Recent developments in predicting thyroid malignancy

Current Opinion in Oncology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 11-17

  Stang, Michael T ^a   Carty, Sally E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Predictors of malignancy; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy; Thyroid nodule size

Indexed keywords

CADHERIN; CD15 ANTIGEN; CERULOPLASMIN; CYTOKERATIN 19; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING) A; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GALECTIN 3; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; LACTOFERRICIN; MOLECULAR MARKER; PROTEIN P27; THYROGLOBULIN; THYROID PEROXIDASE; THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ASPIRATION BIOPSY; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CYTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LOBECTOMY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY; THYROID CANCER; THYROID NODULE; THYROIDECTOMY; ULTRASOUND;

BIOPSY, FINE-NEEDLE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F18; HUMANS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; THYROID NEOPLASMS; THYROID NODULE; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 58149247835     PISSN: 10408746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32831db2af     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Hegedüs L The thyroid nodule. NEJM 2004; 351:1764-1771.
2. AACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract 2006; 12:63-102.
3. Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, et al. Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:1941-1946.
4. Nam-Goong IS, Kim HY, Gong G, et al. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: correlation with pathological findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 60:21-28.
5. Peccin S, de Castsro JA, Furlanetto TW, et al. Ultrasonography: is it useful in the diagnosis of cancer in thyroid nodules? J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25:39-43.
6. Chan BK, Desser TS, McDougall IR, et al. Common and uncommon sonographic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22:1083-1090.
7. Yoon DY, Lee JW, Chang SK, et al. Peripheral calcification in thyroid nodules: ultrasonographic features and prediction of malignancy. J Ultrasound Med 2007; 26:1349-1355.
8. lannuccilli JD, Cronan JJ, Monchik JM. Risk for malignancy of thyroid nodules as assessed by sonographic criteria: the need for biopsy. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23:1455-1464.
9. Frates MC, Benson CB, Doublet PM, et al. Can color Doppler sonography aid in the prediction of malignancy of thyroid nodules? J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22:127-131.
10. Cappelli C, Pirola I, Cumetti D, et al. Is the anteropostenor and transverse diameter ratio of nonpalpable thyroid nodules a sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration cytology? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63:689-693.
11. Gharib H, Goellner JR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: an appraisal. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118:282-289.
12. Bakhos R, Selvaggi SM, DeJong S, et al. Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid: rate and causes of cytohistopathologic discordance. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 23:233-237.
13. Tee YY, Lowe AJ, Brand CA, et al. Fine-needle aspiration may miss a third of all malignancy in palpable thyroid nodules: a comprehensive literature review. Ann Surg 2007; 246:714-720. This large meta-analysis examines all studies investigating the sensitivity of FNAB and statistically models an estimate of true sensitivity and specificity by accounting for significant bias in previous study designs.
14. Siddiqui MA, Griffith KA, Michael CW, et al. Nodule heterogeneity as shown by size differences between the targeted nodule and the tumor in thyroidectomy specimen: a cause for a false-negative diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma on fine-needle aspiration. Cancer 2008; 114:27-33.
15. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006; 16:109-142.
16. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Task Force on Standards of Practice. Guidelines of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology for the examination of fine-needle aspiration specimens from thyroid nodules. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1996; 15:84-89.
17. Flanagan MB, Ohori NP, Carty SE, et al. Repeat thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration in patients with initial benign cytologic results. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 125:698-702.
