Comparing the impacts of hiking, skiing and horse riding on trail and vegetation in different types of forest

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 90, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 1427-1434

  Torn A ^a   Tolvanen, A ^b   Norokorpi, Y ^c   Tervo, R ^d   Siikamaki P ^e  

^a JAMK UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Finland)

^b FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c Natural Heritage Services   (Finland)

^d Siida   (Finland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Nature based tourism; Recreational activity; Species composition; Trampling; Weeds

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; FORESTRY; PLANT SHUTDOWNS; SNOW;

NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS; NATURE-BASED TOURISM; NORTHERN FINLAND; PROTECTED AREAS; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES; SITE TYPES; SPECIES COMPOSITION; TRAMPLING; VEGETATION COVER; WEED;

VEGETATION;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; PROTECTED AREA; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; SNOW COVER; TRAMPLING; VEGETATION COVER; WEED;

EURASIA; EUROPE; FINLAND; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA;

EQUIDAE; POACEAE;

EID: 58149091256     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.08.014     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Archer S.R., and Smains F.E. Ecosystem-level processes. In: Heitschmidt R.K., and Stuth J.W. (Eds). Grazing Management: an Ecological Perspective (1991), Timber Press, Portland 109-139
2. Arnesen T. Vegetation dynamics following trampling in grassland and heathland in Sølenet Nature Reserve, a boreal upland area in Central Norway. Nordic Journal of Botany 19 (1999) 47-66
3. Bayfield N.G. Replacement of vegetation on disturbed ground near ski lifts in Caingorm Mountains, Scotland. Journal of Biogeography 7 (1980) 249-260
4. Bliss L.C., and Wein R.W. Plant community responses to disturbances in the western Canadian arctic. Canadian Journal of Botany 50 (1972) 1097-1109
5. Campbell J.E., and Gibson D.J. The effect of seeds of introduced species transported via horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors. Plant Ecology 157 (2001) 23-35
6. Cole D.N. Managing ecological impacts at wilderness campsites: an evaluation of techniques. Journal of Forestry 79 (1981) 86-89
7. Cole D.N. Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in Western Montana, USA. Biological Conservation 40 (1987) 219-244
8. Cole D.N. Recreation ecology: what we know, what geographers can contribute. The Professional Geographer 41 (1989) 143-148
9. Cole D.N. Impacts of hiking and camping on soils and vegetation: a review. In: Buckley R. (Ed). Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (2004), CABI Publishing, Australia 41-60
10. Cole D.N., and Spildie D.R. Hiker, horse and llama trampling effect on native vegetation in Montana, USA. Journal of Environmental Management 53 (1998) 61-71
11. Cosyns E., and Hoffmann M. Horse dung germinable seed content in relation to plant species abundance, diet composition and seed characteristics. Basic Applied Ecology 6 (2005) 11-24
12. Couvreur M., Cosyns E., Hermy M., and Hoffmann M. Complementarity of epi- and endozoochory of plant seeds by free ranging donkeys. Ecography 28 (2005) 37-48
13. Dale D., and Weaver T. Trampling effects on vegetation of the trail corridors of north Rock Mountain forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 11 (1974) 767-772
14. Dehring F.J., and Mazzotti F.J. Impacts of Equestrian Trails on Natural Areas. WEC122 (2002), University of Florida
15. DeLuca T.H., Patterson Iv W.A., Freimund W.A., and Cole D.N. Influence of llamas, horses, and hikers on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western Montana, USA. Environmental Management 22 (1998) 255-262
16. Emanuelsson, U., 1984. Ecological effects of grazing and trampling on mountain vegetation in northern Sweden. PhD thesis, Department of Plant Ecology, University of Lund.
17. Felix N.A., Reynolds M.K., Jorgensen J.C., and DuBois K.E. Resistance and resilience of tundra plant communities to disturbance by winter seismic vehicles. Arctic and Alpine Research 24 (1992) 69-77
18. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2002. Ilmastokatsaus No. 1-12/2002 (in Finnish).
19. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2003. Ilmastokatsaus No. 1-12/2003 (in Finnish).
20. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2004. Ilmastokatsaus No. 1-12/2004 (in Finnish).
21. Forbes B.C. Tundra disturbance studies I: long term effects of vehicles on species richness and biomass. Environmental Conservation 19 (1992) 48-68
