Pursuing the clinical significance of Blastocystis - diagnostic limitations

Trends in Parasitology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 23-29

  Stensvold, C Rune ^a   Nielsen, Henrik V ^a   Mølbak, Kåre ^a   Smith, Huw V ^b  

^a STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

^b STOBHILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COTRIMOXAZOLE; DIIODOHYDROXYQUIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; PAROMOMYCIN; RIFAXIMIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; BLASTOCYSTIS; BLASTOCYSTOSIS; CHRONIC URTICARIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLITIS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIARRHEA; FECES ANALYSIS; GENE AMPLIFICATION; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPOALBUMINEMIA; INCUBATION TIME; INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS; LIFE CYCLE; MICROORGANISM DETECTION; NONHUMAN; PARASITE CULTIVATION; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PATHOGENICITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PRURITUS; REVIEW; TAXONOMY;

ANIMALS; BLASTOCYSTIS; BLASTOCYSTIS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; SYMBIOSIS;

BLASTOCYSTIS;

EID: 58149131362     PISSN: 14714922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.09.010     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Silberman J.D., et al. Human parasite finds taxonomic home. Nature 380 (1996) 398
2. Stenzel D.J., and Boreham P.F.L. Blastocystis hominis revisited. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9 (1996) 563-584
3. Tan T.C., and Suresh K.G. Predominance of amoeboid forms of Blastocystis hominis in isolates from symptomatic patients. Parasitol. Res. 98 (2006) 189-193
4. Lanuza M.D. Description of an improved method for Blastocystis hominis culture and axenization. Parasitol. Res. 83 (1997) 60-63
5. Singh M., et al. Elucidation of the life cycle of the intestinal protozoan Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol. Res. 81 (1995) 446-450
6. Tan T.C., and Suresh K.G. Amoeboid form of Blastocystis hominis - a detailed ultrastructural insight. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 737-742
7. Suresh K., et al. Viable Blastocystis cysts in Scottish and Malaysian sewage samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2005) 5619-5620
8. Windsor J.J., et al. Multiple reproductive processes in Blastocystis hominis. Trends Parasitol. 19 (2003) 289-290
9. Vdovenko A.A. Blastocystis hominis: origin and significance of vacuolar and granular forms. Parasitol. Res. 86 (2000) 8-10
10. Tan K.S., et al. Recent advances in Blastocystis hominis research: hot spots in terra incognita. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 789-804
11. Stenzel D.J., and Boreham P.F.L. A cyst-like stage of Blastocystis hominis. Int. J. Parasitol. 21 (1991) 613-615
12. Zaman V. The diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis cysts in human faeces. J. Infect. 33 (1996) 15-16
13. Moe K.T., et al. Experimental Blastocystis hominis infection in laboratory mice. Parasitol. Res. 83 (1997) 319-325
14. Suresh K., and Smith H. Comparison of methods for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23 (2004) 509-511
15. Sun T., et al. Questionable clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 84 (1989) 1543-1547
16. Stensvold C.R., et al. Detecting Blastocystis by parasitological and DNA-based methods: a comparative study. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59 (2007) 303-307
17. Tan K.S.W. Blastocystis in humans and animals: new insights using modern technologies. Vet. Parasitol. 126 (2004) 121-144
18. Kain K.C., et al. Epidemiology and clinical features associated with Blastocystis hominis infection. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8 (1987) 235-244
19. Brandonisio O., et al. Intestinal protozoa in HIV-infected patients in Apulia. South Italy. Epidemiol. Infect. 123 (1999) 457-462
20. Taamasri P., et al. Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis carriage in Thai army personnel based in Chonburi. Thailand. Mil. Med. 167 (2002) 643-646
21. Stensvold C.R., et al. Symptomatic Blastocystis infection successfully treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 102 (2008) 271-274
22. Karanis P., et al. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J. Water Health 5 (2007) 1-38
23. Miller R.A., and Minshew B.H. Blastocystis hominis: an organism in search of a disease. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10 (1988) 930-938
24. Qadri S.M.H., et al. Clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27 (1989) 2407-2409
25. Doyle P.W., et al. Epidemiology and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28 (1990) 116-121
26. Senay H., and MacPherson D. Blastocystis hominis: epidemiology and natural history. J. Infect. Dis. 162 (1990) 987-990
27. Waghorn D.J., and Hancock P. Clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis. Lancet 337 (1991) 609
28. Udkow M.P., and Markell E.K. Blastocystis hominis: prevalence in asymptomatic versus symptomatic hosts. J. Infect. Dis. 168 (1993) 242-244
29. Shlim D.R., et al. Is Blastocystis hominis a cause of diarrhea in travelers? A prospective controlled study in Nepal. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21 (1995) 97-101
30. Horiki N., et al. Epidemiologic survey of Blastocystis hominis infection in Japan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56 (1997) 370-374
31. Cirioni O., et al. Prevalence and clinical relevance of Blastocystis hominis in diverse patient cohorts. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 15 (1999) 389-393
32. Chen T.-L., et al. Clinical characteristics and endoscopic findings associated with Blastocystis hominis in healthy adults. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69 (2003) 213-216
33. Leder K., et al. No correlation between clinical symptoms and Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent individuals. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20 (2005) 1390-1394
34. Kukoschke K.G., et al. Detection of Blastocystis hominis by direct microscopy and culture. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9 (1990) 305-307
