Welfare to work: Myth and fact, social inclusion and labour exclusion

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 797-817

  Paz Fuchs, Amir ^a,b  

^a ONO ACADEMIC COLLEGE   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57949087769     PISSN: 01436503     EISSN: 14643820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ojls/gqn018     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Joel Handler and Yehezkel Hasenfeld, Blame Welfare, Ignore Poverty and Inequality (CUP, Cambridge 2007) (hereafter, Blame Welfare).
2. Ibid. Such pronouncements are made, inter alia, at 2, 73,
3. See Simon Deakin, 'The Capability Concept and the Evolution of European Social Policy' in Michael Dougan and Eleanor Spaventa (eds), Social Welfare and EU Law (Hart, Oxford 2005) 3
4. also Simon Deakin and Frank Wilkinson, 'Labour Law, Social Security and Economic Inequality' 15 Cambridge Journal of Economics (1991) 125-48, 136-40.
5. Joel Handler, Social Citizenship in Workfare in the United States and Western Europe - The Paradox of Inclusion (CUP, Cambridge 2004); 'Myth and Ceremony in Workfare: Rights, Contracts, and Client Satisfaction' 34 Journal of Socio-Economics (2005) 101-24.
6. Lior Barshack, 'The Clerical Body of the Law' 24 Cardozo Law Review (2003) 1151-81, 1160-3.
7. Lior Barshack,'The Totemic Authority of the Court' 11 Law and Critique (2000) 301-28, 302.
8. Sally F Moore and Barbara G Meyerhoff, 'Introduction' in Sally F Moore and Barbara G Meyerhoff (eds), Secular Ritual (Assen, Van Gorcum 1977) 3, 16-17
9. Victor Turner, From Ritual to Theatre (PAJ Books, New York 1982) 83.
10. John W. Meyer and Brian Rowan, 'Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony' 83 American Journal of Sociology (1977) 340-63, 343-7.
11. Ibid 349.
12. Ibid 355.
13. Amir Paz-Fuchs, 'Behind the Contract for Welfare Reform: Antecedent Themes in Welfare to Work Programmes' 29 Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law (forthcoming 2008).
14. Blame Welfare 30.
15. Ibid 320.
16. G Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty (Faber, London 1984) 163.
17. A de Tocqueville Memoirs on Pauperism (1835, reprint Dee, Chicago, 1997 trans. S Dreshcer) 56.
18. M Gilens, Why Americans Hate Weltare (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1999) 25.
19. G Standing, Global Labour Flexibility (Macmillan, Basingstoke 1999) 229
20. also P Rosanvallon, The New Social Question (Princeton University Press, Princeton 2000) 43.
21. House of Commons Sessions 1995-6, Employment Committee Second Report The Right to Work/Workfare (HMSO London 13 Feb 1996) xxiv
22. cited in D King, In the Name of Liberalism (OUP, Oxford 1998) 248.
23. F Field, 'A Rejoinder' in A Deacon (ed), Stakeholder Welfare (IEA, London 1996) 107, 111.
24. Standing (n 17) 326.
25. Cited in A Gewirth, The Community of Rights (Chicago University Press, Chicago 1996) 128 n 27.
26. Blame Welfare 193.
27. Pub L 104-93.
28. PRWORA s 101.
29. Gilens (n 16) 192.
30. Blame Welfare 187.
31. Ibid 157-8.
32. Ibid 42.
33. Ibid 301.
34. Ibid 288.
35. See eg G Pascall, 'UK Family Policy in the 1990s: The Case of New Labour and Lone Parents' 13 International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family (1999) 258-73, 264.
36. Blame Welfare 286.
37. See eg Zablocki v Redhail 434 US 374 (1978).
38. Blame Welfare 295-8.
39. C Jencks, 'The Hidden Paradox of Welfare Reform' 32 American Prospect (1997) 33-40
40. See S Holmes and C Sunstein, The Cost of Rights (WW Norton, London 1999) chs 9-11
41. S Morel, 'Workfare and Insertion: How the U.S. and French Models of Social Assistance Have Been Transformed' in N Gilbert and A Parent (eds), Welfare Reform: A Comparative Assessment of the French and U.S. Experiences (International Social Security Series vol. 10, Transaction Publishers, London 2004) 93, 129.
