New strategies in treatment of mineral and bone disorders and associated cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease

Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 222-228

  Spasovski, Goce ^a  

^a SS CYRIL AND METHODIUS UNIVERSITY OF SKOPJE   (Macedonia)

Author keywords

Calcimimetics; Calcium based phosphate binders; Calcium free phosphate binders; Chronic kidney disease; Lanthanum carbonate; Mineral and bone disorder; Sevelamer hydrochloride; Vascular calcifications; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; CALCIUM; CINACALCET; DOXERCALCIFEROL; LANTHANUM CARBONATE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARICALCITOL; PHOSPHATE BINDING AGENT; RENVELA; SEVELAMER; SEVELAMER CARBONATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D;

ACIDOSIS; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIALYSATE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

CALCINOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; LANTHANUM; MINERALS; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PHOSPHATES; POLYAMINES;

EID: 58149136259     PISSN: 15748901     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157489008786263961     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Eknoyan G, Lameire N, Barsoum, et al. The burden of kidney disease: Improving global outcomes. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1310-1314.
2. Hamdy NA, Kanis JA, Beneton MN, et al. Effect of alfacalcidol on natural course of renal bone disease in mild to moderate renal failure. Br Med J 1995; 310: 358-363.
3. Spasovski G, Bervoets A, Behets G, et al. Spectrum of renal bone disease in end-stage renal failure patients not in dialysis yet. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1159-1166.
4. Coco M, Rush H. Increased incidence of hip fractures in dialysis patients with low serum parathyroid hormone. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 1115-1121.
5. Goodman WG, Goldin SJ, Kuizon BD. Coronary artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1478-1483.
6. Braun J, Oldendorf M, Moshage W, et al. Electron beam computed tomography in the evaluation of cardiac calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 394-401.
7. Block GA, Cunningham J. Morbidity and mortality associated with abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism in CKD. In: Olgaard K (ed) Clinical guide to the basics of bone and mineral metabolism in CKD. National Kidney Foundation, New York 2006: 77-92.
8. Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1945-1953.
9. Spasovski GB. Bone biopsy as a diagnostic tool in the assessment of renal osteodystrophy. Int J Artif Organs 2004; 27: 918-923.
10. Salusky IB, Coburn JW, Brill J, et al. Bone disease in pediatric patients undergoing dialysis with CAPD or CCPD. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 975-982.
11. Goodman WG. Bone disease and aluminum: Pathogenic considerations. Am J Kidney Dis 1985; 6: 330-335.
12. Salusky IB, Foley J, Nelson P, Goodman WG. Aluminum accumulation during treatment with aluminum hydroxide and dialysis in children and young adults with chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 324(8): 527-531.
13. Torres A, Lorenzo V, Hernandez D. Bone disease in predialysis, hemodialysis, and CAPD patients: Evidence for a better response to PTH. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 1434-1442.
14. Sherrard DJ, Hercz G, Pei Y, et al. The spectrum of bone disease i end-stage renal failure - an evolving disorder. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 436-442.
15. Quarles LD, Davidai GA, Schwab SJ, et al. Oral calcitriol and calcium: Efficient therapy for uremic hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 1988; 34: 840-844.
16. Couttenye MM, D'Haese PC, Deng JT, et al. High prevalence of adynamic bone disease diagnosed by biochemical markers in a wide sample of the European CAPD population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 2144-2150.
17. Akizawa T, Kinugasa E, Kurihara S. Parathyroid hormone deficiency is an indicator of poor nutritional state and prognosis in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 616A.
18. Iwasaki-Ishizuka Y, Yamato H, Nii-Kono T, Kurokawa K, Fukagawa M. Downregulation of parathyroid hormone receptor gene expression and osteoblastic dysfunction associated with skeletal resistance to parathyroid. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1904-1911.
19. Disthabanchong S, Hassan H, McConkey CL, Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA. Regulation of PTH1 receptor expression by uremic ultrafiltrate in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 897-903.
20. Hutchison AJ, Whitehouse RW, Boulton HF, et al. Correlation of bone histology with parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and radiology in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 1071-1077.
21. Shin SK, Kim DH, Kim HS, et al. Renal osteodystrophy in predialysis patients: Ethnic difference? Perit Dial Int 1999; 19(2): S402-S407.
22. D'Haese PC, Spasovski G, Sikole A, et al. Multi-centre study on the effects of lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003; 63: S73-S78.
23. London G, Drueke T. Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1678-1695.
24. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ, et al. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: S112-S119.
25. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001; 38(4): 938-942.
26. Qunibi WY. Dyslipidemia and progression of cardiovascular calcification (CVC) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney Int 2005; 95: S43-50.
27. Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Metcalfe JC, Weissberg PL. High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1994; 93(6): 2393-2402.
28. Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Salisbury JR, Proudfoot D, Weissberg PL, Edmonds ME. Medial localization of mineralization-regulating proteins in association with Monckeberg's sclerosis: Evidence for smooth muscle cell-mediated vascular calcification. Circulation 1999; 100 (21): 2168-2176.
29. Shanahan CM. Vacular calcification. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14(4): 361-367.
30. Vanholder R, Massy Z, Argiles A, Spasovski G, Verbeke F, Lameire N, European Uremic Toxin Work Group. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005; 20(6): 1048-1056.
31. Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM. Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(8): 2208-2218.
32. Young EW, Albert JM, Satayathum S, et al. Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 2005; 67(3): 1179-1187.
33. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, et al. Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 771-780.
34. Dhingra R, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, et al. Relations of serum phosphorus and calcium levels to the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the community. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 879-885.
35. Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, et al. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int 2007; 71: 1-38.
36. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI, NKF: Clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: S1-S201.
37. Spasovski GB. Bone health and vascular calcification relationships in chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2007; 39(4): 1209-1216.
38. Stevens LA, Djurdjev O, Cardew S, et al. Calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels in combination and as a function of dialysis duration predict mortality: Evidence for the complexity of the association between mineral metabolism and outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 770-779.
39. Jono S, McKee MD, Murry CE, et al. Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res 2000; 87(7): E10-E17.
40. Reynolds JL, Joannides AJ, Skepper JN, et al. Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extra-cellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: A potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(11): 2857-2867.
41. Moe SM. Vascular calcification and renal osteodystrophy relationship in chronic kidney disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36(2): 51-62.
42. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium × phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: A national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31(4): 607-617.
43. Kimura K, Saika Y, Otani H, Fujii R, Mune M, Yukawa S. Factors associated with calcification of the abdominal aorta in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999; 56(71): S238-S241.
44. De Broe ME, Coburn JW. Aluminum and Renal Failure. In: Developments in Nephrology 26, Dordrecht, Kluwer Acad Publ 1990: 99-375.
45. Guerin AP, London GM, Marchais SJ, Metivier F. Arterial stiffening and vascular calcifications in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15(7): 1014-1021.
46. London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Metivier F, Pannier B, Adda H. Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: Impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18(9): 1731-1740.
47. Hsu CH. Are we mismanaging calcium and phosphate metabolism in renal failure? Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29(4): 641-649.
48. Jozefiak, T.H., Bastos, C.M., Papoulis, A.T., Holmes-Farley, S.R.: US20067119120B2 (2006).
49. Recent FDA Approval of Renvela (sevelamer carbonate): A New Agent for Hyperphosphatemia. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/ 566997.
50. Ketteler M, Rix M, Fan S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of sevelamer carbonate in hyperphosphatemic patients who have chronic kidney disease and are not on dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3(4): 1125-1130.
51. Delmez J, Block G, Robertson J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover design study of sevelamer hydrochloride and sevelamer carbonate in patients on hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 2007; 68: 386-391.
52. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62(1): 245-252.
53. Mathew S, Lund RJ, Strebeck F, Tustison KS, Geurs T, Hruska KA. Reversal of the adynamic bone disorder and decreased vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease by sevelamer carbonate therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 122-130.
54. Raggi P, James G, Burke SK, et al. Decrease in thoracic vertebral bone attenuation with calcium-based phosphate binders in hemodialysis. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20(5): 764-772.
55. Qunibi WY, Hootkins RE, McDowell LL, et al. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: The Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE Study). Kidney Int 2004; 65(5):1914-1926.
56. Kraut JA. The role of metabolic acidosis in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1995; 2: 40-51.
57. Suki WN, Zabaneh R, Cangiano JL, et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007; 72(9): 1130-1137.
58. Peter WL, Liu J, Weinhandl E, Fan Q. A comparison of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality, hospitalization, and morbidity in hemodialysis: A secondary analysis of the Dialysis Clinical Outcomes Revisited (DCOR) randomized trial using claims data. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51(3): 445-454.
59. Nolan CR. Strategies for improving long-term survival in patients with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(2): S120-S127.
