-
1
-
-
58149391510
-
Hatzfeld
-
genocide survivor, interviewed by Jean Hatzfeld, Paris: Seuil
-
Jeannette Ayinkamiye (genocide survivor), interviewed by Jean Hatzfeld, in Hatzfeld, La Strategie des Antilopes, Paris: Seuil, 2007.
-
(2007)
La Strategie des Antilopes
-
-
Ayinkamiye, J.1
-
5
-
-
58149385936
-
-
African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance, London: African Rights, 1995.
-
African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance, London: African Rights, 1995.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
0028585119
-
Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in contemporary perspective
-
R Lemarchand, 'Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in contemporary perspective', Journal of Modern African Studies, 32 (4), 1994, pp 581-604.
-
(1994)
Journal of Modern African Studies
, vol.32
, Issue.4
, pp. 581-604
-
-
Lemarchand, R.1
-
9
-
-
0033810537
-
Informal repression, zero-sum politics and late third wave transitions
-
L Kirschke, 'Informal repression, zero-sum politics and late third wave transitions', Journal of Modern African Studies, 38 (3), 2000, pp 383-405.
-
(2000)
Journal of Modern African Studies
, vol.38
, Issue.3
, pp. 383-405
-
-
Kirschke, L.1
-
10
-
-
58149400404
-
Early warning and conflict management: Genocide in Rwanda
-
Norway
-
H Adelman & A Suhrke, 'Early warning and conflict management: Genocide in Rwanda', in Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, Second Study, Chr Michelsen Institute, Development Studies and Human Rights, Norway, 1995, p 13.
-
(1995)
Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, Second Study, Chr Michelsen Institute, Development Studies and Human Rights
, pp. 13
-
-
Adelman, H.1
Suhrke, A.2
-
12
-
-
58149394217
-
-
In a survey of rural dwellers, conducted at the beginning of the democratisation process in 1991, less than half of the respondents expressed support for multiparty politics. Dialogue, 1991, cited in Reyntjens, Rwanda
-
In a survey of rural dwellers, conducted at the beginning of the democratisation process in 1991, less than half of the respondents expressed support for multiparty politics. Dialogue, 1991, cited in Reyntjens, 'Rwanda'.
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
58149379931
-
-
See Reyntjens, 'Rwanda'.
-
See Reyntjens, 'Rwanda'.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
85089741981
-
Development ideology, the peasantry and genocide: Rwanda represented in Habyarimana's speeches'
-
P Verwimp, 'Development ideology, the peasantry and genocide: Rwanda represented in Habyarimana's speeches', Journal of Genocide Research 2 (3), 2000, pp 325-361.
-
(2000)
Journal of Genocide Research
, vol.2
, Issue.3
, pp. 325-361
-
-
Verwimp, P.1
-
15
-
-
58149383633
-
The effects of government policy on the ethnic distribution of income and wealth in Rwanda: A review of the published sources', mimeo, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political
-
G Austin, 'The effects of government policy on the ethnic distribution of income and wealth in Rwanda: A review of the published sources', mimeo, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1996, p 4.
-
(1996)
Science
, pp. 4
-
-
Austin, G.1
-
16
-
-
0029752865
-
Rwanda/Burundi: "uni-ethnic" dominance and the cycle of armed ethnic formations
-
See
-
See J Adekanye, 'Rwanda/Burundi: "uni-ethnic" dominance and the cycle of armed ethnic formations', Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, 2 (1), 1996, p 39.
-
(1996)
Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture
, vol.2
, Issue.1
, pp. 39
-
-
Adekanye, J.1
-
17
-
-
58149392349
-
The livelihood conflicts approach on trial in Rwanda: Towards a political critique
-
Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics
-
J MacDermott, 'The livelihood conflicts approach on trial in Rwanda: towards a political critique', DESTIN Working Paper Series 01-21, Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics, 2001.
