Chiropractic Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 25-40

  Schneider, Michael ^a   Vernon, Howard ^b   Ko, Gordon ^c   Lawson, Gordon ^b   Perera, Jerome ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b CANADIAN MEMORIAL CHIROPRACTIC COLLEGE   (Canada)

^c SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chiropractic; Chronic; Fatigue Syndrome; Fibromyalgia

Indexed keywords

PAROXETINE; PLACEBO;

ACUPUNCTURE; CHIROPRACTIC; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMAN; MUSCLE TRAINING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SPA TREATMENT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; REVIEW LITERATURE AS TOPIC;

EID: 58149089102     PISSN: 01614754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.08.012     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Jacobsen S., Danneskiold-Samsoe B., and Lund B. Consensus document on fibromyalgia: the Copenhagen Declaration. J Musculoskeletal Pain 1 (1993) 295-312
2. Arnold L. Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia: new therapies in fibromyalgia. Arthr Res Ther 8 (2006) 212
3. Julien N., Goffaux P., Arsenault P., and Marchand S. Widespread pain in fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. Pain 114 (2005) 295-302
4. Wood P.B. Stress and dopamine: implications for the pathophysiology of chronic widespread pain. Med Hypotheses 62 (2004) 420-424
5. Fitzcharles M.A., and Boulos P. Inaccuracy in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: analysis of referrals. Rheumatology 42 (2003) 263-267
6. Wolfe F., Smythe H., Yunus M., et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 33 (1990) 160-172
7. Yunus M.B., Kalyan-Raman U., Masi A., and Aldg J. Electromicroscopic studies of muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled and blinded study. J Rheum 16 (1989) 97-101
8. Kandel E.R., Schwartz J., and Jessell T. Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. (2000), McGraw-Hill, New York
9. Geisser M.E., Casey K., Brucksch C., Ribbens C., Appleton B., and Crofford L. Perception of noxious and innocuous heat stimulation among healthy women and women with fibromyalgia: association with mood, somatic focus, and catastrophizing. Pain 102 (2003) 243-250
10. Price D., Staud R., Robinson M., Mauderl A., Cannon R., and Vierck C. Enhanced temporal summation of second pain and its central modulation in fibromyalgia patients. Pain 99 (2002) 49-59
11. Staud R., Cannon R., Mauderli A., Robinson M., Price D., and Vierck Jr. C.J. Temporal summation of pain from mechanical stimulation of muscle tissue in normal controls and subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain 102 (2003) 87-95
12. Gracely R.H., Petzke F., Wolf J., and Clauw D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthr Rheum 46 (2002) 1333-1343
13. Kwiatek R., Barnden L., Jarrett R., Chew J., Rowe C., and Pile K. Regional cerebral blood flow in fibromyalgia: single-photon-emission computed tomography evidence of reduction in the pontine tegmentum and thalami. Arthritis Rheum 43 (2000) 2823-2833
14. In: Russell I. (Ed). MYOPAIN '95: abstracts from the 3rd World Congress on myofascial pain and fibromyalgia (1995), Haworth Press Inc., Binghamton, NY 6-92
15. In: Vecchiet L., and Giamberardino A. (Eds). Muscle pain, myofascial pain, and fibromyalgia: recent advances (1999), Haworth Press, Inc., Binghamton, NY 3-98
16. Schneider M.J., and Brady D. Fibromyalgia syndrome: a new paradigm for differential diagnosis and treatment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 24 (2001) 529-539
17. Schneider M.J., Brady D., and Perle S. Commentary: differential diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 29 (2006) 493-501
18. Karjalainen K., Malmivaara A., van Tulder M., et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for fibromyalgia and musculo-skeletal pain in working age adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2000) CD001984
19. Holdcraft L.C., Assefi N., and Buchwald D. Complementary and alternative medicine in fibromyalgia and related syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 17 (2003) 667-683
20. Busch A., Schachter C., Peloso P., and Bombardier C. Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2007) CD003786
21. Berman B.M., Ezzo J., Hadhazy V., and Swyers J. Is acupuncture effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia?. J Fam Pract 48 (1999) 213-218
22. Sim J., and Adams N. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain 18 (2002) 324-336
23. Nezu A.M., Maguth Nezu C., and Lombardo E. Cognitive-behavior therapy for medically unexplained symptoms: a critical review of the treatment literature. Behav Ther 32 (2001) 537-583