18. Baloch ZW, LiVoIsi VA, Asa SL, et al. Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagn Cytopathol 2008; 36:425-437. This presents a summary of the recent proposed changes to thyroid FNAB cytology diagnostic categories and the expected rates of malignancy for each.
19. Schlinkert RT, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR, et al. Factors that predict malignant thyroid lesions when fine-needle aspiration is 'suspicious for follicular neoplasm. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72:913-916.
20. Meko JB, Norton JA. Large cystic/solid thyroid nodules: a potential falsenegative fine-needle aspiration. Surgery 1995; 1:996-1003 [discussion 1003-1004].
21. McCoy KL, Jabbour N, Ogilvie JB, et al. The incidence of cancer and rate of false-negative cytology in thyroid nodules greater than or equal to 4 cm in size. Surgery 2007; 142:837-844. This is the largest and only series to look at obligate lobectomy or thyroidectomy for nodules 4 cm or more and reports the overall rate of cancer and false-negative rate of FNAB.
22. Carpi A, Ferrari E, Toni MG, et al. Needle aspiration techniques in preoperative selection of patients with thyroid nodules: a long-term study. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:1704-1712.
23. Porterfield JR, Grant CS, Dean DS, et al. Reliability of benign fine needle aspiration cytology of large thyroid nodules. Surgery (in press).
24. McHenry CR, Huh ES, Machenko RN. Is nodule size an independent predictor of thyroid malignancy? Surgery (in press).
25. McHenry CR, Thomas SR, Slusarczyk SJ, et al. Follicular or Hürthle cell neoplasm of the thyroid: can clinical factors be used to predict carcinoma and determine extent of thyroidectomy? Surgery 1999; 126:798-802.
26. Sahin M, Gursoy A, Tutuncu NB, et al. Prevalence and prediction of malignancy in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65:514-518.
27. Raber W, Kaserer K, Niederle B, et al. Risk factors for malignancy of thyroid nodules initially identified as follicular neoplasia by fine-needle aspiration: results of a prospective study of one hundred twenty patients. Thyroid 2000; 10:709-712.
28. Mittendorf EA, Khiyami A, McHenry CR. When fine-needle aspiration biopsy cannot exclude papillary thyroid cancer: a therapeutic dilemma. Arch Surg 2006; 141:961-966.
29. Tuttle RM, Lemar H, Burch HB. Clinical features associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy in patients with follicular neoplasia by fine-needle aspiration. Thyroid 1998; 8:377-383.
30. Chen H, Nicol TL, Zeiger MA, et al. Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid: are there factors predictive of malignancy? Ann Surg 1998; 227:542-546.
31. Sclabas GM, Staerkel GA, Shapiro SE, et al. Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid and correlation with histopathology in a contemporary series of 240 patients. Am J Surg 2003; 186:702-709.
32. Giorgadze T, Rossi ED, Fadda G, et al. Does the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of 'Hürthle-cell neoplasm/follicular neoplasm with oncocytic features' denote increased risk of malignancy? Diagn Cytopathol 2004; 31:307-312.
33. Duran C, Saraydaroglu O, Ersoy C, et al. Tumor size predictive for malignancy in indeterminate follicular thyroid lesions. Endocrinologist 2006; 16:313-316.
34. Zhang YW, Greenblatt DY, Repplinger D, et al. Older age and larger tumor size predict malignancy in Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:2842-2846.
35. Sippel RS, Elaraj DM, Khanafshar E, et al. Tumor size predicts malignant potential in Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid. World J Surg 2008; 32:702-707. This study examines Hürthle cell follicular neoplasms and reports on the significantly elevated risk of malignancy for lesions 4 cm or more.
36. Banks ND, Kowalski J, Tsai HL, et al. A diagnostic predictor model for indeterminate or suspicious thyroid FNA samples. Thyroid 2008; 18:933-941. This is the largest series to date systematically examining all indeterminate nodules that went on to thyroidectomy. Size of tumor and age were significant factors in predicting malignancy and could be modeled into a risk score.
37. Mitchell JC, Grant F, Evenson AR, et al. Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules with 18FDG-PET/CT. Surgery 2005; 138:1166-1174.
38. de Geus-Oei LF, Pieters GF, Bonenkamp JJ, et al. 18F-FDG PET reduces unnecessary hemithyroidectomies for thyroid nodules with inconclusive cytologic results. J Nucl Med 2006; 47:770-775.
39. Sebastianes FM, Cerci JJ, Zanoni PH, et al. Role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in preoperative assessment of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4485-4488. This study examined FDG-PET in 44 patients with indeterminate thyroid cytology and found 100% of malignant lesions are PET-positive, whereas only 61% of benign lesions are PET-positive.
