Chapter 22 Illusory reduplications of the human body and self

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 88, Issue , 2008, Pages 429-458

  Blanke, Olaf ^a,b   Arzy, Shahar ^a,b   Landis, Theodor ^b  

^a EPFL   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ART; BRAIN MAPPING; HUMAN; ILLUSION; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCEPTION DISORDER; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SELF CONCEPT;

BRAIN MAPPING; HUMAN BODY; HUMANS; ILLUSIONS; PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 58149111618     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0072-9752(07)88022-5     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Ajuriaguerra J., Strejilevitch M., and Tissot R. A propos de quelques conduites devant le miroir de sujets atteints de syndromes dementiels de grand age. Neuropsychologia 1 (1963) 59-72
2. Alvarado C.S. The psychological approach to out-of-body experiences: A review of early and modern developments. J Psychol 126 (1992) 237-250
3. Anton G. Über Herderkrankungen des Gehirns, die vom Patienten selbst nicht wahrgenommen werden. Wien Klin Wochenschr 11 (1898) 227
4. Ardila A., and Gomez J. Paroxysmal 'feeling of somebody being nearby'. Epilepsia 29 (1988) 188-189
5. Arzy S., Idel M., Landis T., et al. Speaking with one's self. Autoscopic phenomena in writings from the ecstatic Kabbalah. J Consciousness Studies 12 (2005) 4-30
6. Arzy S., Overney L., Landis T., et al. Neural mechanisms of embodiment: Asomatognosia due to premotor cortex damage. Arch Neurol 63 (2006) 1022-1025
7. Arzy S., Seeek M., Spinelli L., et al. Induction of an illsory shadow person. Nature 443 (2006) 287
8. Assal G. Non, je ne suis pas paralysée, c'est la main de mon mari. Arch Suisses Neurol Neuroschir Psychiatr 133 (1983) 151-157
9. Babm Ski J. Contribution a l'étude des troubles mentaut doms l'hémipégie organ lque (anosoqnosie). Rev Neurol 27 (1914) 845-848 (Paris)
10. Bain A. De l'Autorepresentation chez les Hysteriques (1903), Vigot, Paris
11. Bancaud J. [Clinical symptomatology of epileptic seizures of temporal origin]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 143 (1987) 392-400
12. Bender M.B. Polyopia and monocular diplopia of cerebral origin. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 54 (1945) 323-338
13. Benson D.F., Miller B.L., and Signer S.F. Dual personality associated with epilepsy. Arch Neurol 43 (1986) 471-474
14. Bentall R.P. The illusion of reality: A psychological model of hallucinations. Psychol Bull 107 (1990) 82-95
15. Berson R.J. Capgras' syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 140 (1983) 969-978
16. Blackmore S.J. Beyond the Body. An Investigation of Out-Of-Body Experiences (1982), Heinemann, London
17. Blanke O. Illusions visuelles. In: Safran A.B., Vighetto A., Landis T., and Cabanis E. (Eds). Neurophtalmologie (2004), Masson, Paris 147-150
18. Blanke O., and Arzy S. The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction. Neuroscientist 11 (2005) 16-24
19. Blanke O., and Mohr C. Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin. Implications for neurocognitive mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self-consciousness. Brain Res Rev 50 (2005) 184-199
20. Blanke O., Landis T., Spinelli L., et al. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain 127 (2004) 243-258
21. Blanke O., Ortigue S., Coeytaux A., et al. Hearing of a presence. Neurocase 9 (2003) 329-339
22. Blanke O., Ortigue S., Landis T., et al. Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature 419 (2002) 269-270
23. Bonnier P. Le Vertige (1904), Masson, Paris
24. Botvinick M., and Cohen J. Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see. Nature 391 (1998) 756
25. Bradford D. Autoscopic hallucinations and disordered self-embodiment. Acta Neuropathol 3 (2005) 120-189
