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Moorman JE, Rudd RA, Johnson CA, et al. National surveillance for asthma - United States, 1980-2004. MMWR Surveill Summ 2007; 56:1-54. Assessed data from the National Health Interview Survey found that death rales increased during 1980-1995 and decreased from 2000 on; children 4 years of age or less were most likely to present at an emergency department and be hospitalized in at-risk conditions; and Black and Hispanic populations were more likely to have at-risk-based emergency department visits.
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Thorough outline of asthma association and linkage studies conducted among African-Americans. The effects of admixture and linkage disequilibrium are discussed, as is the potential for genome-wide association studies, admixture mapping, and phylogenetic analyses in the reduction of asthma disparities
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Barnes KC, Grant AV, Hansel NN, et al. African Americans with asthma: genetic insights. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4:58-68. Thorough outline of asthma association and linkage studies conducted among African-Americans. The effects of admixture and linkage disequilibrium are discussed, as is the potential for genome-wide association studies, admixture mapping, and phylogenetic analyses in the reduction of asthma disparities.
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Scirica CV, Celedon JC. Genetics of asthma: potential implications for reducing asthma disparities. Chest 2007; 132:770S-781S. Summary of asthma genetics, specifically, association and linkage studies among African-American and Hispanic populations are detailed. Attention is paid to the complexity of using race/ethnicity in biomedical research as well as the clinical significance of genetic studies of complex diseases in at-risk populations.
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Scirica CV, Celedon JC. Genetics of asthma: potential implications for reducing asthma disparities. Chest 2007; 132:770S-781S. Summary of asthma genetics, specifically, association and linkage studies among African-American and Hispanic populations are detailed. Attention is paid to the complexity of using race/ethnicity in biomedical research as well as the clinical significance of genetic studies of complex diseases in at-risk populations.
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The genetics of bronchial asthma in children
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Review of the polygenic nature of asthma. Epidemiological studies on geneenvironment interactions in childhood asthma are discussed, particularly the role of the hygiene hypothesis in asthma genetics
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Bierbaum S, Heinzmann A. The genetics of bronchial asthma in children. Respir Med 2007; 101:1369-1375. Review of the polygenic nature of asthma. Epidemiological studies on geneenvironment interactions in childhood asthma are discussed, particularly the role of the hygiene hypothesis in asthma genetics.
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The role of epigenetic regulation in complex gene-environment interactions and the risk for the development of asthma is discussed
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Miller RL, Ho SM. Environmental epigenetics and asthma: current concepts and call for studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:567-573. The role of epigenetic regulation in complex gene-environment interactions and the risk for the development of asthma is discussed.
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5. Genetics of allergic disease
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Shifts in the genetic study of complex diseases are discussed and current methodological approaches in gene discovery in relation to asthma and other complex diseases are reviewed, quiz S416
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Steinke J W, Rich SS, Borish L 5. Genetics of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121 :S384-S387; quiz S416. Shifts in the genetic study of complex diseases are discussed and current methodological approaches in gene discovery in relation to asthma and other complex diseases are reviewed.
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Vercelli D. Advances in asthma and allergy genetics in 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:267-271. Association studies published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology during 2007 are characterized; attention is paid to gene-environment interactions and asthma/allergy susceptibility.
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Vercelli D. Advances in asthma and allergy genetics in 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:267-271. Association studies published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology during 2007 are characterized; attention is paid to gene-environment interactions and asthma/allergy susceptibility.
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A genome-wide search for asthma susceptibility loci in ethnically diverse populations. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Nat Genet 1997; 15:389-392.
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Gupta RS, Zhang X, Sharp LK, et al. Geographic variability in childhood asthma prevalence in Chicago. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:639-645. e1. Study of over 45 000 Chicago school children found traditional individual characteristics to significantly explain only a degree of observed variability in childhood asthma. Notably, asthma rates were found to be disproportionate both in adjacent communities and communities of like racial/ethnic composition.
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Gupta RS, Zhang X, Sharp LK, et al. Geographic variability in childhood asthma prevalence in Chicago. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:639-645. e1. Study of over 45 000 Chicago school children found traditional individual characteristics to significantly explain only a degree of observed variability in childhood asthma. Notably, asthma rates were found to be disproportionate both in adjacent communities and communities of like racial/ethnic composition.