-
(2001)
DESTIN Working Paper Series
, vol.21
-
-
MacDermott, J.1
-
18
-
-
85011486684
-
Prejudice, crisis, and genocide in Rwanda
-
P Uvin, 'Prejudice, crisis, and genocide in Rwanda', African Studies Review, 40 (2), 1997, p 101.
-
(1997)
African Studies Review
, vol.40
, Issue.2
, pp. 101
-
-
Uvin, P.1
-
19
-
-
58149381810
-
Democratization and civil society: The case of Rwanda
-
T Longman, 'Democratization and civil society: The case of Rwanda', in The Democratic Challenge in Africa: Discussion Papers from a Seminar on Democratization, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University, 1994, pp 61-69.
-
(1994)
The Democratic Challenge in Africa: Discussion Papers from a Seminar on Democratization, Atlanta, GA: Carter Center of Emory University
, pp. 61-69
-
-
Longman, T.1
-
21
-
-
58149375651
-
-
Ibid, p 170.
-
-
-
Uvin1
-
26
-
-
0033928269
-
How multilateral development assistance triggered the conflict in Rwanda
-
R Andersen, 'How multilateral development assistance triggered the conflict in Rwanda', Third World Quarterly, 21 (3), 2000, p 446.
-
(2000)
Third World Quarterly
, vol.21
, Issue.3
, pp. 446
-
-
Andersen, R.1
-
29
-
-
58149389250
-
-
See Reyntjens, 'Rwanda', p 244.
-
See Reyntjens, 'Rwanda', p 244.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
58149383632
-
Field Operation in Rwanda
-
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UNHCR
-
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR), Field Operation in Rwanda, 'Update on the Human Rights Situation', 1996.
-
(1996)
Update on the Human Rights Situation
-
-
-
35
-
-
58149396052
-
-
and 'Our brothers who help kill us - economic exploitation and human rights abuses in the east', Amnesty International, Index AFR 62/010/2003, 1 April 2003.
-
and '"Our brothers who help kill us" - economic exploitation and human rights abuses in the east', Amnesty International, Index AFR 62/010/2003, 1 April 2003.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
0003435853
-
-
UNHCR, New York: Oxford University Press
-
UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
-
(1998)
The State of the World's Refugees
-
-
-
37
-
-
58149387410
-
Rwanda chapter
-
New York: Human Rights Watch
-
'Rwanda chapter', World Report 2007, Events of 2006, New York: Human Rights Watch, 2007.
-
(2007)
World Report 2007, Events of 2006
-
-
-
38
-
-
58149391167
-
-
'Our brothers who help kill us'.
-
'"Our brothers who help kill us"'.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
0042206417
-
Testing the double genocide thesis for central and southern Rwanda
-
47
-
P Verwimp, 'Testing the double genocide thesis for central and southern Rwanda', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47, 2003, pp 423-442.
-
(2003)
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, pp. 423-442
-
-
Verwimp, P.1
-
41
-
-
58149396051
-
-
Report of Special Representative Moussalli, Fifty-fifth session Item 116(c) of the provisional agenda human rights questions: Human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives, United Nations, 4 August 2000.
-
Report of Special Representative Moussalli, Fifty-fifth session Item 116(c) of the provisional agenda human rights questions: Human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives, United Nations, 4 August 2000.
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
77951132505
-
Ingando solidarity camps: Reconciliation and political indoctrination in post-genocide Rwanda
-
C Mgbako, 'Ingando solidarity camps: Reconciliation and political indoctrination in post-genocide Rwanda', Harvard Human Rights Journal 8, 2005, p 209.
-
(2005)
Harvard Human Rights Journal
, vol.8
, pp. 209
-
-
Mgbako, C.1
-
43
-
-
0035652396
-
Structural adjustment, state power & genocide: The World Bank & Rwanda
-
points out, it is the strength of the Rwandan state, not its weakness, that enabled the genocide
-
As A Storey, 'Structural adjustment, state power & genocide: The World Bank & Rwanda', Review of African Political Economy, 28 (89), pp 365-385, points out, it is the strength of the Rwandan state, not its weakness, that enabled the genocide.