26. Brandt T., and Dieterich M. The vestibular cortex. Its location, functions, and disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 871 (1999) 293-312
27. Bremmer F., Schlack A., Duhamel J.R., et al. Space coding in primate posterior parietal cortex. Neuroimage 14 (2001) S46-S51
28. Brugger P. Reflective mirrors: Perspective taking in autoscopic phenomena. Cogn Neuropsychol 7 (2002) 179-194
29. Brugger P. From mirror neurons to mirror. Acta Neuropathol 3 (2005) 190-201
30. Brugger P., Agosti R., Regard M., et al. Heautoscopy, epilepsy, and suicide. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57 (1994) 838-839
31. Brugger P., Blanke O., Regard M., et al. Polyopic heautoscopy: Case report and review of the literature. Cortex 42 (2006) 666-674
32. Brugger P., Kollias S.S., Müri R.M., et al. Beyond remembering: Phantom sensations of congenitally absent limbs. Proc Nat Acad Sci 97 (2000) 6167-6772
33. Brugger P., Regard M., and Landis T. Unilaterally felt presences: The neuropsychiatry of one's invisible doppelgänger. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 9 (1996) 114-122
34. Brugger P., Regard M., and Landis T. Illusory reduplication of one's own body: Phenomenology and classification of autoscopic phenomena. Cogn Neuropsychol 2 (1997) 19-38
35. Brugger P., Regard M., Landis T., et al. Hallucinatory experiences in extreme-altitude climbers. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 12 (1999) 67-71
36. Bünning S., and Blanke O. The out-of-body experience: Precipitating factors and neural correlates. Prog Brain Res 150 (2005) 331-350
37. Bychowski G. Disorders of the body-image in the clinical pictures of psychoses. J Nerv Ment Dis 97 (1943) 310-335
38. Capgras J., and Reboul-Lachaux J. L'illusion des 'sosies' dans un delire systématisé chronique. Bull Soc Clin Med Ment 11 (1923) 6-16
39. Carlson D.A. Dream mirrors. Psychoanal Q 46 (1977) 38-70
40. Carp E. Troubles de l'image du corps. Acta Neurol Psychiatr Belg 52 (1952) 461-475
41. Cereda C., Ghika J., Maeder P., et al. Strokes restricted to the insular cortex. Neurology 59 (2002) 1950-1955
42. Chadwick P.D., and Lowe C.F. A cognitive approach to measuring and modifying delusions. Behaviour research and therapy 32 (1994) 355-367
43. Christodoulou G.N. Course and prognosis of the syndrome of doubles. J Nerv Ment Dis 166 (1978) 68-72
44. Christodoulou G.N. Syndrome of subjective doubles. Am J Psychiatry 135 (1978) 249-251
45. Cohen H., and Jones H.W. Reference of cardiac pain to a phantom left arm. Br Heart J 2 (1943) 67
46. Cole M.G., Dowson L., Dendukuri N., et al. The prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending an audiology clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 (2002) 444-452
47. Comar G. L'autorepresentation de l'organisme chez quelques hysteriques. Rev Neurol (Paris) 9 (1901) 490-495
48. Cornblath W.T., Butter C.M., Barnes L.L., et al. Spatial characteristics of cerebral polyopia: A case study. Vision Res 38 (1998) 3965-3978
49. Critchley M. The body-image in neurology. Lancet 1 (1950) 335-340
50. Critchley M. The Parietal Lobes (1953), Edward Arnold, London
51. Critchley M. Parietal syndromes in ambidextrous and left-handed subjects. Zentralbl Neurochir 14 (1954) 4-16
52. Critchley M. The idea of a presence. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 30 (1955) 155-168
53. Critchley M. The Divine Banquet of the Brain and other Essays (1979), Raven Press, New York
54. Crookall R. More Astral Projections. Analyses of Case Histories (1964), Aquarian Press, London
55. Cutting J. Study of anosognosia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41 (1978) 548-555
56. David A.S. Auditory hallucinations: Phenomenology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging update. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 395 (1999) 95-104
57. David M., Hécaen H., Passouant P., et al. Asomatognosie partielle et algie paroxystique, seuls signes cliniques d'un angiome pariétal partiellement calcifié. Guérison après extirpation chirurgicale. Rev Neurol (Paris) 78 (1946) 236-238
