메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 51, 2008, Pages 13742-13753

Organization and postembryonic development of glial cells in the adult central brain of Drosophila

Author keywords

Adult brain; Cell lineage; Drosophila; Glial cells; Glial subtype; MARCM

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASTROCYTE; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CELL CLONE; CELL INFILTRATION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL TYPE; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; DROSOPHILA; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GLIA CELL; NEURAL STEM CELL; NEUROPIL; NONHUMAN; PERIKARYON; POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ANIMAL; ANIMAL EMBRYO; BIOSYNTHESIS; BRAIN; CELL COUNT; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CLASSIFICATION; CYTOLOGY; GENETICS; GLIA; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; LARVA; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL; PHYSIOLOGY; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL;

EID: 58149396831     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: 02706474     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4844-08.2008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (242)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0030742439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postembryonic development of the midline glia in the CNS of Drosophila: Proliferation, programmed cell death, and endocrine regulation
    • Awad TA, Truman JW (1997) Postembryonic development of the midline glia in the CNS of Drosophila: proliferation, programmed cell death, and endocrine regulation. Dev Biol 187:283-297.
    • (1997) Dev Biol , vol.187 , pp. 283-297
    • Awad, T.A.1    Truman, J.W.2
  • 2
    • 1942477314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engulfing action of glial cells is required for programmed axon pruning during Drosophila metamorphosis
    • Awasaki T, Ito K (2004) Engulfing action of glial cells is required for programmed axon pruning during Drosophila metamorphosis. Curr Biol 14:668-677.
    • (2004) Curr Biol , vol.14 , pp. 668-677
    • Awasaki, T.1    Ito, K.2
  • 3
    • 33744947548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential role of the apoptotic cell engulfment genes draper and ced-6 in programmed axon pruning during Drosophila metamorphosis
    • Awasaki T, Tatsumi R, Takahashi K, Arai K, Nakanishi Y, Ueda R, Ito K (2006) Essential role of the apoptotic cell engulfment genes draper and ced-6 in programmed axon pruning during Drosophila metamorphosis. Neuron 50:855-867.
    • (2006) Neuron , vol.50 , pp. 855-867
    • Awasaki, T.1    Tatsumi, R.2    Takahashi, K.3    Arai, K.4    Nakanishi, Y.5    Ueda, R.6    Ito, K.7
  • 4
    • 26244436194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • moody encodes two GPCRs that regulate cocaine behaviors and blood-brain barrier permeability in Drosophila
    • Bainton RJ, Tsai LT, Schwabe T, DeSalvo M, Gaul U, Heberlein U (2005) moody encodes two GPCRs that regulate cocaine behaviors and blood-brain barrier permeability in Drosophila. Cell 123:145-156.
    • (2005) Cell , vol.123 , pp. 145-156
    • Bainton, R.J.1    Tsai, L.T.2    Schwabe, T.3    DeSalvo, M.4    Gaul, U.5    Heberlein, U.6
  • 5
    • 41949090199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtypes of glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic ventral nerve cord as related to lineage and gene expression
    • Beckervordersandforth RM, Rickert C, Altenhein B, Technau GM (2008) Subtypes of glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic ventral nerve cord as related to lineage and gene expression. Mech Dev 125:542-557.
    • (2008) Mech Dev , vol.125 , pp. 542-557
    • Beckervordersandforth, R.M.1    Rickert, C.2    Altenhein, B.3    Technau, G.M.4
  • 6
    • 0033953122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glia maintain follower neuron survival during Drosophila CNS development
    • Booth GE, Kinrade EF, Hidalgo A (2000) Glia maintain follower neuron survival during Drosophila CNS development. Development 127:237-244.
    • (2000) Development , vol.127 , pp. 237-244
    • Booth, G.E.1    Kinrade, E.F.2    Hidalgo, A.3
  • 7
    • 0027241846 scopus 로고
    • Defective glia in the Drosophila brain degeneration mutant drop-dead
    • Buchanan RL, Benzer S (1993) Defective glia in the Drosophila brain degeneration mutant drop-dead. Neuron 10:839-850.
    • (1993) Neuron , vol.10 , pp. 839-850
    • Buchanan, R.L.1    Benzer, S.2
  • 8
    • 0027481073 scopus 로고
    • Glial cells in adult and developing prothoracic ganglion of the hawk moth Manduca sexta
    • Cantera R (1993) Glial cells in adult and developing prothoracic ganglion of the hawk moth Manduca sexta. Cell Tissue Res 272:93-108.
