Transesophageal echocardiography and noncardiac surgery

Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 265-289

  Mahmood, Feroze ^a   Christie, Angus ^b   Matyal, Robina ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MAINE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Noncardiac surgery; Transesophageal echocardiography; Transthoracic echocardiography

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; ANESTHESIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COST; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; HEART FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE ENDDIASTOLIC VOLUME; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT SAFETY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PULMONARY ARTERY OCCLUSION PRESSURE; REVIEW; ST SEGMENT; THORACIC AORTA ANEURYSM; THORAX BLUNT TRAUMA; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

ANESTHESIOLOGY; CRITICAL CARE; DIASTOLE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSESOPHAGEAL; HUMANS; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; OBSTETRIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SYSTOLE; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION, LEFT; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 58149161718     PISSN: 10892532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1089253208328668     Document Type: Review

References (219)

1. Frazin L., Talano JV, Stephanides L., Loeb HS, Kopel L., Gunnar RM Esophageal echocardiography. Circulation. 1976 ; 54: 102-108.
2. Oka Y. The evolution of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002 ; 69: 18-20.
3. Matsumoto M., Oka Y., Strom J., et al. Application of transesophageal echocardiography to continuous intraoperative monitoring of left ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol. 1980 ; 46: 95-105.
4. Oka Y., Moriwaki KM, Hong Y., et al. Detection of air emboli in the left heart by M-mode transesophageal echocardiography following cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 1985 ; 63: 109-113.
5. Schluter M., Langenstein BA, Polster J., et al. Transoesophageal cross-sectional echocardiography with a phased array transducer system. Technique and initial clinical results. Br Heart J. 1982 ; 48: 67-72.
6. Souquet J., Hanrath P., Zitelli L., Kremer P., Langenstein BA, Schluter M. Transesophageal phased array for imaging the heart. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1982 ; 29: 707-712.
7. Jacka MJ, Cohen MM, To T., Devitt JH, Byrick R. The use of and preferences for the transesophageal echocardiogram and pulmonary artery catheter among cardiovascular anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 2002 ; 94: 1065-1071.
8. Lambert AS, Mazer CD, Duke PC Survey of the members of the cardiovascular section of the Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society on the use of perioperative transesophageal echocardiography-a brief report. Can J Anaesth. 2002 ; 49: 294-296.
9. Poterack KA Who uses transesophageal echocardiography in the operating room ? Anesth Analg. 1995 ; 80: 454-458.
10. Kallmeyer IJ, Collard CD, Fox JA, Body SC, Shernan SK The safety of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: a case series of 7200 cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2001 ; 92: 1126-1130.
11. Zalunardo MP, Bimmler D., Grob UC, Stocker R., Pasch T., Spahn DR Late oesophageal perforation after intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography. Br J Anaesth. 2002 ; 88: 595-597.
12. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 1996 ; 84: 986-1006.
13. Binanay C., Califf RM, Hasselblad V., et al. Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA. 2005 ; 294: 1625-1633.
14. Dalen JE, Bone RC Is it time to pull the pulmonary artery catheter ? JAMA. 1996 ; 276: 916-918.
15. Domino KB, Bowdle TA, Posner KL, Spitellie PH, Lee LA, Cheney FW Injuries and liability related to central vascular catheters: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2004 ; 100: 1411-1418.
16. Hadian M., Pinsky MR Evidence-based review of the use of the pulmonary artery catheter: impact data and complications. Crit Care. 2006 ; 10 (suppl 3). S8.
17. Vieillard-Baron A., Slama M., Cholley B., Janvier G., Vignon P. Echocardiography in the intensive care unit: from evolution to revolution? Intensive Care Med. 2008 ; 34: 243-249.
18. Poelaert JI, Trouerbach J., De Buyzere M., Everaert J., Colardyn FA Evaluation of transesophageal echocardiography as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in a critical care setting. Chest. 1995 ; 107: 774-779.
19. Reichert CL, Visser CA, Koolen JJ, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in hypotensive patients after cardiac operations. Comparison with hemodynamic parameters. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992 ; 104: 321-326.
20. Reichert CL, Visser CA, van den Brink RB, et al. Prognostic value of biventricular function in hypotensive patients after cardiac surgery as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1992 ; 6: 429-432.
21. Cahalan MK, Stewart W., Pearlman A., et al. American Society of Echocardiography and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists task force guidelines for training in perioperative echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002 ; 15: 647-652.
22. Dodds TM, Delphin E., Stone JG, Gal SG, Coromilas J. Detection of perioperative myocardial ischemia using Holter monitoring with real-time ST segment analysis. Anesth Analg. 1988 ; 67: 890-893.
23. Kotrly KJ, Kotter GS, Mortara D., Kampine JP Intraoperative detection of myocardial ischemia with an ST segment trend monitoring system. Anesth Analg. 1984 ; 63: 343-345.
24. Kotter GS, Kotrly KJ, Kalbfleisch JH, Vucins EJ, Kampine JP Myocardial ischemia during cardiovascular surgery as detected by an ST segment trend monitoring system. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1987 ; 1: 190-199.
25. Mangano DT, Browner WS, Hollenberg M., London MJ, Tubau JF, Tateo IM Association of perioperative myocardial ischemia with cardiac morbidity and mortality in men undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1990 ; 323: 1781-1788.