24. Hadhazy V., Ezzo J., Creamer P., and Berman B. Mind-body therapies for the treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review. J Rheumatol 27 (2000) 2911-2918
25. Richards K.C., Gibson R., and Overton-McCoy A. Effects of massage in acute and critical care. AACN Clin Issues 11 (2000) 77-96
26. Rossy L.A., Buckelew S., Dorr N., et al. A meta-analysis of fibromyalgia treatment interventions. Ann Behav Med 21 (1999) 180-191
27. Arnold L.M., Keck P., and Welge J. Antidepressant treatment of fibromyalgia. A meta-analysis and review. Psychosomatics 41 (2000) 104-113
28. O'Malley P.G., Balden E., Tomkins G., Santoro J., Kroenke K., and Jackson J. Treatment of fibromyalgia with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Gen Int Med 15 (2000) 659-666
29. University of Texas, School of Nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner Program. Fibromyalgia treatment guideline (2005), University of Texas, School of Nursing, Austin (TX). p. 13 Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=7352&nbr=004350 &string=fibromyalgia Accessed December 8, 2008
30. Goldenberg D.L., Burckhardt C., and Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA 292 (2004) 2388-2395. Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=6426&nbr=004057 &string=Fibromyalgia Accessed December 8, 2008
31. Washington State Department of Labor and Industries.Guideline on diagnostic facet medial nerve branch blocks and facet neurotomy. Provider Bull 2005;PB 05-11-6. Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=8398&nbr=004706 &string=Fibromyalgia. Accessed December 8, 2008
32. Goldenberg D., Burckhardt C., and Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA 292 (2004) 2388-2395
33. Buckhardt C., Goldenberg D., Crofford L., et al. Guideline for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome pain in adults and children, in Clinical practice guideline; no. 4 (2005), American Pain Society, Glenview (Ill)
34. Gamber R.G., Shores J., Russo D., Jimenez C., and Rubin B. Osteopathic manipulative treatment in conjunction with medication relieves pain associated with fibromyalgia syndrome: results of a randomized clinical pilot project. J Amer Osteopath Assoc 102 (2002) 321-325
35. Gowans S.E., deHueck A., Voss S., Silaj A., Abbey S., and Reynolds W. Effect of a randomized, controlled trial of exercise on mood and physical function in individuals with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 45 (2002) 519-529
36. Hakkinen A., Hakkinen K., Hannonen P., and Alen M. Strength training induced adaptations in neuromuscular function of premenopausal women with fibromyalgia: comparison with healthy women. Ann Rheum Dis 60 (2001) 21-26
37. Jones K.D., Burckhardt C., Clark S., Bennett R., and Potempa K. A randomized controlled trial of muscle strengthening versus flexibility training in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 29 (2002) 1041-1048
38. Karper W.B., and Stasik S. A successful, long-term exercise program for women with fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome. Clin Nurse Specialist 17 (2003) 243-248
39. King S.J., Wessel J., Bhambhani Y., Sholter D., and Maksymowych W. The effects of exercise and education, individually or combined, in women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 29 (2002) 2620-2627
40. Mannerkorpi K., Ahlmen M., and Ekdahl C. Six- and 24-month follow-up of pool exercise therapy and education for patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 31 (2000) 306-310
41. Mannerkorpi K., Nyberg B., Ahlmen M., and Ekdahl C. Pool exercise combined with an education program for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 27 (2000) 2473-2481
42. Meiworm L., Jakob E., Walker U., Peter H., and Keul J. Patients with fibromyalgia benefit from aerobic endurance exercise. Clin Rheum 19 (2000) 253-257
43. Meyer B.B., and Lemley K. Utilizing exercise to affect the symptomology of fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Med Science Sports Exerc 32 (2000) 1691-1697
44. Peters S., Stanley I., Rose M., Kaney S., and Salmon P. A randomized controlled trial of group aerobic exercise in primary care patients with persistent, unexplained physical symptoms. Fam Pract 19 (2002) 665-674
45. Ramsay C., Moreland J., Ho M., Joyce S., Walker S., and Pullar T. An observer-blinded comparison of supervised and unsupervised aerobic exercise regimens in fibromyalgia. Rheumatology 39 (2000) 501-505
