Management of fecal incontinence

Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 807-817

  Bharucha, Adil E ^a  

^a Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Mayo Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

Anal incontinence; Diagnosis; Fecal incontinence; Management

Indexed keywords

ALOSETRON; AMITRIPTYLINE; BISACODYL; COLESTYRAMINE; DIPHENOXYLATE; GLYCEROL; LAXATIVE; PHENYLEPHRINE;

ANORECTAL PRESSURE; ANUS SPHINCTER DISORDER; DEFECATION HABIT; DIARRHEA; DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FECES INCONTINENCE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SUPPOSITORY;

EID: 57749197573     PISSN: 15547914     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Whitehead WE, Wald A, Norton NJ. Treatment options for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:131-142; discussion 142-144.
2. Bharucha A. Fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1672-1685.
3. Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, Seide B, McKeon K, et al. Prevalence and burden of fecal incontinence: a population-based study in women. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:42-49.
4. Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, Schleck C, McKeon K, Melton LJ. Symptoms and quality of life in community women with fecal incontinence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1004-1009.
5. Bharucha AE. Pelvic floor anatomy and function. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:507-519.
6. Read M, Read N. Role of anorectal sensation in preserving continence. Gut. 1982;23:345-347.
7. Sun WM, Read NW, Miner PB. Relation between rectal sensation and anal function in normal subjects and patients with faecal incontinence. Gut. 1990; 31:1056-1061.
8. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI. Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1905-1911.
9. Diamant NE, Kamm MA, Wald A, Whitehead WE. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on anorectal testing techniques. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:732-760.
10. Sun WM, Donnelly TC, Read NW. Utility of a combined test of anorectal manometry, electromyography, and sensation in determining the mechanism of 'idiopathic' faecal incontinence. Gut. 1992;33:807-813.
11. Bharucha AE, Fletcher JG, Harper CM, Hough D, Daube JR, et al. Relationship between symptoms and disordered continence mechanisms in women with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Gut. 2005;54:546-555.
12. Bartolo DC, Jarratt JA, Read MG, Donnelly TC, Read NW. The role of partial denervation of the puborectalis in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 1983;70:664-667.
13. Fernandez-Fraga X, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Significance of pelvic floor muscles in anal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1441-1450.
14. Bartolo DC, Read NW, Jarratt JA, Read MG, Donnelly TC, Johnson AG. Differences in anal sphincter function and clinical presentation in patients with pelvic floor descent. Gastroenterology. 1983;85:68-75.
15. Gladman MA, Lunniss PJ, Scott SM, Swash M. Rectal hyposensitivity. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1140-1151.
16. Andrews CN, Bharucha AE, Seide B, Zinsmeister AR. Rectal sensorimotor dysfunction in women with fecal incontinence. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;292:G282-G289.
17. Parellada CM, Miller AS, Williamson ME, Johnston D. Paradoxical high anal resting pressures in men with idiopathic fecal seepage. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:593-597.
18. Rao SS, Ozturk R, Stessman M. Investigation of the pathophysiology of fecal seepage. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2204-2209.
19. Kalantar JS, Howell S, Talley NJ. Prevalence of faecal incontinence and associated risk factors; an underdiagnosed problem in the Australian community? Med J Aust. 2002;176:54-57.
20. Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, Seide B, McKeon K, et al. Risk factors for fecal incontinence: a population-based study in women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1305-1312.
21. Bharucha AE, Seide B, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Relation of bowel habits to fecal incontinence in women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1470-1475.
22. Heaton KW, Ghosh S, Braddon FE. How bad are the symptoms and bowel dysfunction of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome? A prospective, controlled study with emphasis on stool form. Gut. 1991;32:73-79.
23. Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW Kane RL, Mavrantonis C, et al. Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence severity index. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1525-1532.
24. Jorge JM, Wexner SD. Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:77-97.
25. Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut. 1999;44:77-80.
26. Rockwood TH. Incontinence severity and QOL scales for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:S106-S113.
27. Andrews CN, Bharucha AE. The etiology, assessment, and treatment of fecal incontinence. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2:516-525.
28. Bharucha AE. Anorectal manometry and imaging are necessary in patients with fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2679-2681.
29. Rao SS, Azpiroz F, Diamant N, Enck P, Tougas G, Wald A. Minimum standards of anorectal manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2002;14:553-559.
30. Bharucha AE, Seide B, Fox JC, Zinsmeister AR. Day-to-day reproducibility of anorectal sensorimotor assessments in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16:241-250.
31. Fox JC, Fletcher JG, Zinsmeister AR, Seide B, Riederer SJ, Bharucha AE. Effect of aging on anorectal and pelvic floor functions in females. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1726-1735.
32. Rao SS, Welcher KD, Leistikow JS. Obstructive defecation: a failure of rectoanal coordination. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:1042-1050.
33. Minguez M, Herreros B, Sanchiz V, Hernandez V, Almela P, et al. Predictive value of the balloon expulsion test for excluding the diagnosis of pelvic floor dyssynergia in constipation. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:57-62.