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Ege MJ, Frei R, Bieli C, et al. Not all farming environments protect against the development of asthma and wheeze in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1140-1147. Study of over 8263 school children from five European countries investigated the degree of asthma protection conferred by farming environments and concluded that atopic and nonatopic asthma are affected by distinct and separate environmental exposures.
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Ege MJ, Frei R, Bieli C, et al. Not all farming environments protect against the development of asthma and wheeze in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1140-1147. Study of over 8263 school children from five European countries investigated the degree of asthma protection conferred by farming environments and concluded that atopic and nonatopic asthma are affected by distinct and separate environmental exposures.
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Clougherty JE, Wright RJ, Baxter LK, Levy Jl. Land use regression modeling of intra-urban residential variability in multiple traffic-related air pollutants. Environ Health 2008; 7:17. Boston study measured outdoor concentrations of multiple traffic-related pollutants directly outside 44 urban homes and determined the variability of different pollutants as well as the impact of various settings and meteorological conditions on specific pollutant concentrations.
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Franklin PJ. Indoor air quality and respiratory health of children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2007; 8:281-286. Outline of the impact of indoor air pollutants on respiratory health; topics include a detailed discussion of several high-profile pollutants as well as an assessment of associations between asthma and indoor concentrations.
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Wright RJ, Mitchell H, Visness CM, et al. Community violence and asthma morbidity: the Inner-City Asthma Study. Am J Pub Health 2004; 94:625-632.
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2 is only associated with asthma among children with above-median reported exposure to violence.
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2 is only associated with asthma among children with above-median reported exposure to violence.
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Cohen RT, Canino GJ, Bird HR, Celedon JC. Violence, abuse, and asthma in Puerto Rican children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:453-459. Metropolitan study of 1213 children/caretakers in Puerto Rico was first to investigate violence, stress, and abuse in relation to asthma morbidity among at-risk Puerto Rican population. It demonstrated that physical and sexual abuse in Puerto Rican children, rather than community violence or stressful life events, were indicative of asthma.
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Cohen RT, Canino GJ, Bird HR, Celedon JC. Violence, abuse, and asthma in Puerto Rican children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:453-459. Metropolitan study of 1213 children/caretakers in Puerto Rico was first to investigate violence, stress, and abuse in relation to asthma morbidity among at-risk Puerto Rican population. It demonstrated that physical and sexual abuse in Puerto Rican children, rather than community violence or stressful life events, were indicative of asthma.
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Wainwright NW, Surtees Wareham NJ, Harrison BD. Psychosocial factors and incident asthma hospital admissions in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Allergy 2007; 62:554-560. Study highlighted association of psychosocial factors with asthma hospitalizations for 20854 adults over 40 in Norfolk; hospitalizations were linked to reported impact of life events and availability/adequacy of a close confidant as a measure of support.
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Wainwright NW, Surtees PG, Wareham NJ, Harrison BD. Psychosocial factors and incident asthma hospital admissions in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Allergy 2007; 62:554-560. Study highlighted association of psychosocial factors with asthma hospitalizations for 20854 adults over 40 in Norfolk; hospitalizations were linked to reported impact of life events and availability/adequacy of a close confidant as a measure of support.
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Peters JL, Levy Jl, Rogers CA, et al. Determinants of allergen concentrations in apartments of asthmatic children living in public housing. J Urban Health 2007;84:185-197. Boston study of three public housing developments focused on allergens in homes of asthmatic children. Results challenged previous findings that allergen concentrations are higher in short-term housing by reporting allergen concentrations to be lower in apartments occupied for less than 2 years. Suggested that short-term residents in public housing were more upwardly mobile and transitory housing units were more frequently and thoroughly cleaned by maintenance staff.
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Peters JL, Levy Jl, Rogers CA, et al. Determinants of allergen concentrations in apartments of asthmatic children living in public housing. J Urban Health 2007;84:185-197. Boston study of three public housing developments focused on allergens in homes of asthmatic children. Results challenged previous findings that allergen concentrations are higher in short-term housing by reporting allergen concentrations to be lower in apartments occupied for less than 2 years. Suggested that short-term residents in public housing were more upwardly mobile and transitory housing units were more frequently and thoroughly cleaned by maintenance staff.
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Mangan JM, Wittich AR, Gerald LB. The potential for reducing asthma disparities through improved family and social function and modified health behaviors. Chest 2007; 132.789S-801S. Multidisciplinary group assembled by the National Workshop to Reduce Asthma Disparities highlighted selected biopsychosocial factors contributing to disparities.