58. Decety J., and Sommerville J.A. Shared representations between self and other: A social cognitive neuroscience view. Trends Cogn Sci 7 (2003) 527-533
59. Dening T.R., and Berrios G.E. Autoscopic phenomena. Br J Psychiatry 165 (1994) 808-817
60. Devinsky O., Feldmann E., Burrowes K., et al. Autoscopic phenomena with seizures. Arch Neurol 46 (1989) 1080-1088
61. Devinsky O., Putnam F., Grafman J., et al. Dissociative states and epilepsy. Neurology 39 (1989) 835-840
62. Dewhurst K., and Pearson J. Visual hallucinations of the self in organic disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 18 (1955) 53-57
63. di Pellegrino G., Ladavas E., and Farne A. Seeing where your hands are. Nature 388 (1997) 730
64. Dorpat T.L. Phantom sensations of internal organs. Compr Psychiatry 12 (1971) 27-35
65. Duhamel J.R., Colby C.L., and Goldberg M.E. Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque: Congruent visual and somatic response properties. J Neurophysiol 79 (1998) 126-136
66. Du Prel C. Der Doppelgänger. Monatsschrift der übersinnlichen Weltanschauung 1 (1886) Jahrgang
67. Ehrenwald C. Anosognosie und Depersonalisation. Nervenarzt 4 (1931) 681-688
68. Ehrenwald H. Verändertes Erleben des Körperbildes mit konsekutiver Wahnbildung bei linksseitiger Hemiplegie. Z Neurol 118 (1930) 89-97
69. Ehrsson H.H., Spence C., and Passingham R.E. That's my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb. Science 305 (2004) 875-877
70. Ehrsson H.H., Holmes N.P., and Passingham R.E. Touching a rubber hand: Feeling of body ownership is associated with activity in multisensory brain areas. J Neurosci 25 (2005) 10564-10573
71. Eliade M. Shamanism. Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1951/1964), Routledge & Kegan Paul, London
72. Engerth G., and Hoff H. Ein Fall von Halluzinationen im hemianoptischen Gesichtsfeld. Beitrag zur Genese der optischen Halluzinationen. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 74 (1929) 246-256
73. Feinberg T.E., Haber L.D., and Leeds N.E. Verbal asomatognosia. Neurology 40 (1990) 1391-1394
74. Feinberg T.E., and Roane D.M. Delusional misidentification. Psychiatr Clin North Am 28 (2005) 665-683 678-669
75. Feinberg T.E., Roane D.M., and Ali J. Illusory limb movements in anosognosia for hemiplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68 (2000) 511-513
76. Feinberg T.E., and Shapiro T.E. Misidentification-Reduplification and the right hemisphere. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2 (2000) 39-48
77. Féré C. Note sur les hallucinations autoscopiques ou spéculaires et sur les hallucinations altruistes. C R Hebdo Seances Mém Soc Biol 3 (1891) 451-453
78. Foley J.M., and Breslau L. A new syndrome of delusional misidentification. Ann Neurol 12 (1982) 76
79. Foxe J.J., Wylie G.R., Martinez A., et al. Auditory-somatosensory multisensory processing in auditory association cortex: An fMRI study. J Neurophysiol 88 (2002) 540-543
80. Fredericks J. Disorders of the body schema. In: Vinken P.J., and Bruyn G.W. (Eds). Disorders of Speech, Perception, and Symbolic Behavior (1969) 207-240 Amsterdam, North Holland
81. Frith C. The role of the prefrontal cortex in self-consciousness: The case of auditory hallucinations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351 (1996) 1505-1512
82. Frith C.D., and Done D.J. Towards a neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 153 (1988) 437-443
83. Gallagher I.I. Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science. Trends Cogn Sci 4 (2000) 14-21
84. Genner T. Das Sehen des eigenen Spiegelbildes als epileptisches Äquivalent. Wien Klin Wochenschr 59 (1947) 656-658
85. Gerstmann J. Problem of imperception of disease and of impaired body territories with organic lesions. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 48 (1942) 890-913