26. Mangano DT Perioperative cardiac morbidity. Anesthesiology. 1990 ; 72: 153-184.
27. Hauser AM, Gangadharan V., Ramos RG, Gordon S., Timmis GC Sequence of mechanical, electrocardiographic and clinical effects of repeated coronary artery occlusion in human beings: echocardiographic observations during coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985 ; 5: 193-197.
28. Wohlgelernter D., Jaffe CC, Cabin HS, Yeatman LA Jr, Cleman M. Silent ischemia during coronary occlusion produced by balloon inflation: relation to regional myocardial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987 ; 10: 491-498.
29. Rouine-Rapp K., Ionescu P., Balea M., Foster E., Cahalan MK Detection of intraoperative segmental wall-motion abnormalities by transesophageal echocardiography: the incremental value of additional cross sections in the transverse and longitudinal planes. Anesth Analg. 1996 ; 83: 1141-1148.
30. Ellis JE, Shah MN, Briller JE, Roizen MF, Aronson S., Feinstein SB A comparison of methods for the detection of myocardial ischemia during noncardiac surgery: automated ST-segment analysis systems, electrocardiography, and transesophageal echocardiography. Anesth Analg. 1992 ; 75: 764-772.
31. London MJ, Tubau JF, Wong MG, et al. The "natural history" of segmental wall motion abnormalities in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. S.P.I. Research Group. Anesthesiology. 1990 ; 73: 644-655.
32. Roizen MF, Beaupre PN, Alpert RA, et al. Monitoring with two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Comparison of myocardial function in patients undergoing supraceliac, suprarenal-infraceliac, or infrarenal aortic occlusion. J Vasc Surg. 1984 ; 1: 300-305.
33. Chung F., Seyone C., Rakowski H. Transoesophageal echocardiogram may fail to diagnose perioperative myocardial infarction. Can J Anaesth. 1991 ; 38: 98-101.
34. Diedericks J., Leone BJ, Foex P. Regional differences in left ventricular wall motion in the anesthetized dog. Anesthesiology. 1989 ; 70: 82-90.
35. Kavanaugh KM, Brenner HM, Gallagher KP, Buda AJ Effect of afterload alterations on the functional border zone measured with two-dimensional echocardiography during acute coronary occlusion. Am Heart J. 1988 ; 116: 942-953.
36. Gewertz BL, Kremser PC, Zarins CK, et al. Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring of myocardial ischemia during vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1987 ; 5: 607-613.
37. Eisenberg MJ, London MJ, Leung JM, et al. Monitoring for myocardial ischemia during noncardiac surgery. A technology assessment of transesophageal echocardiography and 12-lead electrocardiography. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. JAMA. 1992 ; 268: 210-216.
38. Kolev N., Ihra G., Swanevelder J., Spiss CK, Hartmann T., Zimpfer M. Biplane transoesophageal echocardiographic detection of myocardial ischaemia in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery: segmental wall motion vs. electrocardiography and haemodynamic performance. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1997 ; 14: 412-420.
39. Smith JS, Cahalan MK, Benefiel DJ, et al. Intraoperative detection of myocardial ischemia in high-risk patients: electrocardiography versus two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation. 1985 ; 72: 1015-1021.
40. Smith JS, Roizen MF, Cahalan MK, et al. Does anesthetic technique make a difference? Augmentation of systolic blood pressure during carotid endarterectomy: effects of phenylephrine versus light anesthesia and of isoflurane versus halothane on the incidence of myocardial ischemia. Anesthesiology. 1988 ; 69: 846-853.
41. Cheung AT, Savino JS, Weiss SJ, Aukburg SJ, Berlin JA Echocardiographic and hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular preload in patients with normal and abnormal ventricular function. Anesthesiology. 1994 ; 81: 376-387.
42. Nomura M., Hillel Z., Shih H., Kuroda MM, Thys DM The association between Doppler transmitral flow variables measured by transesophageal echocardiography and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Anesth Analg. 1997 ; 84: 491-496.
43. Swenson JD, Harkin C., Pace NL, Astle K., Bailey P. Transesophageal echocardiography: an objective tool in defining maximum ventricular response to intravenous fluid therapy. Anesth Analg. 1996 ; 83: 1149-1153.
44. Giannuzzi P., Imparato A., Temporelli PL, et al. Doppler-derived mitral deceleration time of early filling as a strong predictor of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in postinfarction patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 ; 23: 1630-1637.
45. Dagdelen S., Eren N., Karabulut H., et al. Estimation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by color M-mode Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001 ; 14: 951-958.
46. Khouri SJ, Maly GT, Suh DD, Walsh TE A practical approach to the echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004 ; 17: 290-297.
47. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, et al. Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures: a comparative simultaneous Doppler- catheterization study. Circulation. 2000 ; 102: 1788-1794.
48. Benjamin E., Griffin K., Leibowitz AB, et al. Goal-directed transesophageal echocardiography performed by intensivists to assess left ventricular function: comparison with pulmonary artery catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1998 ; 12: 10-15.
49. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M., et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989 ; 2: 358-367.
50. Gorcsan J. 3rd, Lazar JM, Schulman DS, Follansbee WP Comparison of left ventricular function by echocardiographic automated border detection and by radionuclide ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1993 ; 72: 810-815.