    • (1993) Cell Tissue Res , vol.272 , pp. 93-108
    • Cantera, R.1
  • 10
    • 26944443083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • glial cells missing and gcm2 cell autonomously regulate both glial and neuronal development in the visual system of Drosophila
    • Chotard C, Leung W, Salecker I (2005) glial cells missing and gcm2 cell autonomously regulate both glial and neuronal development in the visual system of Drosophila. Neuron 48:237-251.
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.48 , pp. 237-251
    • Chotard, C.1    Leung, W.2    Salecker, I.3
  • 11
    • 33947710068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation of postembryonic neuronal and glial lineages inferred from a mosaic analysis of the Drosophila larval brain
    • Colonques J, Ceron J, Tejedor FJ (2007) Segregation of postembryonic neuronal and glial lineages inferred from a mosaic analysis of the Drosophila larval brain. Mech Dev 124:327-340.
    • (2007) Mech Dev , vol.124 , pp. 327-340
    • Colonques, J.1    Ceron, J.2    Tejedor, F.J.3
  • 12
    • 0026757788 scopus 로고
    • Expression of the period clock gene within different cell types in the brain of Drosophila adults and mosaic analysis of these cells' influence on circadian behavioral rhythms
    • Ewer J, Frisch B, Hamblen-Coyle MJ, Rosbash M, Hall JC (1992) Expression of the period clock gene within different cell types in the brain of Drosophila adults and mosaic analysis of these cells' influence on circadian behavioral rhythms. J Neurosci 12:3321-3349.
    • (1992) J Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 3321-3349
    • Ewer, J.1    Frisch, B.2    Hamblen-Coyle, M.J.3    Rosbash, M.4    Hall, J.C.5
  • 13
    • 3242711295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospero maintains the mitotic potential of glial precursors enabling them to respond to neurons
    • Griffiths RL, Hidalgo A (2004) Prospero maintains the mitotic potential of glial precursors enabling them to respond to neurons. EMBO J 23:2440-2450.
    • (2004) EMBO J , vol.23 , pp. 2440-2450
    • Griffiths, R.L.1    Hidalgo, A.2
  • 15
    • 33846621575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tripartite synapse: Roles for gliotransmission in health and disease
    • Halassa MM, Fellin T, Haydon PG (2007) The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease. Trends Mol Med 13:54-63.
    • (2007) Trends Mol Med , vol.13 , pp. 54-63
    • Halassa, M.M.1    Fellin, T.2    Haydon, P.G.3
  • 16
    • 0028931951 scopus 로고
    • The homeobox gene repo is required for the differentiation and maintenance of glia function in the embryonic nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Halter DA, Urban J, Rickert C, Ner SS, Ito K, Travers AA, Technau GM (1995) The homeobox gene repo is required for the differentiation and maintenance of glia function in the embryonic nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. Development 121:317-332.
    • (1995) Development , vol.121 , pp. 317-332
    • Halter, D.A.1    Urban, J.2    Rickert, C.3    Ner, S.S.4    Ito, K.5    Travers, A.A.6    Technau, G.M.7
  • 18
    • 0033980152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glia dictate pioneer axon trajectories in the Drosophila embryonic CNS
    • Hidalgo A, Booth GE (2000) Glia dictate pioneer axon trajectories in the Drosophila embryonic CNS. Development 127:393-402.
    • (2000) Development , vol.127 , pp. 393-402
    • Hidalgo, A.1    Booth, G.E.2
  • 19
    • 0035514704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Drosophila neuregulin vein maintains glial survival during axon guidance in the CNS
    • Hidalgo A, Kinrade EF, Georgiou M (2001) The Drosophila neuregulin vein maintains glial survival during axon guidance in the CNS. Dev Cell 1:679-690.
    • (2001) Dev Cell , vol.1 , pp. 679-690
    • Hidalgo, A.1    Kinrade, E.F.2    Georgiou, M.3
  • 20
    • 33744922406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wlds protection distinguishes axon degeneration following injury from naturally occurring developmental pruning
    • Hoopfer ED, McLaughlin T, Watts RJ, Schuldiner O, O'Leary DD, Luo L (2006) Wlds protection distinguishes axon degeneration following injury from naturally occurring developmental pruning. Neuron 50:883-895.