86. Gloning I., Gloning K., and Weingarten K. Der Einfluss von kinästhetischen Impulsen auf Körperschemastörungen. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 9 (1954) 481-495
87. Gloning I., Gloning K., and Weingarten K. [A case of corporeal metamorphognosy]. Wien Z Nervenheilkd Grenzgeb 14 (1957) 228-235
88. Gloning I.G., Jellinger K., and Tschabiter H. Über einen obduzierten Fall von optischer Körperschemastörung und Heautoskopie. Neuropsychologia 1 (1963) 217-231
89. Gloor P., Olivier A., Quesney L.F., et al. The role of the limbic system in experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 12 (1982) 129-144
90. Gluckman L.K. A case of Capgras syndrome. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2 (1968) 39-43
91. Green C.E. Out-of-Body Experiences (1968), Hamish Hamilton, London
92. Grüsser O.J., and Landis T. The splitting of 'I' and 'me': Heautoscopy and related phenomena. In: Grüsser O.J., and Landis T. (Eds). Visual Agnosias and other Disturbances of Visual Perception and Cognition (1991), MacMillan, Amsterdam 297-303
93. Guldin W.O., and Grüsser O.J. Is there a vestibular cortex?. Trends Neurosci 21 (1988) 254-259
94. Halgren E., Walter R.D., and Crandall P.H. Experiential phenomena of temporal epilepsy. Ann Neurol 14 (1983) 93-94
95. Halgren E., Walter R.D., Cherlow D.G., et al. Mental phenomena evoked by electrical stimulation of the human hippocampal formation and amygdala. Brain 101 (1978) 83-117
96. Hall P.F. Experiments in astral projection. J Am Soc Psychosom Dent Med 12 (1918) 39-60
97. Halligan P.W. Phantom limbs: The body in mind. Cognit Neuropsychiatry 7 (2002) 251-268
98. Halligan P.W., Marshall J.C., and Wade D.T. Three arms: A case study of supernumerary phantom limb after right hemisphere stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56 (1993) 159-166
99. Havens L.L. The placement and movement of hallucinations in space: Phenomenology and theory. Int J Psychoanal 43 (1962) 426-435
100. Hécaen H., and Ajuriaguerra J. L'Heautoscopie, Meconnassiances et hallucinations corporelles (1952), Masson, Paris 310-343
101. Hécaen H.D., and David M. Syndrome pariétal traumatique: Asymbolie tactile et hémiasomatognosie paroxystique et douloureuse. Rev Neurol (Paris) 77 (1945) 113-124
102. Heintel H. Heautoskopie bei traumatischer Psychose. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Phänomenologie der Heautoskopie. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 206 (1965) 727-735
103. Hermann B.P., and Chhabria S. Interictal psychopathology in patients with ictal fear. Examples of sensory-limbic hyperconnection?. Arch Neurol 37 (1980) 667-668
104. Hoff H. Zur Frage der formalen Gestaltung optischer Halluzinationen im hemianopischen Gesichtsfeld Zeit ges. Neurol Psychiatr (Bucur) 137 (1931) 453-457
105. Hoff H., and Pötzl O. Transformations between body image and external world. In: Brown J.W. (Ed). Agnosia and Apraxia: Selected Papers of Liepmann, Lange, and Pötzl (1935/1988), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 251-262
106. Hoffmann R.E. Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Sci 9 (1986) 503-548
107. Holmes N.P., and Spence C. The body schema and the multisensory representation(s) of peripersonal space. Cogn Process 5 (2004) 94-105
108. Ionasescu V. Paroxysmal disorders of the body image in temporal lobe epilepsy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 35 (1960) 171-181
109. Irwin H.J. Flight of Mind: A Psychological Study of the Out-Of-Body Experience (1985), Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, NJ
110. Isnard J., Guenot M., Ostrowsky K., et al. The role of the insular cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 48 (2000) 614-623
111. Isnard J., and Maugière F. [The insula in partial epilepsy]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 161 (2005) 17-26
112. James W. The Variety of Religious Experience (1961), Coller McMillan, New York