-
Review of African Political Economy
, vol.28
, Issue.89
, pp. 365-385
-
-
Storey, A.A.1
-
44
-
-
58149385439
-
-
See also, The tradition of a strong central state and efficient administrative system in Rwanda dates back to pre-colonial times
-
See also Uvin, 'Prejudice, crisis, and genocide in Rwanda', p 97. The tradition of a strong central state and efficient administrative system in Rwanda dates back to pre-colonial times.
-
Prejudice, crisis, and genocide in Rwanda
, pp. 97
-
-
Uvin1
-
45
-
-
0007920946
-
-
As Uvin notes, however, the 'relations between the administrative and technical state system and the population in Rwanda were vertical and authoritarian
-
J Vansina, L'evolution du royaume rwanda des origines à 1900, Brussels: Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, 1962, pp 57-73. As Uvin notes, however, the 'relations between the administrative and technical state system and the population in Rwanda were vertical and authoritarian'.
-
(1962)
L'evolution du royaume rwanda des origines à 1900, Brussels: Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences
, pp. 57-73
-
-
Vansina, J.1
-
46
-
-
58149394213
-
-
P Uvin, 'Development aid and structural violence: The case of Rwanda', in Uvin, The Society for International Development, London: Sage, p 53. In spite of the colossal social disruption caused by the genocide and the subsequent refugee crises, the basic structure of the Rwandan administrative system has remained almost intact since the war.
-
P Uvin, 'Development aid and structural violence: The case of Rwanda', in Uvin, The Society for International Development, London: Sage, p 53. In spite of the colossal social disruption caused by the genocide and the subsequent refugee crises, the basic structure of the Rwandan administrative system has remained almost intact since the war.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
34447628649
-
-
See, Background Paper 4, ODI Study on Poor Performing Countries, London: Overseas Development Institute, March, The recent administrative decentralisation has not been accompanied by a political decentralisation, and may even have enabled the RPF to strengthen its control over rural areas by placing mid-level public servants in rural areas
-
See LH Piron & A McKay, 'Aid in difficult environments: Rwanda case study', Background Paper 4, ODI Study on Poor Performing Countries, London: Overseas Development Institute, March 2004, p 20. The recent administrative decentralisation has not been accompanied by a political decentralisation, and may even have enabled the RPF to strengthen its control over rural areas by placing mid-level public servants in rural areas.
-
(2004)
Aid in difficult environments: Rwanda case study
, pp. 20
-
-
Piron, L.H.1
McKay, A.2
-
49
-
-
58149392347
-
-
Reyntjens, 'Rwanda', p 243.
-
Reyntjens, 'Rwanda', p 243.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
33745804104
-
The heart of the African conflict zone: Democratization, ethnicity, civil conflict, and the Great Lakes crisis
-
C Young, 'The heart of the African conflict zone: Democratization, ethnicity, civil conflict, and the Great Lakes crisis', Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 2006, pp 301-328.
-
(2006)
Annual Review of Political Science
, vol.9
, pp. 301-328
-
-
Young, C.1
-
51
-
-
0040676471
-
Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different paths to mass violence
-
P Uvin, 'Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different paths to mass violence', Comparative Politics, 31 (3), 1999, p 259.
-
(1999)
Comparative Politics
, vol.31
, Issue.3
, pp. 259
-
-
Uvin, P.1
-
54
-
-
33749075425
-
Post-1994 politics in Rwanda: Problematising "liberation" and "democratisation"
-
F Reyntjens, 'Post-1994 politics in Rwanda: Problematising "liberation" and "democratisation"', Third World Quarterly, 27 (6), 2006, pp 1103-1117.
-
(2006)
Third World Quarterly
, vol.27
, Issue.6
, pp. 1103-1117
-
-
Reyntjens, F.1
-
56
-
-
58149379380
-
-
See also European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation, The Hague, The Netherlands
-
See also European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation, Rwanda Country Survey, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1999.