42. Deakin (n 3) 13-15.
43. H Collins, 'Discrimination, Equality and Social Inclusion' (2003) 66 Modern Law Review 16-43.
44. Handler (n 4) 14-15.
45. Ibid 79.
46. H Silver, 'Reconceptualizing Social Disadvantage' in G Rodgers, C Gore and J Figueiriedo (eds), Social Exclusion (ILO, Geneva 1995) 57, 76
47. H Silver, 'Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity' 133 International Labour Review (1994) 531-78.
48. R Goodin, 'Inclusion and Exclusion' 37 Archives Européennes de Sociologie (1996) 343-71, 363.
49. Blame Weltare 251.
50. Also in Handler (n 4) 6.
51. T Blair, 'Foreword by the Prime Minister' in Social Exclusion Unit Bridging the Gap: New Opportunities for 16-18 Year Olds Not in Education, Employment or Training (Cm 4405, 1999) 6.
52. Rosanvallon (n 17) 65.
53. A Gutmann and D Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 1996) 293.
54. Cited in Rosanvallon (n 17) 70.
55. AB Atkinson, 'Social Exclusion, Poverty and Unemployment' in AB Atkinson and J Hills (eds), Exclusion, Employment and Opportunity (CASE paper 4, London 1998) v, 15.
56. A Sherman, Poverty Matters: The Cost of Child Poverty in America (Children's Defense Fund, Washington DC 1997).
57. Blame Welfare 47.
58. L Boltanski, E Chiapello and G Elliot (trans), The New Spirit of Capitalism (Verso, London 2005) 229
59. J Hills, 'Does a Focus on "Social Exclusion" Change the Policy Response?' in J Hills, J Le Grand and D Piachaud (eds), Understanding Social Exclusion (OUP, Oxford 2001) 226, 235
60. Silver 1995 (n 40) 69.
61. The classic exposition of Dual Market Segmentation is found in RD Barron and GM Norris, 'Sexual Divisions and the Dual Labor Market' in DL Barker and S Allen (eds), Dependence and Exploitation in Work and Marriage (Longmans, London 1976) 47.
62. Blame Welfare 63.
63. Ibid 252.
64. Ibid 281.
65. In this they follow Lucy Williams. See L Williams, 'Welfare and Legal Entitlements: The Social Roots of Poverty' in D Kairys (ed), The Politics of Law (3rd edn) (Basic Books, New York 1998) 569, 576.
66. Blame Welfare 281.
67. B Jordan, A Theory of Poverty and Social Exclusion (Polity, London 1996) 132, 148, 151
68. G Rodgers 'What is Special About Social Exclusion?' in Social Exclusion (n 40) 43, 44.
69. Cf T Pogge, Realizing Rawls (Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1989) 2-3.
70. S Deakin and F Wilkinson, The Law of the Labour Market (OUP, Oxford 2005) 194 [emphasis added];
71. see similarly D Finn, 'The Role of Contracts and the Private Sector in Delivering Britain's "Employment First" Welfare State' in E Sol and M Westerveld (eds), Contractualism in Employment Services (Aspen, The Hague 2005) 101.
72. Standing (n 17) 237.
73. J De Parle, American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids, and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare (Viking, New York 2004) 168.
74. Ibid 330-2.
75. Handler (n 38) 31, 56
76. Standing (n 17) 326 32
77. B Barry, 'Social Exclusion, Social Isolation and the Distribution of Income' in Hills, Le Grand and Piachaud (n 50) 61.
78. Blame Welfare 217.
79. K Marx, Capital (S Moore and E Aveling, trans.) (Swan, London 1887 rpnt 1938) 642-65
80. FF Piven and RA Cloward, Regulating the Poor (Updated Edition Vintage, New York 1993) 5.
81. Piven and Cloward (n 63) 355.
82. M Diller, 'Working Without a Job: The Social Meaning of the New Workforce' 9 Stanford Law and Society Review (1998) 19-43, 29-31
83. Attas and de-Shalit (n 63) 319
84. Blame Welfare 255.
85. S Webb and B Webb, The Public Organisation of the Labour Market: Being Part Two of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission (Longmans, Green and Co London 1909) 200: 'Every wharfinger, each contractor, each manufacturer, each giver-out of work to be done at home, each builder's foreman, tends thus to accumulate his own reserve of labour, his own "stagnant pool" from which he draws to satisfy the maximum demands of his business'.