22. Forbes B.C. The importance of bryophytes in the classification of human-disturbed high arctic vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science 5 (1994) 877-884
23. Forbes B.C. Cumulative impacts of vehicle traffic on high arctic tundra: soil temperature, plant biomass, species richness and mineral nutrition. Nordicana 57 (1998) 269-274
24. Forbes B.C., Monz C.A., and Tolvanen A. Ecological impacts of tourism in terrestrial polar ecosystems. In: Buckley R. (Ed). Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (2004), CABI Publishing, Australia 155-170
25. Grabherr G. Damage to vegetation by recreation in the Austrian and German Alps. In: Bayfield N.G., and Barrow G.C. (Eds). The Ecological Impacts of Outdoor Recreation in Mountain Areas in Europe and North America. Recreational Ecology Research Group Report 9 (1985), Wye College, Ashford, England 100-110
26. Hammitt W.E., and Cole D.N. Wildland recreation: Ecology and Management. second ed (1998), J. Wiley and Sons, New York
27. Hernandez H. Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances. Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula region, Northwest territories. Canadian Journal of Botany 51 (1973) 2177-2196
28. Hoogesteger M., and Havas P. Ecological capacity and the planning of recreational activities in the proposed new national parks in northern Finland. Terra 88 (1976) 31-34 (in Finnish with English abstract)
29. Kellomäki S. Deterioration of forest ground cover during tramplin. Silva Fennica 7 (1977) 153-161
30. Kellomäki S., and Saastamoinen V.-L. Trampling tolerance of forest vegetation. Acta Forestalia Fennica 147 (1975) 1-22
31. Knight R.L., and Cole D.N. Wildlife responses to recreationists. In: Knight A.L., and Gutzwiller K. (Eds). Wildlife and Recreationists: Management (1995), Island Press, Covelo, California, USA
32. Landsberg J., Logan B., and Shorthouse D. Horse riding in urban conservation areas: reviewing scientific evidence to guide management. Ecological Management and Restoration 2 (2001) 36-46
33. Liddle M. Recreation Ecology: The Ecological Impact of Outdoor Recreation and Ecotourism (1997), Chapman & Hall, London, UK
34. McClaran M.P., and Cole D.N. Packstock in Wilderness: Use, Impacts, Monitoring, and Management. General Technical Report INT-301 (1993), Intermountain Research Station, USA
35. Metsähallitus, 2005. Pallas-Yllästunturin kansallispuiston reitit ja palvelurakenteet. Metsähallitus 2005/1 (in Finnish).
36. Monz C.A. The response of two arctic tundra plant communities to human trampling disturbance. Journal of Environmental Management 64 (2002) 207-217
37. Newsome P., Milewski A., Phillips N., and Annear R. Effects of horse riding on national parks and other natural ecosystems in Australia: implications for management. Journal of Ecotourism 1 (2002) 52-74
38. Newsome D., Cole D.N., and Marion J.L. Environmental impacts associated with recreational horse-riding. In: Buckley R. (Ed). Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (2004), CAB International, Australia 61-82
39. SPSS. SPSS Base 12.0 User's Guide (2003), SPSS Inc., Chicago
40. Summer R.M. Impact of horse traffic on trails in Rocky Mountain National Park. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35 (1980) 85-87
41. Summer R.M. Geomorphic impacts of horse traffic on montane landforms. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 41 (1986) 126-128
42. Tolvanen A., Forbes B., Wall S., and Norokorpi Y. Recreation at tree line and interactions with other land-use activities. In: Wielgolaski F.-E. (Ed). Plant Ecology, Herbivory and Human Impact in Northern Mountain Birch Forests. Ecological Studies vol. 180 (2005), Springer 203-217
43. Törn A., Rautio J., Norokorpi Y., and Tolvanen A. Revegetation after short-term pedestrian trampling at a subalpine heath in northern Finland. Annales Botanici Fennici 43 (2006) 129-138
44. Weaver T., and Dale D. Trampling effects of hikers, motorcycles and horses in meadows and forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 15 (1978) 451-457
45. Webber P.J., and Ives D. Damage and recovery of tundra vegetation. Environmental Conservation 5 (1978) 171-182
46. Whinam J., Canell E.J., Kirkpatrick J.B., and Comfort M. Studies on the potential impact of recreational horse riding on some alpine environments of the Central Plateau, Tasmania. Journal of Environmental Management 40 (1994) 103-117
47. Whinam J., and Comfort M. The impact of commercial horse riding on sub-alpine environments at Gradle Mountain, Tasmania, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 47 (1996) 61-70