003) 13-22
22. Euzéby, J.P., 2007. LSPN List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature, http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/.
23. Filka J., Huttova M., Tuharsky J., Sagat T., Kralinsky K., and Kremery V. Nosocomial meningitis in children after ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. Acta Paediatr. 88 (1999) 576-578
24. Frebourg N.B., Lefebvre S., Baert S., and Lemeland J.F. PCR-based assay for discrimination between invasive and contaminating Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 877-880
25. Garner J.S., Jarvis W.R., Emory T.G., Horan T.C., and Hughes J.M. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections. Am. J. Infect. Control. 16 (1988) 128-140
26. Garrison M.W., Neumiller J.J., and Setter S.M. Tigecycline: an investigational glycylcycline antimicrobial with activity against resistant gram-positive organisms. Clin. Ther. 27 (2005) 12-22
27. Gatermann S.G., Koschinski T., and Friedrich S. Distribution and expression of macrolide resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13 (2007) 777-781
28. Gill V.J., Selepak S.T., and Williams E.C. Species identification and antibiotic susceptibilities of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18 (1983) 1314-1319
29. Grude N., Tveten Y., Jenkins A., and Kristansen B.E. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Scand. J. Prim. Health Care 23 (2005) 115-119
30. Hanssen A.M., Kjeldsen G., and Sollid J.U. Local variants of Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in sporadic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci: evidence of horizontal gene transfer?. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 (2004) 285-296
31. Harraghy N., Kerdudou S., and Herrmann M. Quorum-sensing systems in staphylococci as therapeutic targets. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387 (2007) 437-444
32. Heikens E., Fleer A., Paauw A., Florijn A.C., and Fluit A. Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic methods for species-level identification of clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 2286-2290
33. Higuchi W., Isobe H., Iwao Y., Dohmae S., Saito K., Takano T., Otsuka T., Baranovich T., Endo C., Suzuki N., Tomiyama Y., and Yamamoto T. Extensive multidrug resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in medical students. J. Infect. Chemother. 13 (2007) 63-66
34. Hira V., Sluijter M., Estevão S., Horst-Kreft D., Ott A., de Groot R., Hermans P.W., and Kornelisse R.F. Clinical and molecular epidemiologic characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bloodstream infections in intensive care neonates. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26 (2007) 607-612
35. Hoen B., Alla F., Selton-Suty C., Béguinot I., Bouvet A., Briançon S., Casalta J.P., Danchin N., Delahaye F., Etienne J., Le Moing V., Leport C., Mainardi J.L., Ruimy R., and Vandenesch F. Changing profile of infective endocarditis, results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA 288 (2002) 75-81
36. Huang C.R., Lu C.H., Wu J.J., Chang H.W., Chien C.C., Lei C.B., and Chang W.N. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal meningitis in adults: clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes. Infection 33 (2005) 56-60
37. Huebner J., and Goldmann D.A. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: role as pathogens. Annu. Rev. Med. 50 (1999) 223-236
38. Jarløv J.O., Højbjerg T., Busch-Sørensen C., Scheibel J., Møller J.K., Kolmos H.J., and Wandall D.A. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci in Danish blood cultures: species distribution and antibiotic susceptibility. J. Hosp. Infect. 32 (1996) 217-227
39. Jones R.N., Fritsche T.R., Sader H.S., and Ross J.E. LEADER surveillance program results for 2006: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from the United States (50 medical centers). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59 (2007) 309-317
40. ® annual appraisal of potency and spectrum program results for 2006: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from 16 countries. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59 (2007) 199-209
41. Karacal H., Kymes S.M., and Apte R.S. Retrospective analysis of etiopathogenesis of all cases of endophthalmitis at a large tertiary referral center. Int. Ophthalmol. 27 (2007) 251-259
42. Kawamura Y., Hou X.G., Sultana F., Hirose K., Miyake M., Shu S.E., and Ezaki T. Distribution of Staphylococcus species among human clinical specimens and emended description of Staphylococcus caprae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 (1998) 2038-2042
43. Kleeman K.T., Bannerman T.L., and Kloos W.E. Species distribution of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates at a community hospital and implications for selection of staphylococcal identification procedures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31 (1993) 1318-1321