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Mangan JM, Wittich AR, Gerald LB. The potential for reducing asthma disparities through improved family and social function and modified health behaviors. Chest 2007; 132.789S-801S. Multidisciplinary group assembled by the National Workshop to Reduce Asthma Disparities highlighted selected biopsychosocial factors contributing to disparities.
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Wu AC, Smith L, Bokhour B, et al. Racial/Ethnic variation in parent percep- tions of asthma. Ambul Pediatr 2008; 8:89-97. Massachusetts study of over 700 Medicaid recipients assessed parents' perceptions among Black, Latino, and White children with asthma; results indicated that parents of Black and Latino children have lower expectations, higher levels of worry, and more competing family priorities.
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Finkelstein JA, Lozano P, Farber HJ, et al. Underuse of controller medications among Medicaid-insured children with asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156:562-567.
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Malone AM, Gupta RS, Lyttle CS, Weiss KB. Characterizing community- based asthma knowledge in Chicago and its high risk neighborhoods. J Asthma 2008; 45:313-318. Inner-city Chicago residents (n = 388) in four at-risk communities were compared with general Chicago-area residents (n = 1006) to determine differences in asthma knowledge. In the at-risk population (predominantly Black), asthma rates were reported to be higher while asthma knowledge was significantly lower, especially regarding triggers, signs, and treatments of asthma.
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Malone AM, Gupta RS, Lyttle CS, Weiss KB. Characterizing community- based asthma knowledge in Chicago and its high risk neighborhoods. J Asthma 2008; 45:313-318. Inner-city Chicago residents (n = 388) in four at-risk communities were compared with general Chicago-area residents (n = 1006) to determine differences in asthma knowledge. In the at-risk population (predominantly Black), asthma rates were reported to be higher while asthma knowledge was significantly lower, especially regarding triggers, signs, and treatments of asthma.
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Shalowitz MU, Sadowski LM, Kumar R, et al. Asthma burden in a citywide, diverse sample of elementary schoolchildren in Chicago. Ambul Pediatr 2007; 7:271-277. Survey of over 35 000 Chicago school children to determine the rate of undiagnosed asthma found that Black children were twice as likely and Hispanic children 1.5 times as likely to have undiagnosed asthma when compared with White children.
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Shalowitz MU, Sadowski LM, Kumar R, et al. Asthma burden in a citywide, diverse sample of elementary schoolchildren in Chicago. Ambul Pediatr 2007; 7:271-277. Survey of over 35 000 Chicago school children to determine the rate of undiagnosed asthma found that Black children were twice as likely and Hispanic children 1.5 times as likely to have undiagnosed asthma when compared with White children.
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Kruse LK, Deshpande S, Vezina M. Disparities in asthma hospitalizations among children seen in the emergency department. J Asthma 2007; 44:833-837. Study linked emergency department and hospitalization records from 2004 to 2005 for over 35 000 children in New Jersey. Emergency department admission rates were reported to be similar across racial/ethnic groups, suggesting similar management of asthma in children upon admission to the emergency department.
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Kruse LK, Deshpande S, Vezina M. Disparities in asthma hospitalizations among children seen in the emergency department. J Asthma 2007; 44:833-837. Study linked emergency department and hospitalization records from 2004 to 2005 for over 35 000 children in New Jersey. Emergency department admission rates were reported to be similar across racial/ethnic groups, suggesting similar management of asthma in children upon admission to the emergency department.
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Forester JP, Ong BA, Fallot A. Can equal access to care eliminate racial disparities in pediatric asthma outcomes? J Asthma 2008; 45:211-214. Study evaluated parents of 80 racially diverse asthmatic children seen at the Pediatric Pulmonology Clinics of three military treatment facilities. No significant differences in emergency department visits, oral steroid prescriptions, or hospitalizations were reported by race.
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Forester JP, Ong BA, Fallot A. Can equal access to care eliminate racial disparities in pediatric asthma outcomes? J Asthma 2008; 45:211-214. Study evaluated parents of 80 racially diverse asthmatic children seen at the Pediatric Pulmonology Clinics of three military treatment facilities. No significant differences in emergency department visits, oral steroid prescriptions, or hospitalizations were reported by race.
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Piper CN, Elder K, Glover S, Baek JD. Racial influences associated with asthma management among children in the United States. Ethn Dis 2008; 18:225-227. Analysis of data from the 2002 and 2003 National Health Interview Survey indicated that 59% of asthmatic children did not have an asthma management plan, with action plans less likely among Black and Hispanic compared with White children.