-
(1999)
Rwanda Country Survey
-
-
-
58
-
-
28244473400
-
The tension between justice and reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, human rights, due process and the role of the Gacaca courts in dealing with the genocide
-
J Sarkin, 'The tension between justice and reconciliation in Rwanda: politics, human rights, due process and the role of the Gacaca courts in dealing with the genocide', Journal of African Law, 45 (2), 2001, pp 143-172.
-
(2001)
Journal of African Law
, vol.45
, Issue.2
, pp. 143-172
-
-
Sarkin, J.1
-
59
-
-
58149396053
-
-
www.inkiko-gacaca.gov.rw.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
58149387409
-
-
African Rights, 'Gacaca justice: A shared responsibility', African Rights Report, January 2003.
-
African Rights, 'Gacaca justice: A shared responsibility', African Rights Report, January 2003.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
58149381806
-
-
Organisation of African Unity OAU, assembled by the OAU
-
Organisation of African Unity (OAU), Report of the Seven-member International Panel, assembled by the OAU, 2000.
-
(2000)
Report of the Seven-member International Panel
-
-
-
62
-
-
84940025685
-
Reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda
-
E Zorbas, 'Reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda', African Journal of Legal Studies, 1, 2004, pp 29-52.
-
(2004)
African Journal of Legal Studies
, vol.1
, pp. 29-52
-
-
Zorbas, E.1
-
64
-
-
12444316412
-
When does a settler become a native? Reflections on the colonial roots of citizenship in Equatorial and South Africa', Inaugural Lecture, University of Cape Town
-
May
-
M Mamdani, 'When does a settler become a native? Reflections on the colonial roots of citizenship in Equatorial and South Africa', Inaugural Lecture, University of Cape Town, New Series, No 208, May 1998, p 11.
-
(1998)
New Series
, Issue.208
, pp. 11
-
-
Mamdani, M.1
-
68
-
-
0004243186
-
-
Rwanda, Washington, DC: Freedom House
-
Freedom House, Country Report Rwanda, Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2006.
-
(2006)
Country Report
-
-
House, F.1
-
69
-
-
58149400741
-
-
According to the organic law governing political organisations, stated objectives of the Forum of Political Parties are to 'reinforc[e] the principle of power sharing; ... educat[e] politicians and other citizens in the culture of considering an opponent not as an enemy but as one to collaborate with through constructive ideas;' and 'allow political organizations' members to restore and strengthen the citizens' confidence in political organizations and politicians.' 'National Democratic Institute Assessment of Rwanda's Pre-Election Political Environment and the Role of Political Parties', 3-11 August 2003.
-
According to the organic law governing political organisations, stated objectives of the Forum of Political Parties are to 'reinforc[e] the principle of power sharing; ... educat[e] politicians and other citizens in the culture of considering an opponent not as an enemy but as one to collaborate with through constructive ideas;' and 'allow political organizations' members to restore and strengthen the citizens' confidence in political organizations and politicians.' 'National Democratic Institute Assessment of Rwanda's Pre-Election Political Environment and the Role of Political Parties', 3-11 August 2003.
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
58149397873
-
African peer review mechanism: Country review report on the Republic of Rwanda
-
NEPAD, November
-
NEPAD, 'African peer review mechanism: Country review report on the Republic of Rwanda', November 2005.
-
(2005)
-
-
-
73
-
-
58149397871
-
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Preparing for the elections: Tightening control in the name of unity', Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, May 2003.
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Preparing for the elections: Tightening control in the name of unity', Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, May 2003.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
58149392342
-
-
Reyntjens, 'Post-1994 politics in Rwanda', p 1107.
-
Reyntjens, 'Post-1994 politics in Rwanda', p 1107.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
58149383630
-
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Preparing for the elections'.
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Preparing for the elections'.
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
58149383629
-
Postscript: What future for the defence of human rights in Rwanda?
-
André Sibomana ed, Sterling: Pluto Press
-
C Tertsakian, 'Postscript: What future for the defence of human rights in Rwanda?', in André Sibomana (ed), Hope for Rwanda: Conversations with Laure Guilbert and Herve Deguine, Sterling: Pluto Press, 1999.