46. Schachter C.L., Busch A., Peloso P., and Sheppard M. Effects of short versus long bouts of aerobic exercise in sedentary women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther 83 (2003) 340-358
47. Valim V., Oliveira L., Suda A., et al. Aerobic fitness effects in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 30 (2003) 1060-1069
48. van Santen M., Bolwijn P., Landewe R., et al. High or low intensity aerobic fitness training in fibromyalgia: does it matter?. J Rheumatol 29 (2002) 582-587
49. Azad K.A., Alam M., Haq S., et al. Vegetarian diet in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 26 (2000) 41-47
50. Citera G., Maldonado-Cocco J., Lazaro M., et al. The effect of melatonin in patients with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Clin Rheum 19 (2000) 9-13
51. Edwards A.M., Blackburn L., Townsend S., and David J. Food supplements in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia: a double-blind, crossover trial of anthocyanidins and placebo. J Nutr Environ Med 10 (2000) 189-199
52. Kaartinen K., Lammi K., Hypen M., Nenonen M., Hanninen O., and Rauma A. Vegan diet alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms. Scand J Rheumatol 29 (2000) 308-313
53. Merchant R.E., Andre C., and Wise C. Nutritional supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for fibromyalgia syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Musculoskelet Pain 9 (2001) 37-54
54. Anderberg U.M., Marteinsdottir I., and von Knorring L. Citalopram in patients with fibromyalgia-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Pain 4 (2000) 27-35
55. Erhan E., Uyar M., Turan S., Yegul I., Tuglular I., Gokce P., Doering B., and Kose T. Fluoxamine versus amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Agri 12 (2000) 32-36
56. Farber L., Stratz T., Bruckle W., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of tropisetron in primary fibromyalgia-a highly selective and competitive 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Scand J Rheumatol 113 Suppl (2000) 49-54
57. Graven-Nielsen T., Aspegren-Kendall S., Henriksson K., et al. Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients. Pain 85 (2000) 483-491
58. Haus U., Varga B., Stratz T., Spath M., and Muller W. Oral treatment of fibromyalgia with tropisetron given over 28 days: influence on functional and vegetative symptoms, psychometric parameters and pain. Scand J Rheumatol 113 Suppl (2000) 55-58
59. Russell I.J., Kamin M., Bennett R., Schnitzer T., Green J., and Katz W. Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. J Clin Rheumatol 6 (2000) 250-257
60. Kendall S.A., Brolin-Magnusson K., Soren B., Gerdle B., and Henriksson K. A pilot study of body awareness programs in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Care Res 13 (2000) 304-311
61. Gur A., Karakoc M., Nas K., Cevik R., Sarac J., and Demir E. Efficacy of low power laser therapy in fibromyalgia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 17 (2002) 57-61
62. Cedraschi C., Desmeules J., Rapti E., et al. Fibromyalgia: a randomized, controlled trial of a treatment programme based on self-management. Ann Rheum Dis 63 (2004) 290-296
63. Fors E.A., and Gotestam K. Patient education, guided imagery and pain related talk in fibromyalgia coping. Eur J Psychiatry 14 (2000) 233-240
64. Field T., Delage J., and Hernandez-Reif M. Movement and massage therapy reduce fibromyalgia pain. J Bodywork Move Ther 7 (2003) 49-52
65. Field T., Diego M., Cullen C., Hernandez-Reif M., Sunshine W., and Douglas S. Fibromyalgia pain and substance P decrease and sleep improves after massage therapy. J Clin Rheum 8 (2002) 72-76
66. Buskila D., Abu-Shakra M., Neumann L., et al. Balneotherapy for fibromyalgia at the Dead Sea. Rheum Int 20 (2001) 105-108
67. Evcik D., Kizilay B., and Gokcen E. The effects of balneotherapy on fibromyalgia patients. Rheum Int 22 (2002) 56-59
68. Alfano A.P., Taylor A., Foresman P., et al. Static magnetic fields for treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Compl Med 7 (2001) 53-64
69. Astin J.A., Berman B., Bausell B., Lee W., Hochberg M., and Forys K. The efficacy of mindfulness meditation plus qigong movement therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol 30 (2003) 2257-2262
70. Almeida T.F., Roizenblatt S., Benedito-Silva A., and Tufik S. The effect of combined therapy (ultrasound and interferential current) on pain and sleep in fibromyalgia. Pain 104 (2003) 665-672
71. Taggart H.M., Arslanian C., Bae S., and Singh K. Effective treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, intent-to-treat study. Orthop Nurs 22 (2003) 353-360