40. Kim JM, Ryu JS, Kim TY, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography does not predict malignancy in thyroid nodules cytologically diagnosed as follicular neoplasm. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1630-1634. This study showed that all indeterminate thyroid nodules, whether benign or malignant, had increased FDG avidity and FDG-PET had no utility in evaluating indeterminate thyroid nodules.
41. Chinnappa P, Taguba L, Arciaga R, et al. Detection of thyrotropin-receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and thyroglobulin mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid disease: sensitive and specific markers for thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:3705-3709.
42. Wagner K, Arciaga R, Siperstein A, et al. Thyrotropin receptor/thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in peripheral blood and fine-needle aspiration cytology: diagnostic synergy for detecting thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1921-1924.
43. Milas M, Mazzaglia P, Chia SY, et al. The utility of peripheral thyrotropin mRNA in the diagnosis of follicular neoplasms and surveillance of thyroid cancers. Surgery 2007; 141:137-146.
44. Chia SY, Milas M, Reddy SK, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid measurement in blood as a marker for circulating thyroid cancer cells and its role in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:468-475.
45. Carroll NM, Carty SE. Promising molecular techniques for discriminating among follicular thyroid neoplasms. Surg Oncol 2006; 15:59-64.
46. Segev DL, Clark DP, Zeiger MA, et al. Beyond the suspicious thyroid fine needle aspirate. A review. Acta Cytol 2003; 47:709-722.
47. Filie AC, Asa SL, Geisinger KR, et al. Utilization of ancillary studies in thyroid fine needle aspirates: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagn Cytopathol 2008; 36:438-441.
48. Shibru D, Chung KW, Kebebew E. Recent developments in the clinical application of thyroid cancer biomarkers. Curr Opin Oncol 2008; 20:13-18.
49. Prasad NB, Somervell H, Tufano RP, et al. Identification of genes differentially expressed in benign versus malignant thyroid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3327-3337.
50. Kebebew E, Peng M, Reiff E, et al. Diagnostic and extent of disease multigene assay for malignant thyroid neoplasms. Cancer 2006; 106:2592-2597.
51. Kebebew E, Peng M, Reiff E, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of cellcycle regulatory genes in malignant thyroid neoplasms. World J Surg 2006; 30:767-774.
52. Finley DJ, Arora N, Zhu B, et al. Molecular profiling distinguishes papillary carcinoma from benign thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:3214-3223.
53. Lubitz CC, Ugras SK, Kazam JJ, et al. Microarray analysis of thyroid nodule fine-needle aspirates accurately classifies benign and malignant lesions. J Mol Diagn 2006; 8:490-498.
54. Durand S, Ferraro-Peyret C, Selmi-Ruby S, et al. Evaluation of gene expression profiles in thyroid nodule biopsy material to diagnose thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1195-1202.
55. Nikiforov YE. Thyroid carcinoma: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. Mod Pathol 2008; 21 (Suppl 2):S37-S43.
56. Salvatore G, Giannini R, Faviana P, et al. Analysis of BRAF point mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement refines the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5175-5180.
57. Sapio MR, Posca D, Raggioli A, et al. Detection of RET/PTC, TRK and BRAF mutations in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytological findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66:678-683.
58. Nikiforov YE, Steward DL, Nikiforova MN, et al. Role of molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of thyroid nodules. In: Proceedings of the 77th annual meeting of the American Thyroid Association) [abstract]. Thyroid 2006; 16:922.
59. Nikiforov YE, Ohori NP, Kuffner HA, et al. Introduction of molecular testing of thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples into routine clinical practice: one year experience at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. In: Proceeding of the 79th annual meeting of the American Thyroid Association) [abstract]. Thyroid (in press).
60. Hunt JL, Yim JH, Tometsko M, et al. Loss of heterozygosity of the VHL gene identifies malignancy and predicts death in follicular thyroid tumors. Surgery 2003; 134:1043-1047.
61. Hunt JL, Livolsi VA, Baloch ZW, et al. A novel microdissection and genotyping of follicular-derived thyroid tumors to predict aggressiveness. Hum Pathol 2003; 34:375-380.
62. Hunt JL, Yim JH, Carty SE. Fractional allelic loss of tumor suppressor genes identifies malignancy and predicts clinical outcome in follicular thyroid tumors. Thyroid 2006; 16:643-649.