51. Rich S., Sheikh A., Gallastegui J., Kondos GT, Mason T., Lam W. Determination of left ventricular ejection fraction by visual estimation during real-time two-dimensional echocardiography. Am Heart J. 1982 ; 104: 603-606.
52. Savino JS, Troianos CA, Aukburg S., Weiss R., Reichek N. Measurement of pulmonary blood flow with transesophageal two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 1991 ; 75: 445-451.
53. Darmon PL, Hillel Z., Mogtader A., Mindich B., Thys D. Cardiac output by transesophageal echocardiography using continuous-wave Doppler across the aortic valve. Anesthesiology. 1994 ; 80: 796-805.
54. Levett JM, Replogle RL Thermodilution cardiac output: a critical analysis and review of the literature. J Surg Res. 1979 ; 27: 392-404.
55. Muhiudeen IA, Kuecherer HF, Lee E., Cahalan MK, Schiller NB Intraoperative estimation of cardiac output by transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 1991 ; 74: 9-14.
56. Katz WE, Gasior TA, Quinlan JJ, Gorcsan J. 3rd. Transgastric continuous-wave Doppler to determine cardiac output. Am J Cardiol. 1993 ; 71: 853-857.
57. Thubrikar M., Bosher LP, Nolan SP The mechanism of opening of the aortic valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1979 ; 77: 863-870.
58. Thubrikar M., Piepgrass WC, Shaner TW, Nolan SP Design and dynamic variations of aortic valve leaflets in vivo. Surg Forum. 1979 ; 30: 241-243.
59. Parra V., Fita G., Rovira I., Matute P., Gomar C., Pare C. Transoesophageal echocardiography accurately detects cardiac output variation: a prospective comparison with thermodilution in cardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2008 ; 25: 135-143.
60. Perrino AC Jr, Harris SN, Luther MA Intraoperative determination of cardiac output using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: a comparison to thermodilution. Anesthesiology. 1998 ; 89: 350-357.
61. Akamatsu S., Oda A., Terazawa E., et al. Automated cardiac output measurement by transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography. Anesth Analg. 2004 ; 98: 1232-1238.
62. Culp WC Jr, Ball TR, Burnett CJ Validation and feasibility of intraoperative three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic cardiac output. Anesth Analg. 2007 ; 105: 1219-1223.
63. Bazaral MG, Petre J., Novoa R. Errors in thermodilution cardiac output measurements caused by rapid pulmonary artery temperature decreases after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 1992 ; 77: 31-37.
64. Latson TW, Whitten CW, O'Flaherty D. Ventilation, thermal noise, and errors in cardiac output measurements after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 1993 ; 79: 1233-1243.
65. Tardif JC, Rodrigues AG, Hardy JF, et al. Simultaneous determination of aortic valve area by the Gorlin formula and by transesophageal echocardiography under different transvalvular flow conditions. Evidence that anatomic aortic valve area does not change with variations in flow in aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 ; 29: 1296-1302.
66. Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta Stone. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 ; 30: 8-18.
67. Mahmood F., Matyal R. Assessment of perioperative diastolic function and dysfunction. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2008 ; 46: 51-62.
68. Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, et al. Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: is measurement of diastolic function necessary to make the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure ? Circulation. 2001 ; 104: 779-782.
69. McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A., et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet. 1997 ; 350: 829-833.
70. Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC Jr, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Rodeheffer RJ Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003 ; 289: 194-202.
71. Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS, Shemanski L., Gardin J., Kitzman D. Predictive value of systolic and diastolic function for incident congestive heart failure in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 ; 37: 1042-1048.
72. Bella JN, Palmieri V., Roman MJ, et al. Mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity as a predictor of mortality in middle-aged and elderly adults: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2002 ; 105: 1928-1933.
73. Acil T., Wichter T., Stypmann J., et al. Prognostic value of tissue Doppler imaging in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2005 ; 103: 175-181.
74. Hamdan A., Shapira Y., Bengal T., et al. Tissue Doppler imaging in patients with advanced heart failure: relation to functional class and prognosis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006 ; 25: 214-218.
75. Kolias TJ, Aaronson KD, Armstrong WF Doppler-derived dP/dt and -dP/dt predict survival in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 ; 36: 1594-1599.
76. Lesniak-Sobelga A., Tracz W., KostKiewicz M., Podolec P., Pasowicz M. Clinical and echocardiographic assessment of pregnant women with valvular heart diseases-maternal and fetal outcome. Int J Cardiol. 2004 ; 94: 15-23.
77. Halm EA, Browner WS, Tubau JF, Tateo IM, Mangano DT Echocardiography for assessing cardiac risk in patients having noncardiac surgery. Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1996 ; 125: 433-441.
78. McEnroe CS, O'Donnell TF Jr, Yeager A., Konstam M., Mackey WC Comparison of ejection fraction and Goldman risk factor analysis to dipyridamole-thallium 201 studies in the evaluation of cardiac morbidity after aortic aneurysm surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1990 ; 11: 497-504.
79. Ouriel K., Green RM, DeWeese JA, Varon ME Outpatient echocardiography as a predictor of perioperative cardiac morbidity after peripheral vascular surgical procedures. J Vasc Surg. 1995 ; 22: 671-677.