34. Voderholzer WA, Neuhaus DA, Klauser AG, Tzavella K, Muller-Lissner SA, Schindlbeck NE. Paradoxical sphincter contraction is rarely indicative of anismus. Gut. 1997;41:258-262.
35. Buser WD, Miner PB Jr. Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Successful treatment using anorectal manometry. Gastroenterology. 1986;91: 1186-1191.
36. Wald A, Tunuguntla AK. Anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction in fecal incontinence and diabetes mellitus. Modification with biofeedback therapy. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1282-1287.
37. Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Stanganini S, Vantini I, Whitehead WE, Stegagnini S. Sensory retraining is key to biofeedback therapy for formed stool fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:109-117.
38. Stoker J, Halligan S, Bartram CI. Pelvic floor imaging. Radiology. 2001; 218:621-641.
39. Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE, Somers S, Stevenson GW. Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut. 1989;30:1737-1749.
40. Agachan F, Pfeifer J, Wexner SD. Defecography and proctography. Results of 744 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:899-905.
41. Fletcher JG, Busse RF, Riederer SJ, Hough D, Gluecker T, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of anatomic and dynamic defects of the pelvic floor in defecatory disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:399-411.
42. Malouf AJ, Halligan S, Williams AB, Bartram CI, Dhillon S, Kamm MA. Prospective assessment of interobserver agreement for endoanal MRI in fecal incontinence. Abdom Imaging. 2001;26:76-78.
43. Briel JW, Stoker J, Rociu E, Lameris JS, Hop WC, Schouten WR. External anal sphincter atrophy on endoanal magnetic resonance imaging adversely affects continence after sphincteroplasty. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1322-1327.
44. Bharucha AE, Wald A, Enck P, Rao S. Functional anorectal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1510-1518.
45. Rao SS. A balancing view: fecal incontinence: test or treat empirically - which strategy is best? Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2683-2684.
46. Wald A. Anorectal manometry and imaging are not necessary in patients with fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2681-2683.
47. Liberman H, Faria J, Ternent CA, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG. A prospective evaluation of the value of anorectal physiology in the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1567-1574.
48. Skoog SM, Bharucha AE. Dietary fructose and gastrointestinal symptoms: a review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2046-2050.
49. Read M, Read NW, Barber DC, Duthie HL. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci. 1982;27:807-814.
50. Palmer KR, Corbett CL, Holdsworth CD. Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1980;79:1272-1275.
51. Santoro GA, Eatan BZ, Pryde A, Bartolo DC. Open study of low-dose amitriptyline in the treatment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:1676-1681.
52. Sciarretta G, Furno A, Mazzoni M, Malaguti P. Post-cholecystectomy diarrhea: evidence of bile acid malabsorption assessed by SeHCAT test. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:1852-1854.
53. Locke GR 3rd, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: guidelines on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:1761-1766.
54. Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, Phillips RK. Randomized controlled trial of topical phenylephrine in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2000;87:38-42.
55. Norton C, Kamm MA. Anal sphincter biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for faecal incontinence in adults - a systematic review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:1147-1154.
56. Norton C, Chelvanayagam S, Wilson-Barnett J, Redfern S, Kamm MA. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1320-1329.
57. Heymen S, Scarlett Y, Jones K, Ringel Y, Drossman D, Whitehead W. AGA Institute abstracts: randomized controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to alternative treatments for patients with fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:A-83.
58. Cheung O, Wald A. Review article: the management of pelvic floor disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:481-495.
59. Brown SR, Nelson RL. Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD001757.
60. Mundy L, Merlin TL, Maddern GJ, Hiller JE. Systematic review of safety and effectiveness of an artificial bowel sphincter for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2004;91:665-672.
61. Shirran E, Brazzelli M. Absorbent products for the containment of urinary and/or faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2): CD001406.
62. Deutekom M, Dobben A. Plugs for containing faecal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD005086.
63. Christiansen J, Roed-Petersen K. Clinical assessment of the anal continence plug. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:740-742.
64. Jarrett ME, Mowatt G, Glazener CM, Fraser C, Nicholls RJ, et al. Systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation. Br J Surg. 2004;91:1559-1569.
65. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Turner IC, Nicholls RJ, Woloszko J. Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence. Gut. 1999;44:407-412.
66. Shafik A. Perianal injection of autologous fat for treatment of sphincteric incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:583-587.
67. Kumar D, Benson MJ, Bland JE. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 1998;85:978-979.
68. Feretis C, Benakis P, Dailianas A, Dimopoulos C, Mavrantonis C, et al. Implantation of microballoons in the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1605-1609.
69. Davis K, Kumar D, Poloniecki J. Preliminary evaluation of an injectable anal sphincter bulking agent (Durasphere) in the management of faecal incontinence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:237-243.
70. Altomare DF, La Torre F, Rinaldi M, Binda GA, Pescatori M. Carbon-coated microbeads anal injection in outpatient treatment of minor fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:432-435.
71. Tjandra JJ, Lim JF, Hiscock R, Rajendra P. Injectable silicone biomaterial for fecal incontinence caused by internal anal sphincter dysfunction is effective. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:2138-2146.