    • (2006) Neuron , vol.50 , pp. 883-895
    • Hoopfer, E.D.1    McLaughlin, T.2    Watts, R.J.3    Schuldiner, O.4    O'Leary, D.D.5    Luo, L.6
  • 21
    • 0029087476 scopus 로고
    • glial cells missing: A binary switch between neuronal and glial determination in Drosophila
    • Hosoya T, Takizawa K, Nitta K, Hotta Y (1995) glial cells missing: a binary switch between neuronal and glial determination in Drosophila. Cell 82:1025-1036.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 1025-1036
    • Hosoya, T.1    Takizawa, K.2    Nitta, K.3    Hotta, Y.4
  • 22
    • 49949096656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal unit architecture of the adult fly brain
    • Brain development in, ed, pp, Austin: Landes Bioscience
    • Ito K, Awasaki T (2008) Clonal unit architecture of the adult fly brain. In: Brain development in Drosophila melanogaster (Technau GM, ed), pp 137-158. Austin: Landes Bioscience.
    • (2008) Drosophila melanogaster , pp. 137-158
    • Ito, K.1    Awasaki, T.2
  • 23
    • 0029011452 scopus 로고
    • Distribution, classification, and development of Drosophila glial cells in the late embryonic and early larval ventral nerve cord
    • Ito K, Urban J, Technau G (1995) Distribution, classification, and development of Drosophila glial cells in the late embryonic and early larval ventral nerve cord. Dev Genes Evol 204:284-307.
    • (1995) Dev Genes Evol , vol.204 , pp. 284-307
    • Ito, K.1    Urban, J.2    Technau, G.3
  • 24
    • 0042338740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cautionary observations on preparing and interpreting brain images using molecular biology-based staining techniques
    • Ito K, Okada R, Tanaka NK, Awasaki T (2003) Cautionary observations on preparing and interpreting brain images using molecular biology-based staining techniques. Microsc Res Tech 62:170-186.
    • (2003) Microsc Res Tech , vol.62 , pp. 170-186
    • Ito, K.1    Okada, R.2    Tanaka, N.K.3    Awasaki, T.4
  • 25
    • 0034794250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial cell development in the Drosophila embryo
    • Jones BW (2001) Glial cell development in the Drosophila embryo. Bioessays 23:877-887.
    • (2001) Bioessays , vol.23 , pp. 877-887
    • Jones, B.W.1
  • 26
    • 0029084787 scopus 로고
    • glial cells missing: A genetic switch that controls glial versus neuronal fate
    • Jones BW, Fetter RD, Tear G, Goodman CS (1995) glial cells missing: a genetic switch that controls glial versus neuronal fate. Cell 82:1013-1023.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 1013-1023
    • Jones, B.W.1    Fetter, R.D.2    Tear, G.3    Goodman, C.S.4
  • 27
    • 0035801387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glide2, a second glial promoting factor in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Kammerer M, Giangrande A (2001) Glide2, a second glial promoting factor in Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J 20:4664-4673.
    • (2001) EMBO J , vol.20 , pp. 4664-4673
    • Kammerer, M.1    Giangrande, A.2
  • 28
    • 0030858918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family of neutral and acidic amino acid transporters: Molecular biology, physiology and medical implications
    • Kanai Y (1997) Family of neutral and acidic amino acid transporters: molecular biology, physiology and medical implications. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:565-572.
    • (1997) Curr Opin Cell Biol , vol.9 , pp. 565-572
    • Kanai, Y.1
  • 29
    • 0033582907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slit is the midline repellent for the robo receptor in Drosophila
    • Kidd T, Bland KS, Goodman CS (1999) Slit is the midline repellent for the robo receptor in Drosophila. Cell 96:785-794.
    • (1999) Cell , vol.96 , pp. 785-794
    • Kidd, T.1    Bland, K.S.2    Goodman, C.S.3
  • 30
    • 0030864464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Swiss cheese mutant causes glial hyperwrapping and brain degeneration in Drosophila
    • Kretzschmar D, Hasan G, Sharma S, Heisenberg M, Benzer S (1997) The Swiss cheese mutant causes glial hyperwrapping and brain degeneration in Drosophila. J Neurosci 17:7425-7432.
    • (1997) J Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 7425-7432
    • Kretzschmar, D.1    Hasan, G.2    Sharma, S.3    Heisenberg, M.4    Benzer, S.5
  • 31
    • 33745742246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic mosaic with dual binary transcriptional systems in Drosophila
    • Lai SL, Lee T (2006) Genetic mosaic with dual binary transcriptional systems in Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 9:703-709.