80. Takase B., Younis LT, Byers SL, et al. Comparative prognostic value of clinical risk indexes, resting two-dimensional echocardiography, and dipyridamole stress thallium-201 myocardial imaging for perioperative cardiac events in major nonvascular surgery patients. Am Heart J. 1993 ; 126: 1099-1106.
81. Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL Relation of transmitral flow velocity patterns to left ventricular diastolic function: new insights from a combined hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988 ; 12: 426-440.
82. Mahmood F., Matyal R., Subramaniam B., et al. Transmitral flow propagation velocity and assessment of diastolic function during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007 ; 21: 486-491.
83. Leibowitz AB, Oropello JM The pulmonary artery catheter in anesthesia practice in 2007: an historical overview with emphasis on the past 6 years. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007 ; 11: 162-176.
84. Hill JC, Palma RA Doppler tissue imaging for the assessment of left ventricular diastolic function: a systematic approach for the sonographer. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005 ; 18: 80-88.
85. Brun P., Tribouilloy C., Duval AM, et al. Left ventricular flow propagation during early filling is related to wall relaxation: a color M-mode Doppler analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 ; 20: 420-432.
86. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Bennett-Guerrero E., et al. Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008 ; 108: 559-567.
87. Fleisher LA Implications of preoperative heart failure: the next frontier in perioperative medicine ? Anesthesiology. 2008 ; 108: 551-552.
88. Xu-Cai YO, Brotman DJ, Phillips CO, et al. Outcomes of patients with stable heart failure undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 ; 83: 280-288.
89. Meierhenrich R., Gauss A., Anhaeupl T., Schutz W. Analysis of diastolic function in patients undergoing aortic aneurysm repair and impact on hemodynamic response to aortic cross-clamping. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005 ; 19: 165-172.
90. Phillip B., Pastor D., Bellows W., Leung JM The prevalence of preoperative diastolic filling abnormalities in geriatric surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2003 ; 97: 1214-1221.
91. Tei C., Ling LH, Hodge DO, et al. New index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: a simple and reproducible measure of cardiac function- a study in normals and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol. 1995 ; 26: 357-366.
92. Tei C., Nishimura RA, Seward JB, Tajik AJ Noninvasive Doppler-derived myocardial performance index: correlation with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1997 ; 10: 169-178.
93. Tei C., Dujardin KS, Hodge DO, Kyle RA, Tajik AJ, Seward JB Doppler index combining systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: clinical value in cardiac amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 ; 28: 658-664.
94. Harjai KJ, Scott L., Vivekananthan K., Nunez E., Edupuganti R. The Tei index: a new prognostic index for patients with symptomatic heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002 ; 15: 864-868.
95. Lutz JT, Giebler R., Peters J. The "TEI-index" is preload dependent and can be measured by transoesophageal echocardiography during mechanical ventilation. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2003 ; 20: 872-877.
96. Murphy GS, Marymont JH, Szokol JW, Avram MJ, Vender JS Correlation of the myocardial performance index with conventional echocardiographic indices of systolic and diastolic function: a study in cardiac surgical patients. Echocardiography. 2007 ; 24: 26-33.
97. Maslow A., Bert A., Schwartz C., Mackinnon S. Transesophageal echocardiography in the noncardiac surgical patient. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2002 ; 40: 73-132.
98. Hertzer NR, Beven EG, Young JR, et al. Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients. A classification of 1000 coronary angiograms and results of surgical management. Ann Surg. 1984 ; 199: 223-233.
99. Harpole DH, Clements FM, Quill T., Wolfe WG, Jones RH, McCann RL Right and left ventricular performance during and after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Surg. 1989 ; 209: 356-362.
100. Iafrati MD, Gordon G., Staples MH, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography for hemodynamic management of thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. Am J Surg. 1993 ; 166: 179-185.
101. Gillespie DL, Connelly GP, Arkoff HM, Dempsey AL, Hilkert RJ, Menzoian JO Left ventricular dysfunction during infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Am J Surg. 1994 ; 168: 144-147.
102. Godet G., Couture P., Ionanidis G., Gosgnach M., Kieffer E., Viars P. Another application of two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: spinal cord imaging. A preliminary report. J Cardiothorac VascAnesth. 1994 ; 8: 14-18.
103. Orihashi K., Matsuura Y., Sueda T., et al. Abdominal aorta and visceral arteries visualized with transesophageal echocardiography during operations on the aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 ; 115: 945-947.
104. Voci P., Tritapepe L., Testa G., Caretta Q. Imaging of the anterior spinal artery by transesophageal color Doppler ultrasonography. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1999 ; 13: 586-587.
105. Smith MD, Cassidy JM, Souther S., et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N Engl J Med. 1995 ; 332: 356-362.
106. Snow CC, Appelbe AF, Martin TD, Martin RP Diagnosis of aortic transection by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1992 ; 5: 100-102.
107. Goarin JP, Catoire P., Jacquens Y., et al. Use of transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of traumatic aortic injury. Chest. 1997 ; 112: 71-80.
108. Goarin JP, Cluzel P., Gosgnach M., Lamine K., Coriat P., Riou B. Evaluation of transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of traumatic aortic injury. Anesthesiology. 2000 ; 93: 1373-1377.
