The sizes of elephant groups in zoos: Implications for elephant welfare

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 44-60

  Rees, Paul A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, ZOO; ELEPHANTS; FEMALE; MALE; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

ELEPHANTIDAE; ELEPHAS; ELEPHAS MAXIMUS; LOXODONTA; LOXODONTA AFRICANA;

EID: 58149136171     PISSN: 10888705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10888700802536699     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. (2001) AZA standards for elephant management and care, American Association of Zoos and Aquariums., Silver Spring, MD
2. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. (2007) Top ten AZA elephant success stories: 2005 a banner year for elephants in AZA accredited zoos
3. Anonymous. (2006) ISIS abstracts: Elephas maximus. International species information system
4. Anonymous. (2006) ISIS abstracts: Loxodonta africana. International species information system
5. Carrington, R. (1958) Elephants., Chatto & Windus., London
6. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. (2004) AZA elephant management strategic planning workshop (Draft report), IUCN/SSC Conservation Specialist Group., Apple Valley, MN
7. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (1973) Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Treaty Series Nos. 101 (1976)
8. Clubb, R. and Mason, G. (2002) A review of the welfare of zoo elephants in Europe. A report commissioned by the RSPCA, University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Animal Behaviour Research Group., Oxford, UK
9. Douglas-Hamilton, I. and Douglas-Hamilton, O. (1978) Among the elephants, William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., Glasgow, UK
10. Eltringham, K. (1984) Elephants in zoos. Biologist, 31:2, pp. 108-111.
11. Endres, J., Haufellner, A., Haufellner, B., Schilfarth, J., Schilfarth, M. and Schweiger, G. (2004) Documentation 2002: Elephants in European zoos and safari parks. European Elephant Group., Schuling Verlag., Munster, Germany
12. European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. (2004) Revised EAZA elephant TAG recommendations. EAZA News, 47, p. 44.
13. Faust, L. J., Thompson, S. D. and Earnhardt, J. M. (2006) Is reversing the decline of Asian elephants in North American zoos possible? An individual-based modeling approach. Zoo Biology, 25, pp. 201-218.
14. Garai, M. E. (1992) Special relationships between female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in zoological gardens. Ethology, 90, pp. 197-205.
15. Gilbert, J. (1994) Elephant feeder balls. The Shape of Enrichment, 3:4, pp. 3-5.
16. Green, C. (1993) Enriching an elephant's environment. The Shape of Enrichment, 2:1, pp. 5-6.
17. Haight, J. (1993) Playing with their food-Ideas for elephants. The Shape of Enrichment, 2:2, p. 9.
18. Hedges, S., Tyson, M. J., Sitompul, A. F. and Hammatt, H. (2006) Why inter-country loans will not help Sumatra's elephants. Zoo Biology, 25, pp. 235-246.
19. Hodgkins, L. D. (2000) AZA annual report on conservation and science 1997-98 (Vol. II): Member institution conservation and research projects, American Zoo and Aquarium Association., Silver Spring, MD
20. Hutchins, M. (2006) Variation in nature: Its implications for zoo elephant management. Zoo Biology, 25, pp. 161-171.
21. Hutchins, M. and Keele, M. (2006) Elephant importation from range countries: Ethical considerations for accredited zoos. Zoo Biology, 25, pp. 219-233.
22. Keele, M. (2006) The future of elephants is upon us. Communique (American Association of Zoos and Aquariums), pp. 6-8.
23. Laws, R. M., Parker, I. S. C. and Johnstone, R. C. B. (1975) Elephants and their habitats. The ecology of elephants in North Bunyoro, Uganda, Clarendon., Oxford, UK
24. Lee, P. C. (1987) Allomothering among African elephants. Animal Behaviour, 35, pp. 278-291.
25. Lees, C. (2004) Captive management plan for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria., Sydney, Australia
26. McKay, G. M. (1973) Behaviour and ecology of the Asian elephant in southeastern Ceylon. Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology, 125, pp. 1-113.
27. Moss, C. J. (1988) Elephant memories., Elm Tree Books., London
28. Moss, C. J. and Poole, J. H. (1983) Relationships and social structure of African elephants. Primate social relationships: An integrated approach, pp. 315-325. Blackwell., Oxford, UK
29. Nogge, G. (2004) Elefanten in Koln [Elephants in Kuln]. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo, 47:3, pp. 95-108.
30. Olson, D. and Wiese, R. J. (2000) State of the North American African elephant population and projections for the future. Zoo Biology, 19, pp. 311-320.
31. Rapaport, L. and Haight, J. (1987) Some observations regarding allomaternal caretaking among captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Mammalogy, 68:2, pp. 438-442.
32. Reed, M. C. (2005) From the president. Communique (American Association of Zoos and Aquariums), p. 5.
33. Rees, P. A. (2000) Are elephant enrichment studies missing the point?. International Zoo News, 47, pp. 369-371.
34. Rees, P. A. (2001) Captive breeding of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): The importance of producing socially competent animals. Trends in wildlife biodiversity, conservation and management, 1, pp. 76-91. Daya Publishing House, Delhi, India
35. Rees, P. A. (2001) The history of the National Elephant Centre, Chester Zoo. International Zoo News, 48, pp. 170-183.
36. Rees, P. A. (2003) Asian elephants in zoos face global extinction: Should zoos accept the inevitable?. Oryx, 37:1, pp. 20-22.
37. Rees, P. A. (2003) RSPCA elephant welfare recommendations would compromise captive breeding programmes. International Zoo News, 50, pp. 86-90.
38. Rees, P. A. (2003) Early sexual experience in the Asian elephant. International Zoo News, 50, pp. 200-206.
39. Rees, P. A. (2004) Some preliminary evidence of the social facilitation of mounting behavior in a juvenile bull Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 7, pp. 49-58.
40. Schmid, J., Heistermann, M., Ganslosser, U. and Hodges, J. K. (2001) Introduction of foreign female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) into an existing group: Behavioural reactions and changes in cortisol levels. Animal Welfare, 10, pp. 357-372.
41. Schmitt, D. L. (1998) Report of a successful artificial insemination in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the Third International Elephant Research Symposium, Springfield, MO
42. Southwood, T. R. E. (1981) Bionomic strategies and population parameters. Theoretical ecology: Principles and applications,, pp. 30-52. Blackwell Scientific Publications., Oxford, UK
43. Spinage, C. (1994) Elephants, T. & A. D. Poysner Ltd., London
44. Stevenson, M. F. and Walter, O. (2002) Management guidelines for the welfare of zoo animals: Elephants Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus, British & Irish Association of Zoos & Aquariums, Regent's Park., London
45. Sukumar, R. (1994) Elephant days and nights: Ten years with the Indian elephant, Oxford University Press., Oxford, UK
46. Sukumar, R. (2003) The living elephants: Evolutionary ecology, behavior and conservation., Oxford University Press., Oxford, UK
47. Veasey, J. (2006) Concepts in the care and welfare of captive elephants. International Zoo Yearbook, 40, pp. 63-79.
48. Wiese, R. J. (2000) Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America. Zoo Biology, 19, pp. 299-309.
49. Wiese, R. J. and Willis, K. (2004) Calculation of longevity and life expectancy in captive elephants. Zoo Biology, 23, pp. 365-373.
50. Wiese, R. J. and Willis, K. (2006) Population management of zoo elephants. International Zoo Yearbook, 40, pp. 80-87.
51. Williams, J. H. (1951) Elephant Bill, Rupert Hart-Davis., London