113. Jaspers K. Über leibhaftige Bewusstheiten (Bewussheitstäuschungen), ein psychopathologisches Elementarsymptom. Zeitschrift für Psychopathologie 2 (1913) 150-161
114. Junginger J., and Frame C.L. Self-report of the frequency and phenomenology of verbal hallucinations. J Nerv Ment Dis 173 (1985) 149-155
115. Kamanitz J.R., El-Mallakh R.S., and Tasman A. Delusional misidentification involving the self. J Nerv Ment Dis 177 (1989) 695-698
116. Kellehear A. The near-death experience as status passage. Soc Sci Med 31 (1990) 933-939
117. Khazaal Y., Zimmermann G., and Zullino D.F. [Depersonalization-current data]. Can J Psychiatry 50 (2005) 101-107
118. Kölmel H.W. Complex visual hallucinations in the hemianopic field. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48 (1985) 29-38
119. Kurth W. Pseudohalluzination bei organischen Krankheiten. Acta Psychiatrica Nervenkr 112 (1941) 90-100
120. Lackner J.R. Some proprioceptive influences on the perceptual representation of body shape and orientation. Brain 111 (1988) 281-297
121. Làdavas E. Functional and dynamic properties of visual peripersonal space. Trends Cogn Sci 6 (2002) 17-22
122. Làdavas E., Pavani F., and Farne A. Auditory peripersonal space in humans: A case of auditory-tactile extinction. Neurocase 7 (2001) 97-103
123. Lance J.W. Simple formed hallucinations confined to the area of a specific visual field defect. Brain 99 (1976) 719-734
124. Leiguarda R., Starkstein S., Nogues M., et al. Paroxysmal alien hand syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56 (1993) 788-792
125. Leischner A. [Autoscopic hallucinations (heautoscopy).]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 29 (1961) 550-585
126. Ley H., and Stauder K.H. Zur Neurologie und Psychopathologie des Morbus Bang. Zugleich ein Beitrag zum Phänomen der sogenannten 'Ichverdoppelung.'. Arch Psychiatr Zeit Neurol 183 (1950) 564-580
127. Lhermitte J. Les phenomènes héautoscopiques, les hallucinations spéculaires et autoscopiques. L'image de notre corps (1939), L'Harmattan, Paris 170-227
128. Lhermitte J. Les phenomènes héautoscopiques, les hallucinations spéculaires. In: Doin G. (Ed). Les Hallucinations (1951), Clinique et Physiopathologie, Cie, Paris 124-168
129. Lippman C.W. Hallucinations of physical duality in migraine. J Nerv Ment Dis 117 (1953) 345-350
130. Lukianowicz N. Autoscopic phenomena. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 80 (1958) 199-220
131. Lukianowicz N. Visual thinking and similar phenomena. J Ment Sci 106 (1960) 979-1001
132. Lunn V. Autoscopic phenomena. Acta Psychiatr Scand 46 (1970) 118-125
133. Maack L.H., and Mullen P.E. The doppelganger, disintegration and death: A case report. Psychol Med 13 (1983) 651-654
134. Magri R., and Mocchetti E. [Partial asomatoscopy (negative autoscopy) in epileptics. Nosographic classification and clinical contribution]. Arch Psicol Neurol Psichiatr 28 (1967) 572-585
135. Mahaluf J., Canales G., and Cattenaci M. Heautoscopia: Description de un caso clinico. Revue Psychiatrico Clinico 24 (1987) 35-39
136. Maupassant G.d. Le Horla. In: Boyd E., and Jameson S. (Eds). 88 More Stories by Guy de Maupassant (1986/1961), Cassell, London
137. Maximov K. Epilepsie occipitale avec hallucinations héautoscopiques. Acta Neurol Belg 73 (1973) 320-323
138. Mayer-Gross W. Psychopathologie und Klinik der Trugwahrnehmungen. In: Bumke O. (Ed). Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten Vol. I (1928), Springer, Berlin 427-507 Pt 1
139. McCulloch W.H. A certain archway: Autoscopy and its companions seen in Western writing. Hist Psychiatry 3 (1992) 59-78
140. McGuire P.K., Silbersweig D.A., Wright I., et al. Abnormal monitoring of inner speech: A physiological basis for auditory hallucinations. Lancet 346 (1995) 596-600
141. McKay C.M., Headlam D.M., and Copolov D.L. Central auditory processing in patients with auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000) 759-766