44. Kloos W.E., and Schleifer K.J. Simplified scheme for routine identification of human Staphylococcus species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1 (1975) 82-88
45. Kloos W.E., and Bannerman T.L. Update on clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7 (1994) 117-140
46. Koksal F., Yasar H., and Samasti M. Antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains isolated from blood cultures of septicemic patients in Turkey. Microbiol. Res. (2007) 10.1016/j.micres.2007.03.004
47. Kong K.F., Vuong C., and Otto M. Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296 (2006) 133-139
48. Koziol-Montewka M., Szczepanik A., Baranowicz I., Jozwiak L., Ksiazek A., and Kaczor D. The investigation of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci nasal carriage among patients undergoing haemodialysis. Microbiol. Res. 161 (2006) 281-287
49. Kozitskaya S., Olson M.E., Fey P.D., Witte W., Ohlsen K., and Ziebuhr W. Clonal analysis of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates carrying or lacking biofilm-mediating genes by multilocus sequence typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 4751-4757
50. Krediet T.G., Mascini E.M., van Rooij E., Vlooswijk J., Paauw A., Gerards L.J., and Fleer A. Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative staphylococci causing sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit over an 11-year period. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (2004) 992-995
51. Layer F., Ghebremedhin B., Moder K., König W., and König B. Comparative study using various methods for identification of Staphylococcus species in clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 2824-2830
52. Mack D., Davies A.P., Harris L.G., Rohde H., Horstkotte M.A., and Knobloch J.K. Microbial interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387 (2007) 399-408
53. Mellmann A., Becker K., von Eiff C., Keckevoet U., Schumann P., and Harmsen D. Sequencing and staphylococci identification. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 333-336
54. Miragaia M., Couto I., Pereira S.F., Kristinsson K.G., Westh H., Jarløv J.O., Carriço J., Almeida J., Santos-Sanches I., and de Lencastre H. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis clones: evidence of geographic dissemination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2002) 430-438
55. Monsen T., Olofsson C., Rönmark M., and Wiström J. Clonal spread of staphylococci among patients with peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 57 (2000) 613-618
56. Neely A.N., and Maley M.P. Survival of Enterococci and Staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 724-726
57. Nouwen J.L., van Belkum A., de Marie S., Sluijs J., Wielenga J.J., Kluytmans J.A., and Verbrugh H.A. Clonal expansion of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains causing Hickman catheter-related infections in a hemato-oncologic department. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 (1998) 2696-2702
58. Nunes A.P., Teixeira L.M., Iorio N.L., Bastos C.C., de Sousa Fonseca L., Souto-Padrón T., and dos Santos K.R. Heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus warneri clinical strains: characterisation of glycopeptide susceptibility profiles and cell wall thickening. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 27 (2006) 307-315
59. Nys S., van Merode T., Bartelds A.I., and Stobberingh E.E. Urinary tract infections in general practice patients: diagnostic tests versus bacteriological culture. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57 (2006) 955-958
60. Potoski B.A., Adams J., Clarke L., Shutt K., Linden P.K., Baxter C., Pasculle A.W., Capitano B., Peleg A.Y., Szabo D., and Paterson D.L. Epidemiological profile of linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (2006) 165-171
61. Poutanen S.M., and Baron E.J. Staphylococcus lugdunensis: a notably distinct coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Clin. Microbiol. Newsletter 23 (2001) 147-150
62. Qin Z., Yang X., Yang L., Jiang J., Ou Y., Molin S., and Qu D. Formation and properties of in vitro biofilms of ica-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates. J. Med. Microbiol. 56 (2007) 83-93
63. Raz R., Colodner R., and Kunin C.M. Who are you-Staphylococcus saprophyticus?. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40 (2005) 896-898
64. Reynolds R., Potz N., Colman M., Williams A., Livermore D., and MacGowan A. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the pathogens of bacteraemia in the UK and Ireland 2001-2002: the BSAC bacteraemia resistance surveillance programme. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53 (2004) 1018-1032
65. Rohde H., Kalitzky M., Kröger N., Scherpe S., Horstkotte M.A., Knobloch J.K., Zander A.R., and Mack D. Detection of virulence-associated genes not useful for discriminating between invasive and commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from a bone marrow transplant unit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (2004) 5614-5619