-
(1999)
Hope for Rwanda: Conversations with Laure Guilbert and Herve Deguine
-
-
Tertsakian, C.1
-
78
-
-
58149400402
-
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Rwanda chapter', Human Rights Watch World Report New York: Human Rights Watch, 2007 and previous years.
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Rwanda chapter', Human Rights Watch World Report New York: Human Rights Watch, 2007 and previous years.
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
79551579088
-
-
UNDP, From recovery to sustainable human development, Rwanda, New York: United Nations Development Programme
-
UNDP, 'From recovery to sustainable human development', National Human Development Report Rwanda, New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2007.
-
(2007)
National Human Development Report
-
-
-
81
-
-
58149391162
-
Rwanda: Trends in conflict and cooperation
-
September-October
-
Swisspeace, 'Rwanda: Trends in conflict and cooperation', Fast Update Rwanda, 5, September-October 2007.
-
(2007)
Fast Update Rwanda
, vol.5
-
-
Swisspeace1
-
82
-
-
33748516468
-
Land reform, land scarcity and post conflict reconstruction: A case study of Rwanda
-
African Centre for Technology Studies
-
HMusahara & C Huggins, 'Land reform, land scarcity and post conflict reconstruction: A case study of Rwanda', Eco-conflicts (African Centre for Technology Studies), 3, (3), 2004, p 279.
-
(2004)
Eco-conflicts
, vol.3
, Issue.3
, pp. 279
-
-
HMusahara1
Huggins, C.2
-
83
-
-
58149392338
-
Rapport final sur l'élection présidentielle et les élections législatives
-
Mission d'Observation Electoral de l'Union Européenne au Rwanda
-
Mission d'Observation Electoral de l'Union Européenne au Rwanda, 'Rapport final sur l'élection présidentielle et les élections législatives', 2003.
-
(2003)
-
-
-
86
-
-
58149394212
-
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Rwanda: Investigate disappeared businessman: confer due process rights to arrested generals', press release, New York, 14 August 2007.
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Rwanda: Investigate "disappeared" businessman: confer due process rights to arrested generals', press release, New York, 14 August 2007.
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
58149394215
-
-
23 February 2000, at
-
BBC, 'Concern over Rwanda arrests', 23 February 2000, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/653136.stm
-
Concern over Rwanda arrests
-
-
-
88
-
-
58149394211
-
-
and BBC, 'Rwanda's former king eyes return', 17 August 2007, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6952304.stm.
-
and BBC, 'Rwanda's former king eyes return', 17 August 2007, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6952304.stm.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
58149389246
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Renewed crisis in North Kivu'
-
Human Rights Watch, 'Renewed crisis in North Kivu', Human Rights Watch, 19 (17), 2007.
-
(2007)
Human Rights Watch
, vol.19
, Issue.17
-
-
-
94
-
-
58149400739
-
-
BBC, 'Behind DR Congo's war games', 19 October 2007, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7053567.stm. This statement echoes a warning professed in 1996 by Adekany: 'for these latest refugee warriors from Rwanda, Goma is a convenient base for training and making preparations for a possible resumption of the civil war, but more appropriately for staging their own violent homecoming at a later date. Memories may be short, but it would not be the first time that ethnic refugee guerrillas would be training and preparing for, if not found actually involved in, armed attacks against their home-country.' Adekany, 'Rwanda/Burundi', p 50.
-
BBC, 'Behind DR Congo's war games', 19 October 2007, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7053567.stm. This statement echoes a warning professed in 1996 by Adekany: 'for these latest refugee warriors from Rwanda, Goma is a convenient base for training and making preparations for a possible resumption of the civil war, but more appropriately for staging their own "violent homecoming" at a later date. Memories may be short, but it would not be the first time that ethnic refugee guerrillas would be training and preparing for, if not found actually involved in, armed attacks against their home-country.' Adekany, 'Rwanda/Burundi', p 50.
-
-
-
|