142. Melzack R. Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends Neurosci 13 (1990) 88-92
143. Menninger-Lerchenthal E. Das Truggebilde der Eigenen Gestalt (1935), Karger, Berlin
144. Menninger-Lerchenthal E. Der Eigene Doppelgänger (1946), Bern
145. Messner R. Alleingang Nanga Parbat (1980), Knaur, Munchen
146. Metzinger T. Being No One (2003), MIT Press, Cambridge
147. Metzinger T. Out of body experiences as the origin of the concept of a 'soul.'. Mind and Matter 3 (2005) 57-84
148. Mohr C., and Blanke O. The demystification of autoscopic phenomena. Experimental propositions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 7 (2005) 189-195
149. Muldoon S., and Carrington H. The Projection of the Astral Body (1929), Rider, London
150. Müller J. Über phantastische Gesichtserscheinungen (1826), Verlag, Koblenz 79
151. Naudascher M.G. Trois cas d'hallucinations spéculaires. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 68 (1910) 284-296
152. Nayani T.H., and David A.S. The auditory hallucination: A phenomenological survey. Psychol Med 26 (1996) 177-189
153. Newport R., Hindle J.V., and Jackson S.R. Links between vision and somatosensation. Vision can improve the felt position of the unseen hand. Curr Biol 11 (2001) 975-980
154. Nightingale S. Somatoparaphrenia: A case report. Cortex 18 (1982) 463-467
155. Nouët H. Hallucination speculaire et traumatisme crânien. Encephale 18 (1923) 327-329
156. Oesterreich T.K. Die Phänomenologie des Ich in ihren Grundproblemen (1910), Barth, Leipzig
157. Ostrowsky K., Isnard J., Ryvlin P., et al. Functional mapping of the insular cortex: Clinical implication in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 41 (2000) 681-686
158. Pavani F., Làdavas E., and Driver J. Auditory and multisensory aspects of visuospatial neglect. Trends Cogn Sci 7 (2003) 407-414
159. Pearson J., and Dewhurst K. [Two cases of heautoscopic phenomena following organic lesions.]. Encephale 43 (1954) 166-172
160. Penfield W., and Jaspers H. Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain (1954), Churchill, London
161. Penfield W., and Perot P. The brain's record of auditory and visual experience. A final summary and discussion. Brain 86 (1963) 595-696
162. Perrin F., Maquet P., Peigneux P., et al. Neural mechanisms involved in the detection of our first name: A combined ERPs and PET study. Neuropsychologia 43 (2005) 12-19
163. Peto A. Terrifying eyes. A visual superego forerunner. Psychoanal Study Child 24 (1969) 197-212
164. Podoll K., and Robinson D. Out-of-body experiences and related phenomena in migraine art. Cephalalgia 19 (1999) 886-896
165. Pötzl O. Über Störungen der Selbstwahrnehmung bei linksseitiger Hemiplegie. Zeit ges Neurol Psychiatr 93 (1925) 117-168
166. Ramachandran V.S., and Hirstein W. The perception of phantom limbs. The DO Hebb lecture. Brain 121 (1998) 1603-1630
167. Ramachandran V.S., Rogers-Ramachandran D., and Cobb S. Touching the phantom limb. Nature 377 (1995) 489-490
168. Rank O. Der Doppelgänger. Eine psychoanalytische Studie (1925), Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig
169. Röhrenbach C., and Landis T. Dreamjourneys: Living in woven realities, the syndrome of reduplicative paramnesia. In: Campbell R., and Conway M.A. (Eds). Broken memories: Case studies in memory impairment (1995), Blackwell, Oxford 93-99
170. Schilder P. Über Autoskopie, über die Lokalisation des Denkens und über die 'Ichverdoppelungen' der Hysterie. Selbstbewusstsein und Persönlichkeitsbewusstsein. Eine psychopathologische Studie (1914), Springer, Berlin 229-246
171. Schilder P. The Image and Appearance of the Human Body (1935), Georg Routledge and Sons, Regan Paul Trench, Trubner & Co, London
172. Schroter-Kunhardt M. [Heautoscopy. Capgras phenomenon and rare hallucinations of own being. Comments on the contribution by D. Arenz]. Nervenarzt 73 (2002) 298-299 author reply 299
