Evaluation of the Boost 'em in the Back Seat Program: Using fear and efficacy to increase booster seat use

Accident Analysis and Prevention

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 57-65

  Will, Kelli England ^a   Sabo, Cynthia Shier ^b   Porter, Bryan E ^c  

^a EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Child passenger safety; Child restraint; Fear appeal; Injury prevention; Risk communication; Transportation safety

Indexed keywords

AUTOMOBILE SEATS; RISK PERCEPTION;

CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY; CHILD RESTRAINT; FEAR APPEAL; INJURY PREVENTION; RISK COMMUNICATION; TRANSPORTATION SAFETY;

HEALTH RISKS;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; EQUIPMENT; FEAR; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; NEWBORN; PILOT STUDY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SEATBELT; SOCIAL MARKETING; STANDARD; STATISTICS; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; UNITED STATES; VIDEORECORDING;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEAR; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT EQUIPMENT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PILOT PROJECTS; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; PROTECTIVE DEVICES; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEAT BELTS; SOCIAL MARKETING; UNITED STATES; VIDEO RECORDING; VIRGINIA;

EID: 58049202225     PISSN: 00014575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.09.007     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Bandura A. Social Foundation of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (1986), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
2. Braver E.R., Whitfield R., and Ferguson S.A. Seating positions and children's risk of dying in motor vehicle crashes. Injury Prevention 4 3 (1998) 181-187
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. Ten leading causes of death by age group, United States, 2003. Retrieved July 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/osp/charts.htm.
4. Decina L.E., Lococo K.H., Ashburn W., Hall W.B., and Rose J. Identifying strategies to improve the effectiveness of booster seat laws (2008), National Highway Safety Administration, Washington, DC (No. DOT HS 810 969)
5. Durbin D., Chen I., Elliott M., and Winston F. Factors associated with front row seating of children in motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiology 15 3 (2004) 345-349
6. Durbin D.R., Elliott M.R., and Winston F.K. Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes. Journal of the American Medical Association 289 21 (2003) 2835-2840
7. Ehiri J.E., Ejere H.O.D., Hazen A.E., Emusu D., King W.D., and Osberg S.J. Interventions to increase children's booster seat use: a review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31 2 (2006) 185-192
8. Ferguson S.A., Wells J.K., and Williams A.F. Child seating position and restraint use in three states. Injury Prevention 6 1 (2000) 24-28
9. Fleiss, J.L., 1981. Statistical methods for rates and proportions, 2004, from www.gm.com/company/gmability/safety/protect_occupants/chil_passenger_saf ety/releases/booster_020304.html.
10. Glassbrenner D., and Ye T. Child restraint use in 2006-Overall Results. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note (2007), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC (DOT HS 810 737)
11. Janis I., and Feshbach S. Effects of fear-arousing communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48 (1953) 78-92
12. Kim K. Differences between self-reported and observed use of child safety seats in Hawaii. Transportation Quarterly 46 1 (1992) 115-121
13. Klassen T.P., MacKay J.M., Moher D., Walker A., and Jones A.L. Community-based injury prevention interventions. Future of Children 10 1 (2000) 83-110
14. Kotler P., and Zaltman G. Social marketing: an approach to planned social change. Journal of Marketing 35 (1971) 3-12
15. Lee J.W., Fitzgerald K., and Ebel B.E. Lessons for increasing awareness and use of booster seats in a Latino community. Injury Prevention 9 3 (2003) 268-269
16. Leventhal H., and Cameron L. Persuasion and health attitudes. In: Shavitt S., and Brock T. (Eds). Persuasion: Psychological Insights and Perspectives (1994), Paramount Publishing, Nedam Heights, MA 219-249
17. Lewis I.M., Watson B., White K.M., and Tay R. Promoting public health messages: Should we move beyond fear-evoking appeals in road safety?. Qualitative Health Research 17 (2007) 61-74
18. Moeller S., Berger L., Salvador J.G., and Helitzer D. How old is that child? Validating the accuracy of age assignments in observational surveys of vehicle restraint use. Injury Prevention 8 3 (2002) 248-251
19. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2001. Standardized child passenger safety program training manual (No. DOT HS R5/01). Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
20. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2004. Are You Using it Right? [Brochure No. DOT HS 809-245]. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
21. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2006. Traffic Safety Facts 2005: Children (No. DOT HS 810 618). Washington, DC.
22. Prochaska J.O. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis (1979), Dorsey Press, Homewood, IL
23. Prochaska J.O., Johnson S., and Lee P. The transtheoretical model of behavior change. In: Shumaker E.B.S.S.A., Ockene J.K., and McBee W.L. (Eds). The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. second ed. (1998), Springer, New York 59-84
24. Rivara F.P., Bennett E., Crispin B., Kruger K., Ebel B., and Sarewitz A. Booster seats for child passengers: lessons for increasing their use. Injury Prevention 7 3 (2001) 210-213
25. Robertson L.S., Kelley A.B., O'Neill B., Wixom C.W., Eiswirth R.S., and Haddon Jr. W. A controlled study of the effect of television messages on safety belt use. American Journal of Public Health 64 11 (1974) 1071-1080
26. Sandman, P.M., 1991. Risk = Hazard + Outrage: A formula for effective risk communication (Videotaped presentation for the American Industrial Hygiene Association). Environmental Communication Research Program, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
27. Simpson E.M., Moll E.K., Kassan-Adams N., Miller G.J., and Winston F.K. Barriers to booster seat use and strategies to increase their use. Pediatrics 110 (2002) 729-736
28. Slovic P. Beyond numbers: a broader perspective on risk perception and risk communication. In: Mayo D.G., and Hollander R.D. (Eds). Deceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management (1991), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 48-65
29. Tryon W.W. A simplified time-series analysis for evaluating treatment interventions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 15 (1982) 423-429
30. Turner C., McClure R., Nixon J., and Spinks A. Community-based programs to promote car seat restraints in children 0-16 years: a systematic review. Accident Analysis and Preventnion 37 (2004) 77-83
31. Weinstein N.D. The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology 7 4 (1988) 355-386
32. Weinstein N.D., Rothman A.J., and Sutton S.R. Stage theories of health behavior: conceptual and methodological issues. Health Psychology 17 (1998) 290-299
33. Weinstein N.D., and Sandman P.M. A model of the precaution adoption process: evidence from home radon testing. Health Psychology 11 (1992) 170-180
34. Will K.E. Child passenger safety and the immunity fallacy: why what we are doing is not working. Accident Analysis and Prevention 37 (2005) 947-955
35. Winston F.K., and Durbin D.R. Buckle up! Is not enough: enhancing protection of the restrained child. Journal of the American Medical Association 281 22 (1999) 2070-2072
36. Winston F.K., Kallan M.J., Elliott M.R., Xie D., and Durbin D.R. Effect of booster seat laws on appropriate restraint use by children 4 to 7 years old involved in crashes. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 161 (2007) 270-275
37. Witte K. Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs 59 (1992) 329-349
38. Witte K. Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In: Andersen P.A., and Guerrero L.K. (Eds). Handbook of Communication and Emotion (1998), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 424-451
39. Witte K., and Allen M. A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior 27 5 (2000) 591-615
40. Witte K., Cameron K., McKeon J., and Berkowitz J. Predicting risk behaviors: development and validation of a diagnostic scale. Journal of Health Communication 1 (1996) 317-341
41. Zuckerbraun B.S., Morrison K., Gaines B., Ford H.R., and Hackman D.J. Effect of age on cervical spine injuries in children after motor vehicle collisions: effectiveness of restraint devices. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 39 3 (2004) 483-486