Electrical machine topologies and technologies for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles

2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2008

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages

  Zhu, Z Q ^a   Chan, C C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Electric vehicle; Fuel cell; Hybrid excitation; Hybrid vehicle; Induction machine; Permanent magnet machine; Reluctance machine; Switched reluctance machine

Indexed keywords

HYBRID EXCITATION; HYBRID VEHICLE; INDUCTION MACHINE; PERMANENT MAGNET MACHINE; RELUCTANCE MACHINE; SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MACHINE;

AUTOMOBILES; ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILES; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTRIC MACHINERY; ELECTRIC VEHICLES; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; FUEL CELLS; LAND VEHICLE PROPULSION; MAGNETIC DEVICES; MAGNETS; PERMANENT MAGNETS; PROPULSION; RAILROAD CARS; SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC); SWITCHING SYSTEMS; TOPOLOGY;

VEHICLES;

EID: 57849092743     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2008.4677738     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (84)

1. C. C. Chan. "The state of the art of electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, No. 4, pp. 704-718, 2007.
2. Z. Q. Zhu, D. Howe, "Electrical machines and drives for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, No. 4, pp. 746-765, 2007.
3. Y. Honda, T. Nakamura, T. Higaki, and Y. Takeda, "Motor design considerations and test results of an interior PM synchronous motor for electric vehicles," IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annual Meeting, 1997, pp. 75-82.
4. M. Kamiya, "Development of traction drive motors for the Toyota hybrid system," Int. Power Eleetronics Conf., 2005, Niigata, Japan.
5. F. Profumo, Z. Zhang, and A. Tenconi, "Axial flux machine drives: a new viable solution for electric cars," IEEE Trans. Ind. Elect., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 39-45, 1997.
6. K. Sitapati, and R. Krishanan, "Performance comparisons of radial and axial field PM brushless machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 1219-1226, 2001.
7. B. K. Bose, "A high-performance inverter-fed drive system of an interior PM synchronous machine," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 987-997, 1988.
8. K. Asano, Y. Inaguma, H. Ohtanil E. Sato, M. Okamura and S. Sasaki, "High performance motor drive technologies for hybrid vehicles," Power Conversion Conf., Nagoya, Japan. 2007, pp. 1584-1589, 2007.
9. T. M. Jahns, V. Caliskan, "Uncontrolled generator operation of interior PM synchronous machines following high-speed inverter shutdown." IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 1347-1357. 1999.
10. C. Z. Liaw, W. L. Soong, B. A. Welchiko, and N. Ertugrul, "Uncontrolled generation in interior PM machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 945-954. 2005.
11. C. C. Chan. J. Z. Jiang, G. H. Chen, X. Y. Wang and K. T. Chau, "A novel polyphase multipole square-wave PM motor drive for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1258-1266, 1994.
12. J. Cros and P. Viarouge, "Synthesis of high performance PM machines with concentrated windings," IEEE Trans. Energv Conversion, vol. 17. no. 2, pp. 248-253, 2002.
13. Z. Q. Zhu, and D. Howe, "Influence of design parameters on cogging torque in PM machines," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 407-412, 2000.
14. A. M. El-Refaie, and T. M. Jahns, "Optimal flux-weakening in surface PM machines using concentrated windings," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 790-800, 2005.
15. A. M. El-Refaie, T. M. Jahns, and D. Novotny, "Analysis of surface PM machines with fractional-slot concentrated windings," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 34-43, 2006.
16. N. Bianchi, S. Bolognani, and G. Comelato, "Synthesis of high performance PM motors with concentrated windings," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 248-253, 2002.