173. Sheils D. A cross-cultural study of beliefs in out-of-the-body experiences, waking and sleeping. J Soc Psychol 49 (1978) 697-741
174. Shelley B.P., and Trimble M.R. The insular lobe of Reil-its anatamico-functional, behavioural and neuropsychiatric attributes in humans-a review. World J Biol Psychiatry 5 (2004) 176-200
175. Sherrard C. The Everest message. J Soc Psychol 49 (1978) 797-804
176. Sierra M., and Berrios G.E. Depersonalization: Neurobiological perspectives. Biol Psychiatry 44 (1998) 898-908
177. Sierra M., Lopera F., Lambert M.V., et al. Separating depersonalisation and derealisation: The relevance of the 'lesion method.'. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72 (2002) 530-532
178. Signer S.F. Capgras' syndrome: The delusion of substitution. J Clin Psychiatry 48 (1987) 147-150
179. Silva J.A., and Leong G.B. A case of 'subjective' Fregoli syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 16 (1991) 103-105
180. Silva J.A., Leong G.B., and Weinstock R. Delusions of transformation of the self. Psychopathology 26 (1993) 181-188
181. Simeon D., Guralnik O., Hazlett E.A., et al. Feeling unreal: A PET study of depersonalization disorder. Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000) 1782-1788
182. Simeon D. Depersonalisation disorder: A contemporary overview. CNS Drugs 18 (2004) 343-354
183. Sims A. Psychopathology of schizophrenia with special reference to delusional misidentification. Bibl Psychiatr 164 (1986) 30-39
184. Sinclair D.C., Weddell G., and Feindel W.H. Referred pain and associated phenomena. Brain 71 (1948) 184-209
185. Skworzoff K. Doppelgänger-Halluzinationen bei Kranken mit Funktionsstörungen des Labyrinths. Zeitschr Nervenheilk 133 (1931) 762-766
186. Smythe F.S. Everest 1933 (1934), Hodder & Stoughton, London
187. So E.L., and Schauble B.S. Ictal asomatognosia as a cause of epileptic falls: Simultaneous video, EMG, and invasive EEG. Neurology 63 (2004) 2153-2154
188. Sollier P. Les phénomènes d'autoscopie (1903), Félix Alcan, Paris
189. Sollier P. L'autoscopie interne. Rev Philos Louv 55 (1903) 1-41
190. Staudenmaier L. Die Magie als experimentelle Naturwissenschaft. Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 106 (1912/1968)
191. Stein B.E., Meredith M.A., and Wallace M.T. The visually responsive neuron and beyond: Multisensory integration in cat and monkey. Prog Brain Res 95 (1993) 79-90
192. Stephane M., Barton S., and Boutros N.N. Auditory verbal hallucinations and dysfunction of the neural substrates of speech. Schizophr Res 50 (2001) 61-78
193. Strauss E.W. Phenomenology of hallucinations. In: West L.J. (Ed). Hallucinations (1962), Grune and Stratton, New York
194. Strindberg A. Inferno (1897), Penguin Books, New York
195. Suedfeld P., and Mocellin J.S. The sensed presence in unusual environment. Environ Behav 19 (1987) 33-52
196. Todd J., and Dewhurst K. The double: Its psycho-pathology and psycho-physiology. J Nerv Ment Dis 122 (1955) 47-55
197. Todd J., and Dewhurst K. The significance of the Doppelganger (hallucinatory double) in folk-lore and neuro-psychiatry. Practitioner 188 (1962) 377-382
198. von Stockert F.G. Lokalisation und klinische Differenzierung des Symptoms der Nichtwahrnehmung einer Körperhälfte. Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd (1934) 1-13
199. Weinstein E.A., Kahn R.L., Malitz S., et al. Delusional reduplication of parts of the body. Brain 77 (1954) 45-60
200. Williams D. The structure of emotions reflected in epileptic experiences. Brain 79 (1956) 29-67
201. Yram. Practical Astral Projection (1972), Samuel Weiser, New York
202. Zamboni G., Budriesi C., and Nichelli P. 'Seeing oneself': A case of autoscopy. Neurocase 11 (2005) 212-215
203. Zingerle H. Über Störungen der Wahrnehmung des eigenen Körpers bei organischen Gehirnerkrankungen. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 34 (1913) 3-36