109. Goarin JP, Le Bret F., Riou B., Jacquens Y., Viars P. Early diagnosis of traumatic thoracic aortic rupture by transesophageal echocardiography. Chest. 1993 ; 103: 618-620.
110. Ahrar K., Smith DC, Bansal RC, Razzouk A., Catalano RD Angiography in blunt thoracic aortic injury. J Trauma. 1997 ; 42: 665-669.
111. Karalis DG, Victor MF, Davis GA, et al. The role of echocardiography in blunt chest trauma: a transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Trauma. 1994 ; 36: 53-58.
112. Minard G., Schurr MJ, Croce MA, et al. A prospective analysis of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic disruption of the aorta. J Trauma. 1996 ; 40: 225-230.
113. Saletta S., Lederman E., Fein S., Singh A., Kuehler DH, Fortune JB Transesophageal echocardiography for the initial evaluation of the widened mediastinum in trauma patients. J Trauma. 1995 ; 39: 137-141.
114. Shapiro MJ, Yanofsky SD, Trapp J., et al. Cardiovascular evaluation in blunt thoracic trauma using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). J Trauma. 1991 ; 31: 835-839.
115. Sparks MB, Burchard KW, Marrin CA, Bean CH, Nugent WC Jr, Plehn JF Transesophageal echocardiography. Preliminary results in patients with traumatic aortic rupture. Arch Surg. 1991 ; 126: 711-713.
116. Vignon P., Gueret P., Vedrinne JM, et al. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of traumatic aortic disruption. Circulation. 1995 ; 92: 2959-2968.
117. Ellis JE, Bender EM Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in blunt thoracic trauma. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991 ; 5: 373-376.
118. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y., Nicolas V., et al. The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive imaging procedures. N Engl J Med. 1993 ; 328: 1-9.
119. Sommer T., Fehske W., Holzknecht N., et al. Aortic dissection: a comparative study of diagnosis with spiral CT, multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography, and MR imaging. Radiology. 1996 ; 199: 347-352.
120. Taams MA, Gussenhoven WJ, Schippers LA, et al. The value of transoesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of thoracic aorta pathology. Eur Heart J. 1988 ; 9: 1308-1316.
121. Orihashi K., Matsuura Y., Sueda T., et al. Echocardiography-assisted surgery in transaortic endovascular stent grafting: role of transesophageal echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 ; 120: 672-678.
122. Swaminathan M., Lineberger CK, McCann RL, Mathew JP The importance of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Anesth Analg. 2003 ; 97: 1566-1572.
123. Swaminathan M., Mackensen GB, Podgoreanu MV, McCann RL, Mathew JP, Hughes GC Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast indicating successful endoleak management. Anesth Analg. 2007 ; 104: 1037-1039.
124. Fattori R., Caldarera I., Rapezzi C., et al. Primary endoleak-age in endovascular treatment of the thoracic aorta: importance of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 ; 120: 490-495.
125. Rocchi G., Lofiego C., Biagini E., et al. Transesophageal echocardiography-guided algorithm for stent-graft implantation in aortic dissection. J Vasc Surg. 2004 ; 40: 880-885.
126. Rapezzi C., Rocchi G., Fattori R., et al. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring to improve the outcome of stent-graft treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Am J Cardiol. 2001 ; 87: 315-319.
127. Gonzalez-Fajardo JA, Gutierrez V., San Roman JA, et al. Utility of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during endovascular stent-graft repair of acute thoracic aortic dissection. Ann Vasc Surg. 2002 ; 16: 297-303.
128. Koschyk DH, Nienaber CA, Knap M., et al. How to guide stent-graft implantation in type B aortic dissection? Comparison of angiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 2005 ; 112: 1260-11264.
129. van der Starre P., Guta C., Dake M., Ihnken K., Robbins R. The value of transesophageal echocardiography for endovascular graft stenting of the ascending aorta. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2004 ; 18: 466-468.
130. Napoli V., Bargellini I., Sardella SG, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: contrast-enhanced US for missed endoleaks after endoluminal repair. Radiology. 2004 ; 233: 217-225.
131. Dobson G., Petrasek P., Alvarez N. Images in anesthesia: transesophageal echocardiography enhances endovascular stent placement in traumatic trans-section of the thoracic aorta. Can J Anaesth. 2004 ; 51: 931.
132. Dobson G., Maher N., Ball M., Kryski A., Moore R. Images in anesthesia: echo contrast as an adjunct to intraoperative angiography in the detection of endoleaks. Can J Anaesth. 2006 ; 53: 516-517.
133. Moskowitz DM, Kahn RA, Konstadt SN, Mitty H., Hollier LH, Marin ML Intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography as an adjuvant to fluoroscopy during endovascular thoracic aortic repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1999 ; 17: 22-27.
134. Konstadt SN, Reich DL, Kahn R., Viggiani RF Transesophageal echocardiography can be used to screen for ascending aortic atherosclerosis. Anesth Analg. 1995 ; 81: 225-228.
135. Mattox KL, Limacher MC, Feliciano DV, et al. Cardiac evaluation following heart injury. J Trauma. 1985 ; 25: 758-765.
136. Beggs CW, Helling TS, Evans LL, Hays LV, Kennedy FR, Crouse LJ Early evaluation of cardiac injury by two-dimensional echocardiography in patients suffering blunt chest trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 ; 16: 542-545.
