Information processing in contamination fear: A covariation bias examination of fear and disgust

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 60-68

  Connolly, Kevin M ^a,b,c   Lohr, Jeffrey M ^a   Olatunji, Bunmi O ^d   Hahn, Kathryn S ^a   Williams, Nathan L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognition; Contamination fear; Covariation bias; Disgust; Information processing

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTAMINATION FEAR; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRE; STIMULUS;

AFFECT; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL PROCESSES; PHOBIC DISORDERS; QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 57349163458     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.017     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. American Psychiatric Association (APA). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. text revision (2000), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA
2. Beck A.T., and Clark D.A. An information processing model of anxiety: automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1997) 49-58
3. Burns G.L., Keortge S.G., Formea G.M., and Sternberger L.G. Revision of the Padua inventory of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms: distinctions between worry, obsessions, and compulsions. Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 163-173
4. Cavanagh K., and Davey G. Access to information about harm and safety in spider fearful and nonfearful individuals: when they are good they were very very good but when they were bad they were horrid. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 34 (2003) 269-281
5. Chapman L.J., and Chapman J.P. Illusory correlation as a obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 74 (1969) 271-280
6. Chorpita B.F., Brown T.A., and Barlow D.H. Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety. Behavior Therapy 29 (1998) 457-476
7. Cohelo, J., Whittal, M. (2001). Are subtypes of OCD differentially responsive to treatment? World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Canada: Vancouver.
8. Connolly K.M., Olatunji B.O., and Lohr J.M. Evidence for disgust sensitivity mediating the sex differences found in blood-injection-injury phobia and spider phobia. Personality and Individual Differences 44 (2008) 898-908
9. Cougle J.R., Wolitzky-Taylor K.B., Lee H.-J., and Telch M.J. Mechanisms of change in ERP treatment of compulsive hand washing: does primary threat make a difference?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 1449-1459
10. de Jong P.J. Covariation bias in phobia: mere resistance to preexperimental expectancies?. Behavior Therapy 24 (1993) 447-454
11. de Jong P.J., and Merckelbach H. Phobia-relevant illusory correlations: the role of phobic responsivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (2000) 597-601
12. de Jong P.J., Merckelbach H., and Arntz A. Illusory correlation, on-line probability estimates, and electrodermal responding in a (quasi)-conditioning paradigm. Biological Psychology 31 (1990) 201-212
13. de Jong P.J., Merckelbach H., and Arntz A. Covariation bias in phobic women: the relationship between a priori expectancy, on-line expectancy, autonomic responding, and a posteriori contingency judgment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (1995) 55-62
14. de Jong P.J., Merckelbach H., Arntz A., and Nijman H. Covariation detection in treated and untreated spider phobics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992) 724-727
15. de Jong P.J., and Peters M.L. Blood-injection-injury fears: harm- vs. disgust-relevant selective outcome associations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 38 (2007) 263-274
16. de Jong P.J., and Peters M.L. Contamination vs. harm-relevant outcome expectancies and covariation bias in spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 1271-1284
17. de Jong P.J., Van den Hout M.A., and Merckelbach H. Covariation bias and the return of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 33 (1995) 211-213
18. Deacon B., and Olatunji B.O. Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 2110-2120
19. Ekman P. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion 6 (1992) 169-200
20. Ekman P. Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: a reply to Russell's mistaken critique. Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994) 268-287
21. Foa E.B., Huppert J.D., Leiberg S., Langner R., Kichic R., Hajcak G., and Salkovskis P.M. The obsessive-compulsive inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment 14 (2002) 485-495
22. Haidt J., McCauley C., and Rozin P. Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: a scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences 16 (1994) 701-713
23. Hajcak G., Huppert J.D., Simons R.F., and Foa E.B. Psychometric properties of the OCI-R in a college sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 (2004) 115-123
24. Huppert J.D., Walther M.R., Hajcak G., Yadin E., Foa E.B., Simpson H.B., and Liebowitz M.R. The OCI-R: validation of the subscales in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 (2007) 394-406
25. Jarvis B.G. MediaLab (Version 2002.5) [computer software] (2002), Empirisoft Corporation, New York, NY
26. Jones M.K., and Menzies R.G. The relevance of associative learning pathways in the development of obsessive-compulsive washing. Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 (1998) 273-283
27. Kennedy S.J., Rapee R.M., and Mazurski E.J. Covariation bias for phylogenetic versus ontogenetic fear-relevant stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1997) 415-422
28. Lang P., Bradley M., and Cuthbert B. International affective picture system. Center for research in psychophysiology (1995), University of Florida, Gainsville, FL