72. Redondo J.R., Justo C., Moraleda F., et al. Long-term efficacy of therapy in patients with fibromyalgia: a physical exercise-based program and a cognitive-behavioral approach. Arthritis Rheum 51 (2004) 84-92
73. van Santen M., Bolwijn P., Verstappen F., et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing fitness and biofeedback training versus basic treatment in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 29 (2002) 575-581
74. Soares J., and Grossi G. A randomized, controlled comparison of educational and behavioural interventions for women with fibromyalgia. Scand J Occup Ther 9 (2002) 35-45
75. Teitelbaum J.E., Bird B., Greenfield R., Weiss A., Muenz L., and Gould L. Effective treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, intent-to-treat study. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 8 (2001) 3-28
76. Worrel L.M., Krahn L., Sletten C., and Pond G. Treating fibromyalgia with a brief interdisciplinary program: initial outcomes and predictors of response. Mayo Clin Proc 76 (2001) 384-390
77. Neumann L., Sukenik S., Bolotin A., et al. The effect of balneotherapy at the Dead Sea on the quality of life of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Care Res 13 (2001) 291-295
78. Phillips B., Ball C., Sackett D., et al. Levels of evidence (2001), Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford, UK
79. Sackett D.L., Straus S.E., Richardson W., Rosenberg W., and Haynes R. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM (2000), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, Scotland
80. Blunt K.L., Rajwani M., and Guerriero R. The effectiveness of chiropractic management of fibromyalgia patients: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 20 (1997) 389-399
81. Wise P., Walsh M., and Littlejohn G. Effectiveness of chiropractic treatment on fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. WFC 7th Biennial Congress Conference Proceedings. 7th ed. (2003) 374-375 [Orlando, FL. May 1-3, 2003]
82. Lo K., Kcuhera M., Preston S., and Jackson R. Osteopathic manipulative treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Am Osteopath Assoc 92 (1992) 1177
83. Stotz A., and Kappler R. The effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment on the tender points associated with fibromyalgia. J Am Osteopath Assoc 92 (1992) 1183
84. Cook D.B., Nagelkirk P., Peckerman A., Poluri A., Mores J., and Natelson B. Exercise and cognitive performance in chronic fatigue syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37 (2005) 1460-1467
85. DaCosta D., Abrahamowicz M., Lowensteyn I., et al. A randomized clinical trial of an individualized home-based exercise programme for women with fibromyalgia. Rheumatology 44 (2005) 1422-1427
86. Sencan S., Ak S., Karan A., Muslumanoglu L., Ozca E., and Berker E. A study to compare the therapeutic efficacy of aerobic exercise and paroxetine in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 17 (2004) 57-61
87. Wigers S.H., Stiles T., and Vogel P. Effects of aerobic exercise versus stress management treatment in fibromyalgia: a 4.5 year prospective study. Scand J Rheumatol 25 (1996) 77-86
88. Deluze C., Bosia L., Zirbs A., Chantraine A., and Vischer T. Electroacupuncture in fibromyalgia: results of a controlled trial. BMJ 305 (1992) 1249-1252
89. Harris R., Tian X., Williams D., et al. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with formula acupuncture: investigation of needle placement, needle stimulation, and treatment frequency. J Altern Complement Med 11 (2005) 663-671
90. Lemstra M., and Olsvnski W.P. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain 21 (2005) 166-174
91. Zijlstra T., van de Laar M., Bernelot Moens H., Taal E., Zakraoui L., and Rasker J. Spa treatment for primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a combination of thalassotherapy, exercise and patient education improves symptoms and quality of life. Rheumatology 44 (2005) 539-546
92. Mannerkorpi K., and Arndorw M. Efficacy and feasibility of a combination of body awareness therapy and qigong in patients with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. J Rehabil Med 36 (2004) 279-281
93. Pearl S., Lue F., Maclean A., Heslegrave R., Reynolds W., and Moldofsky H. The effects of bright light treatment on the symptoms of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 23 (1996) 896-902
94. Denison B. Touch the pain away: new research on therapeutic touch and persons with fibromyalgia syndrome. Holistic Nurs Pract 18 (2004) 142-151
95. Silva M., Barrett J., and Williams J. A retrospective review of outcomes of fibromyalgia patients following physical therapy treatments. J Musculoskelet Pain 12 (2004) 83-92