137. Frazee RC, Mucha P. Jr, Farnell MB, Miller FA Jr. Objective evaluation of blunt cardiac trauma. J Trauma. 1986 ; 26: 510-520.
138. Garcia-Fernandez MA, Lopez-Perez JM, Perez-Castellano N., et al. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of patients with blunt chest trauma: correlation of echocardiographic findings with the electrocardiogram and creatine kinase monoclonal antibody measurements. Am Heart J. 1998 ; 135: 476-481.
139. Helling TS, Duke P., Beggs CW, Crouse LJ A prospective evaluation of 68 patients suffering blunt chest trauma for evidence of cardiac injury. J Trauma. 1989 ; 29: 961-965.
140. Hiatt JR, Yeatman LA Jr, Child JS The value of echocardiography in blunt chest trauma. J Trauma. 1988 ; 28: 914-922.
141. Mollod M., Felner JM Transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of cardiothoracic trauma. Am Heart J. 1996 ; 132: 841-849.
142. Weiss RL, Brier JA, O'Connor W., Ross S., Brathwaite CM The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosing cardiac contusions. Chest. 1996 ; 109: 73-77.
143. Plummer D., Brunette D., Asinger R., Ruiz E. Emergency department echocardiography improves outcome in penetrating cardiac injury.. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Jun; 21 (6). 709-12.
144. Schiavone WA, Ghumrawi BK, Catalano DR, et al. The use of echocardiography in the emergency management of nonpenetrating traumatic cardiac rupture. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 ; 20: 1248-1250.
145. Carton EG, Plevak DJ, Kranner PW, Rettke SR, Geiger HJ, Coursin DB Perioperative care of the liver transplant patient: part 2. Anesth Analg. 1994 ; 78: 382-399.
146. Carton EG, Rettke SR, Plevak DJ, Geiger HJ, Kranner PW, Coursin DB Perioperative care of the liver transplant patient: part 1. Anesth Analg. 1994 ; 78: 120-133.
147. De Wolf A. Hemodynamic monitoring during orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1993 ; 25: 1863-1864.
148. De Wolf AM, Begliomini B., Gasior TA, Kang Y., Pinsky MR Right ventricular function during orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesth Analg. 1993 ; 76: 562-568.
149. Ellis JE, Lichtor JL, Feinstein SB, et al. Right heart dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, and paradoxical embolization during liver transplantation. A transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiographic study. Anesth Analg. 1989 ; 68: 777-782.
150. Harley ID, Jones EF, Liu G., McCall PR, McNicol PL Orthotopic liver transplantation in two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Br J Anaesth. 1996 ; 77: 675-677.
151. O'Connor CJ, Roozeboom D., Brown R., Tuman KJ Pulmonary thromboembolism during liver transplantation: possible association with antifibrinolytic drugs and novel treatment options. Anesth Analg. 2000 ; 91: 296-299.
152. Prah GN, Lisman SR, Maslow AD, Freeman RB, Rohrer RJ Transesophageal echocardiography reveals an unusual cause of hemodynamic collapse during orthotopic liver transplantation-two case reports. Transplantation. 1995 ; 59: 921-925.
153. Krenn CG, Hoda R., Nikolic A., et al. Assessment of ventricular contractile function during orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2004 ; 17: 101-104.
154. Michel-Cherqui M., Brusset A., Liu N., et al. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of vascular anastomoses in lung transplantation. A report on 18 cases. Chest. 1997 ; 111: 1229-1235.
155. Suriani RJ, Cutrone A., Feierman D., Konstadt S. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during liver transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1996 ; 10: 699-707.
156. Gorcsan J. 3rd, Edwards TD, Ziady GM, Katz WE, Griffith BP Transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate patients with severe pulmonary hypertension for lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 ; 59: 717-722.
157. Ioscovich A., Elstein D. Images in anesthesia: Transesophageal echocardiography during Cesarean section in a Marfan's patient with aortic dissection. Can J Anaesth. 2005 ; 52: 737-738.
158. James CF, Feinglass NG, Menke DM, Grinton SF, Papadimos TJ Massive amniotic fluid embolism: diagnosis aided by emergency transesophageal echocardiography. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2004 ; 13: 279-283.
159. Jordaens LJ, Vandenbogaerde JF, Van de Bruaene P., De Buyzere M. Transesophageal echocardiography for insertion of a physiological pacemaker in early pregnancy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1990 ; 13: 955-957.
160. Kawahito S., Kitahata H., Kimura H., Kohyama A., Saito T. Hypoxemia during cesarean section-evaluation of venous air embolism by transesophageal echocardiography. Masui. 1995 ; 44: 10-14.
161. Maestre JM, Nistal JF, Martin-Duran R., Solares G. Transesophageal echocardiography in the intraoperative management of a pregnant patient with suspected vena cava thrombosis. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 1996 ; 43: 193-194.
162. Shechtman M., Ziser A., Markovits R., Rozenberg B. Amniotic fluid embolism: early findings of transesophageal echocardiography. Anesth Analg. 1999 ; 89: 1456-1458.
163. Stoddard MF, Longaker RA, Vuocolo LM, Dawkins PR Transesophageal echocardiography in the pregnant patient. Am Heart J. 1992 ; 124: 785-787.