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Inkelas M, Garro N, McQuaid EL, Ortega AN. Race/ethnicity, language, and asthma care: findings from a 4-state survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:120-127. Study detailed results from the National Asthma Survey of 1517 children from four states. Found lower odds of controller medication use among Black and Latino compared with non-Latino White children. Also, Latino children with Spanishspeaking parents were found to have poorer experiences with care.
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Inkelas M, Garro N, McQuaid EL, Ortega AN. Race/ethnicity, language, and asthma care: findings from a 4-state survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:120-127. Study detailed results from the National Asthma Survey of 1517 children from four states. Found lower odds of controller medication use among Black and Latino compared with non-Latino White children. Also, Latino children with Spanishspeaking parents were found to have poorer experiences with care.
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Craig BM, Kraus CK, Chewning BA, Davis JE. Quality of care for older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma based on comparisons to practice guidelines and smoking status. BMC Health Serv Res 2008; 8:144. National study of 29 902 older adults from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey reported that 69% of patients with chronic respiratory disease received no pharmacological treatment.
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Craig BM, Kraus CK, Chewning BA, Davis JE. Quality of care for older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma based on comparisons to practice guidelines and smoking status. BMC Health Serv Res 2008; 8:144. National study of 29 902 older adults from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey reported that 69% of patients with chronic respiratory disease received no pharmacological treatment.
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Brotanek JM, Grimes K, Flores G. Leave no asthmatic child behind: the cultural competency of asthma educational materials. Ethn Dis 2007; 17:742-748. Report of the Wisconsin Asthma Coalition Disparities Workgroup's evaluation of the cultural competency of asthma educational materials found few materials targeting minorities, and material identified had low competency, especially in the areas of parent/patient beliefs, provider practices, and normative cultural value.
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Brotanek JM, Grimes K, Flores G. Leave no asthmatic child behind: the cultural competency of asthma educational materials. Ethn Dis 2007; 17:742-748. Report of the Wisconsin Asthma Coalition Disparities Workgroup's evaluation of the cultural competency of asthma educational materials found few materials targeting minorities, and material identified had low competency, especially in the areas of parent/patient beliefs, provider practices, and normative cultural value.
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Okelo SO, Wu AW, Merriman B, et al. Are physician estimates of asthma severity less accurate in black than in white patients? J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:976-981. Cross-sectional study of 3494 asthmatic adults and their physicians in 15 managed care organizations across the US found that physicians frequently underestimate asthma severity, regardless of race, though underestimation was more common among Black patients. Underestimation of asthma severity among Black patients was correlated with poor asthma care.
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Okelo SO, Wu AW, Merriman B, et al. Are physician estimates of asthma severity less accurate in black than in white patients? J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:976-981. Cross-sectional study of 3494 asthmatic adults and their physicians in 15 managed care organizations across the US found that physicians frequently underestimate asthma severity, regardless of race, though underestimation was more common among Black patients. Underestimation of asthma severity among Black patients was correlated with poor asthma care.
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Erickson SE, Iribarren C, Tolstykh IV, et al. Effect of race on asthma manage- ment and outcomes in a large, integrated managed care organization. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1846-1852. A cross-sectional California study of over 850 adults enrolled in a managed care organization found no significant difference in asthma severity or use of controller medication between Black and White patients. However, Black patients were at a significantly greater risk for hospitalizations.
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Erickson SE, Iribarren C, Tolstykh IV, et al. Effect of race on asthma manage- ment and outcomes in a large, integrated managed care organization. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1846-1852. A cross-sectional California study of over 850 adults enrolled in a managed care organization found no significant difference in asthma severity or use of controller medication between Black and White patients. However, Black patients were at a significantly greater risk for hospitalizations.
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Bai Y, Hillemeier MM, Lengerich EJ. Racial/ethnic disparities in symptom severity among children hospitalized with asthma. J Healthcare Poor Underserved 2007; 18:54-61. Retrospective study of asthma hospitalization for over 7500 children in Pennsylvania reported that Black children were more than twice as likely to be in severe clinical condition as White children. Significant independent associations in asthma hospitalizations were identified among older children, children on Medicaid, and children from urban environments.