96. McMakin C., Gregory W., and Phillips T. Cytokine changes with microcurrent treatment of fibromyalgia associated with cervical spine trauma. J Bodywork Move Ther 9 (2005) 169-176
97. Abraham G.E., and Flechas J.D. Management of fibromyalgia: rationale for the use of magnesium and malic acid. J Nutr Med 3 (1992) 49-59
98. Lukaczer D., Darland G., Tripp M., et al. A pilot trial evaluating Meta050, a proprietary combination of reduced iso-alpha acids, rosemary extract and oleanolic acid in patients with arthritis and fibromyalgia. Phytother Res 19 (2005) 864-869
99. Michalsen A., Riegert M., Ludtke R., et al. Mediterranean diet or extended fasting's influence on changing the intestinal microflora, immunoglobulin A secretion and clinical outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia: an observational study. BMC Complement Altern Med (2005) 5
100. Reeves K. Treatment of consecutive severe fibromyalgia patients with prolotherapy. J Orthop Med 16 (1994) 84-89
101. Bell I.R., Lewis D., Brooks A., et al. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology 43 (2004) 577-582
102. Bell I.R., Lewis D., Brooks A., et al. Individual differences in response to randomly assigned active individualized homeopathic and placebo treatment in fibromyalgia: implications of a double-blinded optional crossover design. J Altern Complement Med 10 (2004) 269-283
103. Bell I.R., Lewis D., Schwartz G., et al. Electroencephalographic concordance patterns distinguish exceptional clinical responders with fibromyalgia to individualized homeopathic medicines. J Altern Complement Med 10 (2004) 285-299
104. Gemmell H.B., Jacobson B., and Banfield K. Homeopathic Rhus Toxicondendron in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Chirop J Aust 21 (1991) 2-6
105. Friedberg F. Eye movement desensitization in fibromyalgia. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 10 (2004) 245-249
106. Henriksson C., Carlberg U., Kjallman M., Lundberg G., and Henriksson K. Evaluation of four outpatient educational programmes for patients with longstanding fibromyalgia. J Rehabil Med 36 (2004) 211-219
107. Goldenberg D., Kaplan K., Nadeau M., Brodeur C., Smith S., and Schmid C. A controlled study of a stress-reduction, cognitive-behavioral treatment program in fibromyalgia. J Musculoskelet Pain 2 (1994) 53-66
108. Ng S. Hair calcium and magnesium levels in patients with fibromyalgia: a case center study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 22 (1999) 586-593
109. Leach R., and Hosek R. Clinical and myoelectric observations on fibromyalgia: a prospective descriptive clinical series. Proceedings of the International Conference on Spinal Manipulation (1994) 13-14
110. Lowe J. Triiodothyronine (T3) treatment of euthyroid fibromyalgia: a small-n replication of a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Clin Bull Myofascial Ther 2 (1997) 71-88
111. Faull K. A pilot study of the comparative effectiveness of two water-based treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome: Watsu and Aix massage. J Bodywork Move Ther 9 (2005) 202-210
112. Tyers S., and Smith R.B. A comparison of cranial electrotherapy stimulation alone or with chiropractic therapies in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Am Chiropr 23 (2001) 39-41
113. Harte E. Clinical forum: fibromyalgia syndrome. Integr Med 2 (2003) 50-54
114. Hains G., and Hains F. Combined ischemic compression and spinal manipulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a preliminary estimate of dose and efficacy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 23 (2000) 225-230
115. Wise P., and Walsh M. Chiropractic treatment of fibromyalgia: two case studies. Chiropr J Aust 31 (2001) 42-46
116. Wahner-Roedler D., Elkin P., Vincent A., et al. Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies by patients referred to a fibromyalgia treatment program at a tertiary care center. Mayo Clin Proc 80 (2005) 55-60
117. Jamison J.R. A psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients: a chiropractic case study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 22 (1999) 454-457
118. Carville S.F., Arendt-Nielsen S., Bliddal H., Blotman F., Branco J.C., Buskila D., et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 67 (2008) 536-541
119. Christensen M.G., and Kollasch M. Job analysis of chiropractic 2005 (2005), National Board of Chiropractic Examiners, Greeley, CO 106
120. Abeles A.M., Pillinger M., Solitar B., and Abeles M. Narrative review: the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 146 (2007) 726-734