17. D. Ishak Z. Q. Zhu, and D. Howe, "Comparison of PM brushless motors, with either all or alternative wound teeth," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 95-103. 2006.
18. K. Atallah, D. Howe, P. H. Mellor and D. A. Stone, "Rotor Loss in PM brushless AC machines," IEEE Tram. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, n o. 6, pp. 1612-1618, 2000.
19. D. Ishak D, Z. Q. Zhu, and D. Howe, "Rotor eddy current loss in PM machines with fractional slot number per pole," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 41. No. 9, pp. 2462-2469, 2005.
20. Z. Q. Zhu, and D. Howe. "Halbach PM machines and applications-a review," IEE Proc.-EPA, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 299-308, 2001.
21. H. Weh, and H. May, "Achievable force densities for PM excited machines in new configurations," Int. Conf. Electrical Machines, 1986, Munchen, pp. 1107-1111.
22. H. Weh, H. Hoffmann, and J. Landrath, "New PM excited synchronous machine with high efficiency at low speed," Int. Conf. Elec. l Machines, 1988, Pisa, pp. 1-6.
23. M. R. Harris, and B. C. Mecrow, "Variable reluctance PM motors for high specific output," IEE Int. Conf. Electrical Machines and Drives, 1993, pp. 437-442.
24. M. R. Harris, G. H. Paiooman, and S. M. Abu-Sharkh, "The problem of power factor in VRPM (transverse-flux) machines," IEE Int. Conf. Electrical Machines and Drives, 1997, pp. 386-390.
25. Y. Zhao, and J. Chai. "Power factor analysis of transverse flux PM machines," Int. Conf Electrical Machines and Systems, 2005, pp. 450-459.
26. D. W. Novotny, and T. A. Lipo, "Vector control and dynamics of AC drives," Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996.
27. Z. M. Zhao, S. Meng, C. C. Chan, and E. W. C. Lo, "A novel induction machine design suitable for inverter-driven variable speed systems." IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 413-420, 2000.
28. A. Harson, P. H. Mellor, and D. Howe, "Design considerations for induction machines for electric vehicle drives," IEE Int. Conf. Elec. Machines & Drives, 1995, pp. 16-20.
29. T. Wang, P. Zheng, and S. Cheng. "Design characteristics of the induction motor used for hybrid electric vehicle," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 41, no. 1. pp. 505-508, 2005.
30. D. H. Cameron, J. H. Lang, and S. D. Umans, "The origin and reduction of acoustic noise in doubly salient variable-reluctance motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 1250-1255, 1992.
31. B. C. Mecrow, "New winding configurations for doubly salient reluctance machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl, vol. 32, No. 6. pp. 1348-1356, 1996.
32. B. C. Mccrow, J. W. Finch, E. A. El-Kharashi, and A. G. Jack, "Switched reluctance motors with segmental rotors," IEE Proc.-EPA, vol. 149, No. 4, pp. 245-254, 2002.
33. K. M. Rahman, B. Fahimi, et. al., "Advantages of switched reluctance motor applications to EV and HEV: design and control issues." IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 111-121, 2000.
34. J. M. Miller, et al, "Starter/alternator for hybrid electric vehicle: comparison of induction and variable reluctance machines and drives," IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annual Meeting, 1998, pp. 513-523.
35. S. A. Long, N. Schoficld, D. Howe, M. Piron, and M. McClelland, "Design of a switched reluctance machine for extended speed operation," IEEE Int. Electric Machines and Drives Conf., 2003, pp. 235-240.
36. N. Schofield, and S. A. Long, "Generator operation of a switched reluctance starter/generator at extended speeds." IEEE Conf. on Vehicle Power and Propulsion, 2005, pp. 453-460.
37. S. Dixon, and B. Fahimi, "Enhancement of output electric power in switched reluctance generators," IEEE Int. Electric Machines and Drives Conf., 2003, pp. 849-856.
38. M. Krishnamurthy, et al. "Making the case for applications of switched reluctance motor technology in automotive products," IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 659-675, 2006.