60. Manns B, Klarenbach S, Lee H, Culleton B, Shrive F, Tonelli M. Economic evaluation of sevelamer in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(10): 2867-2878.
61. Ferdinando, J.C., Davies, P.N.: US20087381428B2 (2008).
62. Hutchison AJ, Maes B, Vanwalleghem J, et al. Long term efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate: Results from a 3-year study. Nephron Clin Pract 2006; 102: 61-71.
63. Finn WF. Lanthanum Study Group. Lanthanum carbonate versus standard therapy for the treatment of hyper-phosphatemia: Safety and efficacy in chronic maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 2006; 65(3): 191-202.
64. Freemont T, Malluche HH. Utilization of bone histomorphometry in renal osteodystrophy: Demonstration of a new approach using data from a prospective study of lanthanum carbonate. Clin Nephrol 2005; 63(2): 138-145.
65. Spasovski GB, Gelev S, Sikole A, et al. Evolution of bone and plasma concentration of lanthanum in dialysis patients before, during 1-year treatment with lanthanum carbonate and after two years of follow up. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 532(21): 2217-2224.
66. Lacour B, Lucas A, Auchere D, et al. Chronic renal failure is associated with increased tissue deposition of lanthanum after 28-day oral administration. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 1062-1069.
67. Slatopolsky E, Liapis H, Finch J. Progressive accumulation of lanthanum in the liver of normal and uremic rats. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 2809-2813.
68. Ben-Dov IZ, Pappo O, Sklair-Levy M, et al. Lanthanum carbonate decreases PTH gene expression with no hepatotoxicity in uraemic rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 362-368.
69. Holick MF. Vitamin D: Importance in prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 362-371.
70. Wu J, Garami M, Cheng T, Gardner DG. 1.25 (OH) 2 vitamin D3 and retinoic acid antagonize endothelin stimulated hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1577-1588.
71. Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: A negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90(1-5): 387-392.
72. Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, et al. Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: A historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(4): 1115-1125.
73. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, et al. Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007; 72(8): 1004-1013.
74. Tentori F, Hunt WC, Stidley CA, et al. Mortality risk among hemodialysis patients receiving different vitamin D analogs. Kidney Int 2006; 70(10): 1858-1865.
75. Baker LR, Muir JW, Sharman VL, et al. Controlled trial of calcitriol in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 1986; 26(4): 185-191.
76. Coburn JW, Maung HM, Elangovan L, et al. Doxercalciferol safely suppresses PTH levels in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43(5): 877-890.
77. Coyne D, Acharya M, Qiu P, Abboud H, et al. Paricalcitol capsule for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3 and 4 CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47(2): 263-276.
78. Kovedsdy CP, Ahmadzadeh S, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of activated vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168(4): 397-403.
79. Shoben AB, Rudser KDD, de Boer IH, Young B, Kestenbaum B. Association of oral calcitriol with improved survival in nondialyzed CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19(8): 1613-9.
80. Naves-Díaz M, Alvarez-Hernández D, Passlick-Deetjen J, et al. Oral active vitamin D is associated with improved survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2008 Jul 16.
81. Nemeth, E.F., Van Wagenen, B.C., Balandrin, M.F., Delmar, E.G., Moe, S.T.: US20006011068 (2000).
82. Van Wagenen, B.C., Moe, S.T., Balandrin, M.F., Delmar, E.G., Nemeth, E.F.: US20016211244 (2001).
83. Jary, H., Temal, T., Deprez, P.: US20060179134A1 (2006).
84. Block GA, Martin KJ, de Francisco AL, et al. Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1516-1525.
85. Lindberg JS, Culleton B, Wong G, et al. Cinacalcet HC1, an oral calcimimetic agent for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(3): 800-807.
86. Malluche HH, Monier-Faugere MC, Wang G, et al. An assessment of cinacalcet HCl effects on bone histology in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Nephrol 2008; 69(4): 269-278.
87. Kurz P, Monier-Faugere MC, Bognar B, et al. Evidence for abnormal calcium homeostasis in patients with adynamic bone disease. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 855-861.
88. London GM, Marty C, Marchais SJ, et al. Arterial calcifications and bone histomorphometry in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15 (7): 1943-1951.
89. Levin NW, Hoenich NA. Consequences of hyperphosphatemia and elevated levels of the calcium-phosphorus product in dialysis patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypert 2001; 10: 563-568.
90. Haris A, Sherrard DJ, Hercz G. Reversal of adynamic bone disease by lowering of dialysate calcium. Kidney Int 2006; 70(5): 931-937.
91. Spasovski G, Gelev S, Masin-Spasovska J, et al. Improvement of bone and mineral parameters related to adynamic bone disease by diminishing dialysate calcium. Bone 2007; 41(4): 698-703.
92. Cantor, T.L.: US20050288377A1 (2005).
93. Joy MS, Karagiannis PC, Peyerl FW. Outcomes of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease and the direct costs of treatment. J Manag Care Pharm 2007; 13(5): 397-411.
94. Garside R, Pitt M, Anderson R, et al. The cost-utility of cinacalcet in addition to standard care compared to standard care alone for secondary hyperparathyroidism in end-stage renal disease: A UK perspective. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(5): 1428-1436.