Zinc modifies the association between nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage and risk of acute lower respiratory infection among young children in rural Nepal

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 138, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 2462-2467

  Coles, Christian L ^a   Sherchand, Jeevan B ^b   Khatry, Subarna K ^c   Katz, Joanne ^a   LeClerq, Steven C ^a,c   Mullany, Luke C ^a   Tielsch, James M ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY   (Nepal)

^c Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi   (Nepal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOLIC ACID; IRON; ZINC;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE CARRIER; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INFANT; INFECTION RISK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEPAL; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROPHYLAXIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

CARRIER STATE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; NASOPHARYNX; NEPAL; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCOCCAL; RISK FACTORS; RURAL POPULATION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; ZINC;

STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 57349183073     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: 15416100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.095422     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet. 2005;365:1147-52.
2. Wardlaw T, Salama P, Johansson EW, Mason E. Pneumonia: the leading killer of children. Lancet. 2006;368:1048-50.
3. Shann F. Bacterial pneumonia: commoner than perceived. Lancet. 2001;357:2070-2.
4. Bogaert D, de GR, Hermans PW. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:144-54.
5. Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Fresnadillo Martinez MJ. Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50 Suppl S2:59-73.
6. Greenwood BM, Weber MW, Mulholland K. Childhood pneumonia: preventing the worlds biggest killer of children. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:502-3.
7. Klugman KP. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and their effect on carriage and antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:85-91.
8. Kayhty H, Auranen K, Nohynek H, Dagan R, Makela H. Nasopharyngeal colonization: a target for pneumococcal vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2006;5:651-67.
9. Mulholland K. Childhood pneumonia mortality: a permanent global emergency. Lancet. 2007;370:285-9.
10. Black RE. Zinc deficiency, infectious disease and mortality in the developing world. J Nutr. 2003;133:S1485-9.
11. Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency. BMJ. 2003;326:409-10.
12. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, Ulvik RJ, Sommerfelt H, Bhan MK. Effect of routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomised controlled trial in an urban slum. BMJ. 2002;324:1358.
13. Brooks WA, Santosham M, Naheed A, Goswami D, Wahed MA, ener-West M, Faruque AS, Black RE. Effect of weekly zinc supplements on incidence of pneumonia and diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years in an urban, low-income population in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:999-1004.
14. Sazawal S, Black RE, Jalla S, Mazumdar S, Sinha A, Bhan MK. Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children: a double-blind, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1998;102:1-5.
15. Osendarp SJ, Santosham M, Black RE, Wahed MA, van Raaij JM, Fuchs GJ. Effect of zinc supplementation between 1 and 6 mo of life on growth and morbidity of Bangladeshi infants in urban slums. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1401-8.
16. Aggarwal R, Sentz J, Miller MA. Role of zinc administration in prevention of childhood diarrhea and respiratory illnesses: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2007;119:1120-30.
17. Tielsch JM, Khatry SK, Stoltzfus RJ, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Adhikari R, Mullany LC, Black R, Shresta S. Effect of daily zinc supplementation on child mortality in southern Nepal: a community-based, cluster randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:1230-9.
18. Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL. The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status. J Nutr. 2000;130:S1399-406.
19. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2008;56:15-30.
20. Prasad AS. Zinc and immunity. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998;188:63-9.
21. Tielsch JM, Khatry SK, Stoltzfus RJ, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Adhikari R, Mullany LC, Shresta S, Black RE. Effect of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on preschool child mortality in southern Nepal: community-based, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:144-52.
22. Varon E, Levy C, De La RF, Boucherat M, Deforche D, Podglajen I, Navel M, Cohen R. Impact of antimicrobial therapy on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis in children with respiratory tract infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:477-81.
23. Arason VA, Kristinsson KG, Sigurdsson JA, Stefansdottir G, Molstad S, Gudmundsson S. Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ. 1996;313:387-91.
24. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:S447-63.
25. Truong-Tran AQ, Carter J, Ruffin R, Zalewski PD. New insights into the role of zinc in the respiratory epithelium. Immunol Cell Biol. 2001;79:170-7.
26. Strand TA, Hollingshead SK, Julshamn K, Briles DE, Blomberg B, Sommerfelt H. Effects of zinc deficiency and pneumococcal surface protein a immunization on zinc status and the risk of severe infection in mice. Infect Immun. 2003;71:2009-13.
27. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Kaplan J, Chandrasekar PH, Ortega J, Fitzgerald JT, Swerdlow P. Effect of zinc supplementation on incidence of infections and hospital admissions in sickle cell disease (SCD). Am J Hematol. 1999;61:194-202.
28. Gupta N, Jain SK, Chawla U, Hossain S, Venkatesh S. An evaluation of diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections control programmes in a Delhi slum. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74:471-6.
29. Hussain R, Lobo MA, Inam B, Khan A, Qureshi AF, Marsh D. Pneumonia perceptions and management: an ethnographic study in urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45:991-1004.
30. Mulholland K. Global burden of acute respiratory infections in children: implications for interventions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;36:469-74.
31. Syrjanen RK, Kilpi TM, Kaijalainen TH, Herva EE, Takala AK. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Finnish children younger than 2 years old. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:451-9.