    • (2006) Nat Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 703-709
    • Lai, S.L.1    Lee, T.2
  • 32
    • 0033103536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis
    • Lee T, Luo L (1999) Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis. Neuron 22:451-461.
    • (1999) Neuron , vol.22 , pp. 451-461
    • Lee, T.1    Luo, L.2
  • 33
    • 0034927539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial control of neuronal development
    • Lemke G (2001) Glial control of neuronal development. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:87-105.
    • (2001) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 87-105
    • Lemke, G.1
  • 34
    • 33744926927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Drosophila cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper mediates glial clearance of severed axons
    • MacDonald JM, Beach MG, Porpiglia E, Sheehan AE, Watts RJ, Freeman MR (2006) The Drosophila cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper mediates glial clearance of severed axons. Neuron 50:869-881.
    • (2006) Neuron , vol.50 , pp. 869-881
    • MacDonald, J.M.1    Beach, M.G.2    Porpiglia, E.3    Sheehan, A.E.4    Watts, R.J.5    Freeman, M.R.6
  • 35
    • 0023137256 scopus 로고
    • Immunological probes reveal spatial and developmental diversity in insect neuroglia
    • Meyer MR, Reddy GR, Edwards JS (1987) Immunological probes reveal spatial and developmental diversity in insect neuroglia. J Neurosci 7:512-521.
    • (1987) J Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 512-521
    • Meyer, M.R.1    Reddy, G.R.2    Edwards, J.S.3
  • 36
    • 0032824905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial cells in the developing and adult olfactory lobe of the moth Manduca sexta
    • Oland LA, Marrero HG, Burger I (1999) Glial cells in the developing and adult olfactory lobe of the moth Manduca sexta. Cell Tissue Res 297:527-545.
    • (1999) Cell Tissue Res , vol.297 , pp. 527-545
    • Oland, L.A.1    Marrero, H.G.2    Burger, I.3
  • 37
    • 33644747304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of glia in the Drosophila nervous system
    • Parker RJ, Auld VJ (2006) Roles of glia in the Drosophila nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 17:66-77.
    • (2006) Semin Cell Dev Biol , vol.17 , pp. 66-77
    • Parker, R.J.1    Auld, V.J.2
  • 38
    • 0028785251 scopus 로고
    • What the fly's glia tell the fly's brain
    • Pfrieger FW, Barres BA (1995) What the fly's glia tell the fly's brain. Cell 83:671-674.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.83 , pp. 671-674
    • Pfrieger, F.W.1    Barres, B.A.2
  • 39
    • 1842816630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreasing glutamate buffering capacity triggers oxidative stress and neuropil degeneration in the Drosophila brain
    • Rival T, Soustelle L, Strambi C, Besson MT, Iché M, Birman S (2004) Decreasing glutamate buffering capacity triggers oxidative stress and neuropil degeneration in the Drosophila brain. Curr Biol 14:599-605.
    • (2004) Curr Biol , vol.14 , pp. 599-605
    • Rival, T.1    Soustelle, L.2    Strambi, C.3    Besson, M.T.4    Iché, M.5    Birman, S.6
  • 40
    • 0032707248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal analysis of Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts: Neural cell types, axon projections and muscle targets
    • Schmid A, Chiba A, Doe CQ (1999) Clonal analysis of Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts: neural cell types, axon projections and muscle targets. Development 126:4653-4689.
    • (1999) Development , vol.126 , pp. 4653-4689
    • Schmid, A.1    Chiba, A.2    Doe, C.Q.3
  • 41
    • 0031572234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The embryonic central nervous system lineages of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Neuroblast lineages derived from the dorsal part of the neuroectoderm
    • Schmidt H, Rickert C, Bossing T, Vef O, Urban J, Technau GM (1997) The embryonic central nervous system lineages of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Neuroblast lineages derived from the dorsal part of the neuroectoderm. Dev Biol 189:186-204.
    • (1997) Dev Biol , vol.189 , pp. 186-204
    • Schmidt, H.1    Rickert, C.2    Bossing, T.3    Vef, O.4    Urban, J.5    Technau, G.M.6
  • 42
    • 26244452168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPCR signaling is required for blood-brain barrier formation in Drosophila
    • Schwabe T, Bainton RJ, Fetter RD, Heberlein U, Gaul U (2005) GPCR signaling is required for blood-brain barrier formation in Drosophila. Cell 123:133-144.