39. C. S. Edrington, M. Krishnamurthy, and B. Fahimi, "Bipolar switched reluctance machines: a novel solution for automotive applications," IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 795-808, 2005.
40. T. A. Lipo, "Synchronous Reluctance Machincs-A viable alternative for AC drives?" Electric Machines and Power Systems, vol. 19, pp. 659-671, 1991.
41. A. Vagati, M. Pastorelli, G. Francheschini, S. C. Petrache, "Design of low torque ripple synchronous reluctance motors." IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol 34, No. 5, pp. 758-765, 1998.
42. W. L. Soong, et al, "Design of a new axially-laminated interior PM motor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 358-367, 1995.
43. D. A. Staton, et al. "Maximising the saliency ratio of the synchronous reluctance motor," Proc. IEE-EPA, vol. 140, No. 4, pp. 249-259, 1993.
44. D. A. Staton, T. J. E. Miller, and S. E. Wood, "Optimisation of the synchronous reluctance motor geometry," Int. Conf. on Elec. Machines & Drives, 1991. pp. 156-160.
45. K. J. Binns, W. R. Barnard, and M. A. Jabbar, "Hybrid PM synchronous motors," Proc. IEE-B, vol. 125, No. 3, pp. 203-208, 1978.
46. K. J. Binns, M. A. Jabbar, and G. E. Parry, "Choice of parameters in hybrid PM synchronous motor," Proc. IEE, vol. 126, No. 8, pp. 741-744, 1979.
47. K. J. Binns, and T. M. Wong, "Analysis and performance of a high-field PM synchronous machine, Proc. IEE-B, vol. 131, No. 6, pp. 252-258, 1984.
48. V. P. Honsinger, "Performance of polyphase PM machines," IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 99, No. 4, pp. 1510-1518, 1980.
49. B. J. Chalmers, S. A. Hamed, and G. D. Baines, "parameters and performances of a high-field PM synchronous motor for variable frequency operation," Proc. IEE-B, vol. 132, No. 3, pp. 117-124, 1985.
50. B. J. Chalmers, "Performance of interior-type PM alternator." Proc. IEE-B, vol. 141, No. 4, pp. 186-190, 1994.
51. M. A. Rahman. T. A. Little, and G. R. Slemon, "Analytical models for interior-type PM synchronous motors," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1741-1743, 3985.
52. M. N. Uddin, T. S. Radwan, and M. A. Rahman, "Performance of interior PM motor drive over wide speed range," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 79-84, 2002.
53. B. J. Chalmers, L. Musaba, and D. F. Gosden, "Variable-frequency synchronous motor drives for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 896-903, 1996.
54. B. J. Chalmers, L. Musaba, "Design and field-weakening performance of PM-reluctance motor with two-part rotor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 1035-1041, 1998.
55. T. M. Jahns, "Flux-weakening regime operation of an interior PM synchronous motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 681-689. 1987.
56. R. F. Schiferl and T. A. Lipo, "Power capability of salient pole PM synchronous motors in variable speed drive application," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 26, pp. 115-123, 1990.
57. S. Morimoto, M. Sanada and Y. Takeda, "Wide-speed operation of interior PM synchronous motors with high-performance current regulator." IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 920-926, 1994.
58. W. L. Soong and T. J. E. Miller, "Field-weakening performance of brushlcss synchronous AC motor drives", Proc. IEE-EPA, vol. 141, pp. 331-340, 1994.
59. S. Morimoto. M. Sanada and Y. Takeda, "Inverter-driven synchronous motors for constant power," IEEE Ind. Appl. Magazine, 1996, pp. 18-24.
60. E. C. Lovelace, T. M. Jahns, J. L. Kirtley Jr., and J. H. Lang, "An interior PM starter/alternator for automotive applications," Int. Conf. Elee. Machines, 1998, pp. 1802-1808.
61. Y. Honda, T. Higaki, S. Morimoto, and Y. Takeda, "Rotor design optimisation of a multi-layer interior PM synchronous motor." IEE Proc.-EPA, vol. 345, No. 2, pp. 139-324, 1998.