66. Rupp M.E., and Archer G.L. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: pathogens associated with medical progress. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19 (1994) 231-245
67. Sader H.S., Watters A.A., Fritsche T.R., and Jones R.N. Daptomycin antimicrobial activity tested against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in European medical centers (2005). BMC Infect. Dis. 7 (2007) 29 10.1186/1471-2334-7-29
68. Schaberg D.R., Culver D.H., and Gaynes R.P. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am. J. Med. 91 (1991) S72-S75
69. Singhal R., Dhawan S., Mohanty S., Sood S., Dhawan B., Das B., and Kapil A. Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase negative staphylococci in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J. Med. Res. 123 (2006) 569-570
70. Sivadon V., Rottman M., Chaverot S., Quincampoix J.C., Avettand V., de Mazancourt P., Bernard L., Trieu-Cuot P., Féron J.M., Lortat-Jacob A., Piriou P., Judet T., and Gaillard J.L. Use of genotypic identification by sodA sequencing in a prospective study to examine the distribution of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species among strains recovered during septic orthopedic surgery and evaluate their significance. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 2952-2954
71. Suetens C., Leens E., Versporten A., and Jans B. Hogere incidentie septicemieën met coagulase-negatieve stafylokokken na introductie kwaliteitsdecreet in Vlaanderen. Noso-info. 1 (2002) 11-13
72. Surani S., Chandna H., and Weinstein R.A. Breast abscess: coagulase-negative staphylococcus as a sole pathogen. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19 (1994) 814-815
73. Smith I.M., Beals P.D., Kingsbury K.R., and Hasenclever N.F. Observations on Staphylococcus albus septicemia in mice and men. Arch. Intern. Med. 102 (1958) 375-388
74. Vandecasteele S.J., Peetermans W.E., Merckx R., Rijnders B.J., and Van Eldere J. Reliability of the ica, aap and atlE genes in the discrimination between invasive, colonizing and contaminant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in the diagnosis of catheter-related infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 9 (2003) 114-119
75. von Eiff C., Proctor R.A., and Peters G. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: pathogens have major role in nosocomial infections. Postgrad. Med. 110 (2001) 63-76
76. von Eiff C., Peters G., and Heilmann C. Pathogenesis of infections due to coagulase negative staphylococci. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2 (2002) 677-685
77. von Eiff C., Jansen B., Kohnene W., and Becker K. Infections associated with medical devices, pathogenesis, management and prophylaxis. Drugs 65 (2005) 179-214
78. Vuong C., and Otto M. Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. Microbes Infect. 4 (2002) 481-489
79. Wang K.W., Chang W.N., Shih T.Y., Huang C.R., Tsai N.W., Chang C.S., Chuang Y.C., Liliang P.C., Su T.M., Rau C.S., Tsai Y.D., Cheng B.C., Hung P.L., Chang C.J., and Lu C.H. Infection of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: causative pathogens, clinical features and outcomes. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 57 (2004) 44-48
80. Wang A., Athan E., Pappas P.A., Fowler V.G., Olaison L., Paré C., Almirante B., Muñoz P., Rizzi M., Naber C., Logar M., Tattevin P., Iarussi D.L., Selton-Suty C., Jones S.B., Casabé J., Morris A., Corey G.R., and Cabell C.H. Contemporary clinical profile and outcome of prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA 12 (2007) 1354-1361
81. Widerström M., Monsen T., Karlsson C., and Wiström J. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in a Swedish county hospital: evidence of intra and interhospital clonal spread. J. Hosp. Infect. 64 (2006) 177-183
82. Widerström M., Wiström J., Ferry S., Karlsson C., and Monsen T. Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from women with uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45 (2007) 1561-1564
83. Wisplinghoff H., Bischoff T., Tallent S.M., Seifert H., Wenzel R.P., and Edmond M.B. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39 (2004) 309-317
84. Xu L., Li H., Vuong C., Vadyvaloo V., Wang J., Yao Y., Otto M., and Gao Q. Role of the luxS quorum-sensing system in biofilm formation and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect. Immun. 74 (2006) 488-496
85. Zelenitsky S., Barns L., Findlay I., Alfa M., Ariano R., Fine A., and Harding G. Analysis of microbiological trends in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis from 1991 to 1998. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 36 (2000) 1009-1013
86. Ziebuhr W., Hennig S., Eckart M., Kränzler H., Batzilla C., and Kozitskaya S. Nosocomial infections by Staphylococcus epidermidis: how a commensal bacterium turns into a pathogen. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 28S (2006) S14-S20