86. H Collins, Justice in Dismissal (OUP, Oxford 1992) and citations there.
87. T Burchardt, J Le Grand and D Piachaud, 'Introduction' in Hills, Le Grand and Piachaud (n 50), 2.
88. Barry (n 61) 205-7.
89. For a similar assessment of the Israeli secondary labour market see G Davidov, 'Enforcement Problems in Informal Labor Markets: A View from Israel' 27 Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal (2006) 3-26, 8.
90. Silver 1995 (n 40) 66
91. B Ehrenreich, Nickle and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (Henry Holt, New York 2001) 221.
92. Blame Welfare 164.
93. Deakin and Wilkinson (n 57) 111.
94. Holmes and Sunstein (n 35) 193.
95. E Anderson, 'What is the Point of Equality?' 109 Ethics (1999) 287-337
96. See P Robinson, 'Employment and Social Inclusion' in P Askonas and A Stewart (eds), Social Inclusion (Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000) 154.
97. J Le Grand, 'Individual Choice and Social Exclusion' (CASEpaper 75 London 2003) 5.
98. Department of Trade and Industry Towards Equality and Diversity: Implementing the Employment and Race Directives (2001) para 1.2 ( (25 May 2005))
99. Collins (n 37) 21.
100. See A Giddens, The Third Way and its Critics (Polity, Cambridge 2000)
101. A Giddens (ed), The Global Third Way Debate (Polity, Cambridge 2001).
102. R Levitas, The Inclusive Society? Social Exclusion and New Labour (Macmillan, Basingstoke 1998)
103. Robinson (n 76) 153.
104. Collins (n 37).
105. Ibid 30.
106. S Fredman, 'Equality: A New Generation?' (2001) 30 ILJ 145-68, 157.
107. Collins (n 37) 31.
108. A Paz-Fuchs, Welfare to Work: Conditional Rights in Social Policy (OUP, Oxford 2008) 139.
109. G Room, 'Poverty and Social Exclusion' in G Room (ed), Beyond the Threshold (Policy, Bristol 1995) 1, 4-7.
110. S Paugam, 'Poverty and Social Exclusion' in View' in M Rhodes and Y Meny (eds), The Future of European Welfare: A New Social Contract? (Macmillan, Basingstoke 1998) 41, 45.
111. P Townsend, Poverty in the United Kingdom (Mushroom, Nottingham 1978) 1
112. P Townsend, The International Analysis of Poverty (Harvester, New York 1993) 36
113. Jordan (n 84) 93-6.
114. Blame Welfare chapter 2.
115. European Commission, On Specific Community Action to Combat Poverty (19 December 1984) cited in Handler (n 38) 122.
116. G Room, The Observatory on National Policies to Combat Social Exclusion (2nd Report Commission for European Communities, Brussels 1992) 14.
117. Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 19 - The Right to Social Security (U.N. Doc. E/C/12/GC/19, Nov. 23, 2007) para. 3.
118. J Feinberg, 'The Nature and Value of Rights' 4 Journal of Value Inquiry (1970) 243-57, 252
119. Similarly see Holmes and Sunstein (n 35) 17.
120. E Anderson, 'Welfare, Work Requirements and Dependant Care' 21 J of Applied Philosophy (2004), 243-56, 251.
121. Deakin (n 3) 17.
122. Barry (n 61) 29.
123. L Mead, Beyond Entitlement (Free Press, NY 1986) 69, 153.
124. S White, 'What's Wrong with Workfare' 21 Journal of Applied Philosophy (2004), 271-84, 273-79.
125. Handler (n 38) 255.
126. Standing (n 59) 341.
127. Cited in B Lund, Understanding State Welfare (Sage, London 2002) 196
128. see similarly Deakin and Wilkinson (n 57) 113.
129. Holmes and Sunstein (n 35) 209.
130. Jordan (n 84) 80.
131. Marshall (n 57) 5.
132. R Plant, 'Needs, Agency and Welfare Rights' in JD Moon (ed), Responsibility, Rights and Welfare (Westview, Boulder 1988) 55.