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Bai Y, Hillemeier MM, Lengerich EJ. Racial/ethnic disparities in symptom severity among children hospitalized with asthma. J Healthcare Poor Underserved 2007; 18:54-61. Retrospective study of asthma hospitalization for over 7500 children in Pennsylvania reported that Black children were more than twice as likely to be in severe clinical condition as White children. Significant independent associations in asthma hospitalizations were identified among older children, children on Medicaid, and children from urban environments.
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Cloutier MM, Jones GA, Hinckson V, Wakefield DB. Effectiveness of an asthma management program in reducing disparities in care in urban children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:545-550. Hartford study of 2632 Medicaid children enrolled in asthma management program from 1998 to 2001 found that hospitalization rates decreased for Black and Hispanic children; outpatient visits also decreased for Black and Hispanic children, as well as emergency department visits for Hispanic children.
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Cloutier MM, Jones GA, Hinckson V, Wakefield DB. Effectiveness of an asthma management program in reducing disparities in care in urban children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:545-550. Hartford study of 2632 Medicaid children enrolled in asthma management program from 1998 to 2001 found that hospitalization rates decreased for Black and Hispanic children; outpatient visits also decreased for Black and Hispanic children, as well as emergency department visits for Hispanic children.
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Naureckas ET, Thomas S. Are we closing the disparities gap? Small-area analysis of asthma in Chicago. Chest 2007; 132:858S-865S. Cross-sectional analysis of a variety of Chicago data assessed success of recent interventions to close known gaps in asthma disparities. Found some evidence of a consistent, though slight and slow, decline in the Chicago/national ratio of admissions. After accounting for prevalence, asthma admissions were more than three times as likely in Black compared with White communities.
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Naureckas ET, Thomas S. Are we closing the disparities gap? Small-area analysis of asthma in Chicago. Chest 2007; 132:858S-865S. Cross-sectional analysis of a variety of Chicago data assessed success of recent interventions to close known gaps in asthma disparities. Found some evidence of a consistent, though slight and slow, decline in the Chicago/national ratio of admissions. After accounting for prevalence, asthma admissions were more than three times as likely in Black compared with White communities.
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Canino G, Vila D, Normand SL, et al.. Reducing asthma health disparities in poor Puerto Rican children: the effectiveness of a culturally tailored family intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:665-670. Over 200 low-income Puerto Rican children with persistent asthma were recruited to assess the efficacy of a culturally-sensitive home-based asthma management intervention. Children assigned to the intervention group had significantly more symptom-free nights, were less likely to visit the emergency department, were less likely to be hospitalized, and were more likely to have well controlled asthma than children in the control group.
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Canino G, Vila D, Normand SL, et al.. Reducing asthma health disparities in poor Puerto Rican children: the effectiveness of a culturally tailored family intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:665-670. Over 200 low-income Puerto Rican children with persistent asthma were recruited to assess the efficacy of a culturally-sensitive home-based asthma management intervention. Children assigned to the intervention group had significantly more symptom-free nights, were less likely to visit the emergency department, were less likely to be hospitalized, and were more likely to have well controlled asthma than children in the control group.
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Martinez FD. Trends in asthma prevalence, admission rates, and asthma deaths. Respir Care 2008; 53:561-565; discussion 5-7. Review of reports from the United States and UK assessed current asthma prevalence and mortality trends. Found that although statewide asthma deaths have decreased, the asthma death rate (as a proportion of patients with asthma) has not fallen significantly.
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Martinez FD. Trends in asthma prevalence, admission rates, and asthma deaths. Respir Care 2008; 53:561-565; discussion 5-7. Review of reports from the United States and UK assessed current asthma prevalence and mortality trends. Found that although statewide asthma deaths have decreased, the asthma death rate (as a proportion of patients with asthma) has not fallen significantly.
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In a prospective California cohort of 865 adults with severe asthma enrolled in a managed care organization and followed up until death/study's end, no racial disparities in asthma fatalities were found. Mortality was associated with severity of asthma scores and lower perceived asthma control scores
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Omachi TA, Iribarren C, Sarkar U, et al. Risk factors for death in adults with severe asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101:130-136. In a prospective California cohort of 865 adults with severe asthma enrolled in a managed care organization and followed up until death/study's end, no racial disparities in asthma fatalities were found. Mortality was associated with severity of asthma scores and lower perceived asthma control scores.
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Busse WW, Mitchell H. Addressing issues of asthma in inner-city children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:43-49. Review of ongoing programs funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to address urban asthma; contributions of programs outlined include recognition of the importance of inner-city allergens and development of a model for contextual asthma research.
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