    • (2005) Cell , vol.123 , pp. 133-144
    • Schwabe, T.1    Bainton, R.J.2    Fetter, R.D.3    Heberlein, U.4    Gaul, U.5
  • 43
    • 0035476459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral glia direct axon guidance across the CNS/PNS transition zone
    • Sepp KJ, Schulte J, Auld VJ (2001) Peripheral glia direct axon guidance across the CNS/PNS transition zone. Dev Biol 238:47-63.
    • (2001) Dev Biol , vol.238 , pp. 47-63
    • Sepp, K.J.1    Schulte, J.2    Auld, V.J.3
  • 44
    • 0015446411 scopus 로고
    • Fine structure of the neural sheath, glia and neurons in the brain of the housefly, Musca domestica
    • Sohal RS, Sharma SP, Couch EF (1972) Fine structure of the neural sheath, glia and neurons in the brain of the housefly, Musca domestica. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 135:449-459.
    • (1972) Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat , vol.135 , pp. 449-459
    • Sohal, R.S.1    Sharma, S.P.2    Couch, E.F.3
  • 45
    • 34548086215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel gcm-dependent lineages in the postembryonic nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Soustelle L, Giangrande A (2007) Novel gcm-dependent lineages in the postembryonic nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Dyn 236:2101-2108.
    • (2007) Dev Dyn , vol.236 , pp. 2101-2108
    • Soustelle, L.1    Giangrande, A.2
  • 48
    • 34547145296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drosophila ebony activity is required in glia for the circadian regulation of locomotor activity
    • Suh J, Jackson FR (2007) Drosophila ebony activity is required in glia for the circadian regulation of locomotor activity. Neuron 55:435-447.
    • (2007) Neuron , vol.55 , pp. 435-447
    • Suh, J.1    Jackson, F.R.2
  • 50
    • 0038012657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GLIA: A reassessment based on novel data on the developing and mature central nervous system
    • Villegas SN, Poletta FA, Carri NG (2003) GLIA: A reassessment based on novel data on the developing and mature central nervous system. Cell Biol Int 27:599-609.
    • (2003) Cell Biol Int , vol.27 , pp. 599-609
    • Villegas, S.N.1    Poletta, F.A.2    Carri, N.G.3
  • 51
    • 0029671191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glide directs glial fate commitment and cell fate switch between neurones and glia
    • Vincent S, Vonesch JL, Giangrande A (1996) Glide directs glial fate commitment and cell fate switch between neurones and glia. Development 122:131-139.
    • (1996) Development , vol.122 , pp. 131-139
    • Vincent, S.1    Vonesch, J.L.2    Giangrande, A.3
  • 52
    • 1942541158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glia engulf degenerating axons during developmental axon pruning
    • Watts RJ, Schuldiner O, Perrino J, Larsen C, Luo L (2004) Glia engulf degenerating axons during developmental axon pruning. Curr Biol 14:678-684.
    • (2004) Curr Biol , vol.14 , pp. 678-684
    • Watts, R.J.1    Schuldiner, O.2    Perrino, J.3    Larsen, C.4    Luo, L.5
  • 53
    • 0037133972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial representation of the glomerular map in the Drosophila protocerebrum
    • Wong AM, Wang JW, Axel R (2002) Spatial representation of the glomerular map in the Drosophila protocerebrum. Cell 109:229-241.
    • (2002) Cell , vol.109 , pp. 229-241
    • Wong, A.M.1    Wang, J.W.2    Axel, R.3
  • 54
    • 0028916322 scopus 로고
    • Defective glia induce neuronal apoptosis in the repo visual system of Drosophila
    • Xiong WC, Montell C (1995) Defective glia induce neuronal apoptosis in the repo visual system of Drosophila. Neuron 14:581-590.
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.14 , pp. 581-590
    • Xiong, W.C.1    Montell, C.2
  • 55
    • 0028281992 scopus 로고
    • repo encodes a glial-specific homeo domain protein required in the Drosophila nervous system
    • Xiong WC, Okano H, Patel NH, Blendy JA, Montell C (1994) repo encodes a glial-specific homeo domain protein required in the Drosophila nervous system. Genes Dev 8:981-994.
    • (1994) Genes Dev , vol.8 , pp. 981-994
    • Xiong, W.C.1    Okano, H.2    Patel, N.H.3    Blendy, J.A.4    Montell, C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.