35. LeBar W.D., et al. Afebrile diarrhea and Blastocystis hominis. Ann. Intern. Med. 103 (1985) 306
36. Boreham R.E., et al. Blastocystis hominis infection. Lancet 348 (1996) 272-273
37. Russo A.R., et al. Presumptive evidence for Blastocystis hominis as a cause of colitis. Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (1988) 1064
38. Lucia J.F., et al. Blastocystis hominis colitis in a haemophilic patient as a cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Haemophilia 13 (2007) 224-225
39. Carrascosa M., et al. Hemorrhagic proctosigmoiditis and Blastocystis hominis infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 124 (1996) 278-279
40. Andiran N., et al. Blastocystis hominis - an emerging and imitating cause of acute abdomen in children. J. Pediatr. Surg. 41 (2006) 1489-1491
41. Nassir E., et al. Blastocystis hominis as a cause of hypoalbuminemia and anasarca. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23 (2004) 399-402
42. Gupta R., and Parsi K. Chronic urticaria due to Blastocystis hominis. Australas. J. Dermatol. 47 (2006) 117-119
43. Lee M.J. Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29 (1991) 2089
44. Kick G., et al. Palmoplantar pruritus subsiding after Blastocystis hominis eradication. Acta Derm. Venereol. 82 (2002) 60
45. Yakoob J., et al. In vitro susceptibility of Blastocystis hominis isolated from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 61 (2004) 75-77
46. Garavelli P.L., et al. Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. Infection 19 (1991) 185
47. Puthia M.K., et al. Degradation of human secretory immunoglobulin A by Blastocystis. Parasitol. Res. 97 (2005) 386-389
48. Puthia M.K., et al. Blastocystis ratti induces contact-independent apoptosis, F-actin rearrangement, and barrier function disruption in IEC-6 cells. Infect. Immun. 74 (2006) 4114-4123
49. Puthia M.K., et al. Blastocystis ratti contains cysteine proteases that mediate interleukin-8 response from human intestinal epithelial cells in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Eukaryot. Cell 7 (2008) 435-443
50. Tan K.S.W., and Nasirudeen A.M.A. Protozoan programmed cell death - insights from Blastocystis deathstyles. Trends Parasitol. 21 (2005) 547-550
51. Amenta M., et al. Intestinal protozoa in HIV-infected patients: effect of rifaximin in Cryptosporidium parvum and Blastocystis hominis infections. J. Chemother. 11 (1999) 391-395
52. Moghaddam D.D., et al. Blastocystis hominis and the evaluation of efficacy of metronidazole and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Parasitol. Res. 96 (2005) 273-275
53. Rossignol J.-F., et al. Effect of Nitazoxanide in persistent diarrhea and enteritis associated with Blastocystis hominis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3 (2005) 987-991
54. Leelayoova S., et al. In-vitro cultivation: a sensitive method for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96 (2002) 803-807
55. Termmathurapoj S., et al. The usefulness of short-term in vitro cultivation for the detection and molecular study of Blastocystis hominis in stool specimens. Parasitol. Res. 93 (2004) 445-447
56. Zman V., and Khan K.Z. A comparison of direct microscopy with culture for the diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 25 (1994) 792-793
57. Windsor J.J., et al. Incidence of Blastocystis hominis in faecal samples submitted for routine microbiological analysis. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 59 (2002) 154-157
58. Özyurt M., et al. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in Turkey. Parasitol. Int. 57 (2008) 300-306
59. Stensvold R., et al. Detection of Blastocystis hominis in unpreserved stool specimens using polymerase chain reaction. J. Parasitol. 92 (2006) 1081-1087
60. Stensvold C.R., et al. Blastocystis: subtyping isolates using pyrosequencing™ technology. Exp. Parasitol. 116 (2007) 111-119
61. Parkar U., et al. Direct characterization of Blastocystis from feces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology 134 (2007) 359-367
62. Morgan D., et al. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections. Lancet 348 (1996) 965-966
63. Yaicharoen R., et al. Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis infection in asymptomatic individuals from Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 36 (2005) 17-20
64. Stensvold C.R., et al. The prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis in patients with suspected enteroparasitic disease in a metropolitan area in Denmark. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13 (2007) 839-842
65. Stensvold C.R., et al. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes - a consensus. Trends Parasitol. 23 (2007) 93-96
66. Noël C., et al. Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species and zoonosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 348-355
67. Li L.-H., et al. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis hominis in a rural village in Yunnan province, China. Parasitol. Int. 56 (2007) 281-286
68. Yoshikawa H., et al. Genomic polymorphism among Blastocystis hominis strains and development of subtype-specific diagnostic primers. Mol. Cell. Probes 12 (1998) 153-159
69. Böhm-Gloning B., et al. Five sub-groups of Blastocystis hominis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed by restriction site analysis of PCR-amplified 16S-like rDNA. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2 (1997) 771-778
70. Kaneda Y., et al. Ribodemes of Blastocystis hominis isolated in Japan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65 (2001) 393-396
71. Yoshikawa H., et al. Polymerase chain reaction-based genotype classification among human Blastocystis hominis populations isolated from different countries. Parasitol. Res. 92 (2004) 22-29
72. Tan T.C., et al. PCR fingerprinting of Blastocystis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic human hosts. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 459-465
73. Yan Y., et al. Genetic variability of Blastocystis hominis isolates in China. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 597-601
74. Hussein E.M., et al. Pathophysiological variability of different genotypes of human Blastocystis hominis Egyptian isolates in experimentally infected rats. Parasitol. Res. 102 (2008) 853-860