164. Nam E., Toque Y., Quintard JM, Barsam E., Besserve P., Montravers P. Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide the anesthetic management of cesarean section in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1999 ; 13: 72-74.
165. Nowitz A. Management of unexplained antepartum circulatory collapse directed by transesophageal echocardiography findings. Anesthesiology. 2002 ; 97: 1630-1631.
166. Kafer ER Respiratory and cardiovascular functions in scoliosis and the principles of anesthetic management. Anesthesiology. 1980 ; 52: 339-351.
167. Sullivan JM, Ramanathan KB Management of medical problems in pregnancy-severe cardiac disease. N Engl J Med. 1985 ; 313: 304-309.
168. Zakowski MI, Ramanathan S., Baratta JB, et al. Electrocardiographic changes during cesarean section: a cause for concern ? Anesth Analg. 1993 ; 76: 162-167.
169. Filipovic M., Seeberger MD, Schneider MC, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography for perioperative haemodynamic monitoring. Br J Anaesth. 2000 ; 84: 800-803.
170. Belfort MA, Rokey R., Saade GR, Moise KJ Jr. Rapid echocardiographic assessment of left and right heart hemodynamics in critically ill obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994 ; 171: 884-892.
171. Rokey R., Belfort MA, Saade GR Quantitative echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in critically ill obstetric patients: a comparative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 ; 173: 1148-1152.
172. Davila-Roman VG, Westerhausen D., Hopkins WE, Sicard GA, Barzilai B. Transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of cardiovascular sources of peripheral vascular embolism. Ann Vasc Surg. 1995 ; 9: 252-260.
173. Font VE, Obarski TP, Klein AL, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in the critical care unit. Cleve Clin J Med. 1991 ; 58: 315-322.
174. Foster E., Schiller NB Transesophageal echocardiography in the critical care patient. Cardiol Clin. 1993 ; 11: 489-503.
175. Hwang JJ, Shyu KG, Chen JJ, Tseng YZ, Kuan P., Lien WP Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in the treatment of critically ill patients. Chest. 1993 ; 104: 861-866.
176. Ivanov R., Allen J., Calvin JE The incidence of major morbidity in critically ill patients managed with pulmonary artery catheters: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2000 ; 28: 615-619.
177. Kaul S., Stratienko AA, Pollock SG, Marieb MA, Keller MW, Sabia PJ Value of two-dimensional echocardiography for determining the basis of hemodynamic compromise in critically ill patients: a prospective study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1994 ; 7: 598-606.
178. Oh JK, Seward JB, Khandheria BK, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill patients. Am J Cardiol. 1990 ; 66: 1492-1495.
179. Pearson AC, Castello R., Labovitz AJ Safety and utility of transesophageal echocardiography in the critically ill patient. Am Heart J. 1990 ; 119: 1083-1089.
180. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 2003 ; 108: 1146-1162.
181. Alam M. Transesophageal echocardiography in critical care units: Henry Ford Hospital experience and review of the literature. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1996 ; 38: 315-328.
182. Bruch C., Comber M., Schmermund A., Eggebrecht H., Bartel T., Erbel R. Diagnostic usefulness and impact on management of transesophageal echocardiography in surgical intensive care units. Am J Cardiol. 2003 ; 91: 510-513.
183. Chenzbraun A., Pinto FJ, Schnittger I. Transesophageal echocardiography in the intensive care unit: impact on diagnosis and decision-making. Clin Cardiol. 1994 ; 17: 438-444.
184. Colreavy FB, Donovan K., Lee KY, Weekes J. Transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2002 ; 30: 989-996.
185. Harris KM, Petrovic O., Davila-Roman VG, Yusen RD, Littenberg B., Barzilai B. Changing patterns of transesophageal echocardiography use in the intensive care unit. Echocardiography. 1999 ; 16: 559-565.
186. Heidenreich PA Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the critical care patient. Cardiol Clin. 2000 ; 18: 789-805.
187. Huttemann E., Schelenz C., Kara F., Chatzinikolaou K., Reinhart K. The use and safety of transoesophageal echocardiography in the general ICU-a minireview. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 ; 48: 827-836.
188. Khoury AF, Afridi I., Quinones MA, Zoghbi WA Transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill patients: feasibility, safety, and impact on management. Am Heart J. 1994 ; 127: 1363-1371.
189. McLean AS Transoesophageal echocardiography in the intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1998 ; 26: 22-25.
190. Poelaert J. Transesophageal echocardiography: additional diagnostic and therapeutic role in critically ill patients ? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 ; 27: 1817-1818.
191. Puybasset L., Saada M., Catoire P., Bonnet F. Contribution of transesophageal echocardiography in intensive care: a prospective assessment. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1993 ; 12: 17-21.
192. Schmidlin D., Schuepbach R., Bernard E., Ecknauer E., Jenni R., Schmid ER Indications and impact of postoperative transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 2001 ; 29: 2143-2148.
193. Slama MA, Novara A., Van de Putte P., et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of transesophageal echocardiography in medical ICU patients with unexplained shock, hypoxemia, or suspected endocarditis. Intensive Care Med. 1996 ; 22: 916-922.