62. W. L. Soong, N. Ertugrul, "Field-weakening performance of interior PM motors," IEEE Trans. Ind Appl., vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1251-1258, 2002.
63. D. M. Ionel, J. F. Eastham, T. J. E. Miller, E. Demeter, "Design considerations for PM synchronous motors for flux weakening applications," IEE Proc.-EPA, vol. 145, No. 5. pp. 435-440, 1998.
64. N. Bianchi and S. Bolognani, "Performance analysis of an IPM motor with segmented rotor for flux-weakening applications," IEE Elec. Machines & Drives Conf., Canterbury, U. K., pp. 49-53, 1999.
65. N. Bianchi, S. Bolognani, B. Chalmers, "Salient-rotor PM synchronous motors for an extended flux-weakening operation range," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 1118-1125, 2000.
66. Y. Liao, F. Liang and T. A. Lipo, "A novel PM machine with doubly salient structure," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 1069-1078, 1995.
67. M. Cheng, K. T. Chau and C. C. Chan, "Static characteristics of a new doubly salient PM machine." IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 20-25, 2001.
68. C. Wang, S. A. Nasar and I. Boldea, "Three-phase flux reversal machine," IEE Proc.-EPA, vol. 146, No. 2, pp. 139-146, 1999.
69. E. Hoang, A. H. Ben-Ahmed and J. Lucidarme, "Switching flux PM polyphase synchronous machines." 7th European Conf. on Power Electronics & Appl., pp. 903-908, 1997.
70. Z. Q. Zhu, Y. Pang, D. Howe, et. al., "Analysis of electromagnetic performance of flux-switching PM machines by non-linear adaptive lumped parameter magnetic circuit modei," IEEE Trans. Magn., vo3.43, No. 11, pp. 4277-4287, 2005.
71. W. Hua, Z. Q. Zhu, M. Cheng, Y. Pang, and D. Howe, "Comparison of fluxswitching and doubly-salient PM brushless machines." Int. Conf. Electrical Machines and Systems, 2005, China, pp. 165-170.
72. Y. Pang. Z. Q. Zhu, D. Howe, S. Iwasaki, R. Deodhar, A. Pride, "Comparative study of flux-switching and interior PM machines," Int. Conf. on Electrical Machines and Systems, 2007, Seoul. Korea, pp. 757-762.
73. W. Hua. M. Cheng, Z. Q. Zhu, and W. X. Zhao, "Comparison of electromagnetic performance of brushlcss machines having magnets in stator and rotor," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103. 07F124-1. 2008.
74. X. Luo, and T. A. Lipo, "A synchronous/PM hybrid AC machine," EEE Trans. Energy Conversion, ol. 15, 0.2, p. 203-210, 2000.
75. F. Leonardi, T. Matsuo, T. Y. Li, T. A. Lipo, P. McCleer, "Design considerations and test results for a doubly salient PM motor with flux control," IEEE Ind. Appl. Society Annual Meeting, 3996, pp. 458-463.
76. E. Spooner, S. A. W. Khatab, and N. G. Nicolaou, "Hybrid excitation of AC and DC machines," IEE Int. Conf. Electrical Machines and Drives, 1989, pp. 48-52.
77. th Int. Electric Vehicles Symp., Japan, 1996, pp. 757-764.
78. J. A. Tapia, F. Lconardi, and T. A. Lipo., "Consequent pole PM machine with field weakening capability," IEEE Elee. Machines & Drives Conf., 2001, pp. 126-131.
79. T. Kosaka, Y. Kano, N. Matsui, C. Pollock, "A novel multi-pole PM synchronous machine with SMC bypass core for magnet flux and SMC field-pole core with toroidal coil for independent field strengthening/weakening," 11th European Conf. on Power Electronic and Appl., 2005, Dresden, Germany.
80. th Int. Electric Vehicle Symposium, Osaka, Japan. 3996, pp. 579-584.
81. C. C. Chan, R. Zhuang. K. T. Chau, and J. Z. Jiang, "Optimal efficiency control of PM hybrid motor drives for electric vehicles," IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 1997, pp. 363-368.
82. E. Hoang, M. Lecrivain, and M. Gabsi, "A new structure of a switching flux synciironous po3yphased machine with hybrid excitation," 12th European Conf. Power Electronic and Applications, 2007, Aalborg, Denmark.
83. Y. Amara, et al, "A new topology of hybrid synchronous machine," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 1273-1281. 2001.
84. Y. Amara, et al, "Hybrid excitation synchronous machines: energy efficient solution for vehicle propulsion." IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conf., pp. 1-6, 2006.