194. Sohn DW, Shin GJ, Oh JK, et al. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in hemodynamically unstable patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995 ; 70: 925-931.
195. Vignon P., Mentec H., Terre S., Gastinne H., Gueret P., Lemaire F. Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic impact of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Chest. 1994 ; 106: 1829-1834.
196. Wake PJ, Ali M., Carroll J., Siu SC, Cheng DC Clinical and echocardiographic diagnoses disagree in patients with unexplained hemodynamic instability after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2001 ; 48: 778-783.
197. Berman AT, Parmet JL, Harding SP, et al. Emboli observed with use of transesophageal echocardiography immediately after tourniquet release during total knee arthroplasty with cement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 ; 80: 389-396.
198. Bisignani G., Bisignani M., Pasquale GS, Greco F. Intraoperative embolism and hip arthroplasty: intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2008 ; 9: 277-281.
199. Christie J., Burnett R., Potts HR, Pell AC Echocardiography of transatrial embolism during cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994 ; 76: 409-412.
200. Hirota K., Hashimoto H., Tsubo T., Ishihara H., Matsuki A. Quantification and comparison of pulmonary emboli formation after pneumatic tourniquet release in patients undergoing reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament and total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg. 2002 ; 94: 1633-1638.
201. Kato N., Nakanishi K., Yoshino S., Ogawa R. Abnormal echogenic findings detected by transesophageal echocardiography and cardiorespiratory impairment during total knee arthroplasty with tourniquet. Anesthesiology. 2002 ; 97: 1123-1128.
202. Koessler MJ, Fabiani R., Hamer H., Pitto RP The clinical relevance of embolic events detected by transesophageal echocardiography during cemented total hip arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2001 ; 92: 49-55.
203. Koessler MJ, Pitto RP Fat and bone marrow embolism in total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop Belg. 2001 ; 67: 97-109.
204. Lafont ND, Kalonji MK, Barre J., Guillaume C., Boogaerts JG Clinical features and echocardiography of embolism during cemented hip arthroplasty. Can J Anesth. 1997 ; 44: 112-117.
205. Moriyama M., Watanabe S., Hiraki T., Kano T., Okawa T., Ishibashi M. Relationship between intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography findings and perfusion lung scintigraphy results on first postoperative day. Br J Anaesth. 2005 ; 94: 607-612.
206. Murphy P., Edelist G., Byrick RJ, Kay JC, Mullen JB Relationship of fat embolism to haemodynamic and echocardiographic changes during cemented arthroplasty. Can J Anesth. 1997 ; 44: 1293-1300.
207. Parmet JL, Horrow JC, Berman AT, Miller F., Pharo G., Collins L. The incidence of large venous emboli during total knee arthroplasty without pneumatic tourniquet use. Anesth Analg. 1998 ; 87: 439-444.
208. Parmet JL, Horrow JC, Singer R., Berman AT, Rosenberg H. Echogenic emboli upon tourniquet release during total knee arthroplasty: pulmonary hemodynamic changes and embolic composition. Anesth Analg. 1994 ; 79: 940-945.
209. Pitto RP, Blunk J., Kossler M. Transesophageal echocardiography and clinical features of fat embolism during cemented total hip arthroplasty. A randomized study in patients with a femoral neck fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000 ; 120: 53-58.
210. Pitto RP, Hamer H., Fabiani R., Radespiel-Troeger M., Koessler M. Prophylaxis against fat and bone-marrow embolism during total hip arthroplasty reduces the incidence of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis: a controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 ; 84A: 39-48.
211. Pitto RP, Koessler M., Kuehle JW Comparison of fixation of the femoral component without cement and fixation with use of a bone-vacuum cementing technique for the prevention of fat embolism during total hip arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 ; 81: 831-843.
212. Primiano FP Jr, Nussbaum E., Hirschfeld SS, et al. Early echocardiographic and pulmonary function findings in idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983 ; 3: 475-481.
213. Propst JW, Siegel LC, Schnittger I., Foppiano L., Goodman SB, Brock-Utne JG Segmental wall motion abnormalities in patients undergoing total hip replacement: correlations with intraoperative events. Anesth Analg. 1993 ; 77: 743-749.
214. Soliman DE, Maslow AD, Bokesch PM, et al. Transoesophageal echocardiography during scoliosis repair: comparison with CVP monitoring. Can J Anaesth. 1998 ; 45: 925-932.
215. Ulrich C., Burri C., Worsdorfer O., Heinrich H. Intraoperative transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography in total hip replacement. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1986 ; 105: 274-278.
216. Couture P., Denault AY, McKenty S., et al. Impact of routine use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2000 ; 47: 20-26.
217. Denault AY, Couture P., McKenty S., et al. Perioperative use of transesophageal echocardiography by anesthesiologists: impact in noncardiac surgery and in the intensive care unit. Can J Anaesth. 2002 ; 49: 287-293.
218. Hofer CK, Zollinger A., Rak M., et al. Therapeutic impact of intra-operative transoesophageal echocardiography during noncardiac surgery. Anaesthesia. 2004 ; 59: 3-9.
219. Kolev N., Brase R., Swanevelder J., et al. The influence of transoesophageal echocardiography on intraoperative decision making. A European multicentre study. European Perioperative TOE Research Group. Anaesthesia. 1998 ; 53: 767-773.