29. Lanzetta J.T., and Orr S.P. Stimulus properties of facial expressions and their influence on the classical conditioning of fear. Motivation and Emotion 5 (1981) 225-234
30. Lohr J.M., Olatunji B.O., and Sawchuk C.N. A functional analysis of danger and safety signals in anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review 27 (2007) 114-126
31. Matchett G., and Davey G.C.L. A test of a disease avoidance model of animal phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy 29 (1991) 91-94
32. Matsumoto D. Culture and nonverbal behavior. In: Manusov V., and Patterson M.L. (Eds). The sage handbook of nonverbal communication 219-235 (2006), Sage Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
33. McNally R.J. Cognitive bias in the anxiety disorders. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 43 (1996) 211-250
34. Merckelbach H., and de Jong J. Evolutionary models of phobias. In: Davey G.C.L. (Ed). Phobias: a handbook of description, treatment, and theory (1996), Wiley, Chichester
35. Mineka S., and Öhman A. Born to fear: non-associative vs associative factors in the etiology of phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 (2002) 173-184
36. Mineka S., and Sutton S.K. Cognitive biases and the emotional disorders. Psychological Science 3 (1992) 65-69
37. Mowrer O.H. Learning theory and behavior (1960), Wiley, New York
38. Ohayon M. Editorial: anxiety disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and outcomes. Journal of Psychiatric Research 40 (2006) 475-476
39. Olatunji B.O., Arrindell W.A., and Lohr J.M. Can the sex differences in disgust sensitivity account for the sex differences in blood-injection-injury fears?. Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 61-71
40. Olatunji B.O., Sawchuk C.N., Arrindell W.A., and Lohr J.M. Disgust sensitivity as a mediator of the sex differences in contamination fears. Personality and Individual Differences 38 (2005) 713-722
41. Olatunji B.O., Sawchuk C.N., Lohr J.M., and de Jong P.J. Disgust domains in the prediction of contamination fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 (2004) 93-104
42. Olatunji B.O., Cisler J., Meunier S.A., Connolly K.M., and Lohr J.M. Expectancy bias for fear and disgust and behavioral avoidance in spider fearful individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research 32 (2008) 460-469
43. Olatunji B.O., Connolly K., Lohr J.M., and Elwood L. Access to harm and danger information in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 22 (2008) 57-67
44. Olatunji B.O., Lohr J.M., Sawchuk C.N., and Tolin D.F. Multimodal assessment of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 263-276
45. Olatunji B.O., Lohr J.M., Willems J.L., and Sawchuk C.N. Expectancy bias for disgust and emotional responding in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Stress and Coping: An International Journal 19 (2006) 383-396
46. Olatunji B.O., and Sawchuk C.N. Disgust: characteristic features, social implications, and clinical manifestations. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24 (2005) 932-962
47. Olatunji B.O., Smits J.A.J., Connolly K.M., Willems J., and Lohr J.M. Examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in blood-injection-injury phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 (2007) 445-455
48. Olatunji B.O., Williams N.L., Tolin D.F., Abramowitz J.S., Sawchuk C.N., Lohr J.M., and Elwood L.S. The disgust scale: item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment 19 (2007) 281-297
49. Orr S.P., and Lanzetta J.T. Facial expressions of emotion as conditioned stimuli for human autonomic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (1980) 278-282
50. Pauli P., Montoya P., and Martz G.-E. Covariation bias in panic-prone individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 (1996) 658-662
51. Pauli P., Wiedemann G., and Montoya P. Covariation bias in flight phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 12 (1998) 555-565
52. Plugshaupt T., Mosimann U.P., von Wartburg R., Schmitt W., Nyffeler T., and Müri R.M. Hypervigilance-avoidance pattern in spider phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 19 (2005) 105-116
53. Pury C.L.S., and Mineka S. Covariation bias for blood-injury stimuli and aversive outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1997) 35-47
54. Rachman S. Fear of contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 (2004) 1227-1255
55. Rasmussen S.A., and Eisen J.L. The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15 (1992) 743-758
56. Rozin P., Haidt J., and McCauley C.R. Disgust. In: Lewis M., and Haviland J.M. (Eds). Handbook of emotions (1993), Guilford Publications, New York
57. Schmidt N.B., and Lerew D.R. Prospective evaluation of perceived control, predictability, and anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 24 (2002) 207-214
58. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R., Vog V.R., and Jacobs G.A. The state-trait anxiety inventory for adults (1983), Consulting Psychologists Press Inc., Palo Alto, CA
59. Sternberger L.G., and Burns G.L. Obsessions and compulsions: psychometric properties of the Padua inventory with an American college population. Behaviour Research and Therapy 28 (1990) 341-345
60. Taylor S. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond behavior therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 34 (2007) 129-130
61. Thordarson D.S., Radomsky A.S., Rachman S., Shafran R., Sawchuk C.N., and Hakistian A.R. The Vancouver obsessional compulsive inventory (VOCI). Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 (2004) 1289-1314
62. Tomarken A.J., Mineka S., and Cook M. Fear-relevant selective associations and covariation bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98 (1989) 381-394
63. Tomarken A.J., Sutton S.K., and Mineka S. Fear-relevant illusory correlations: what types of associations promote judgmental bias?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (1995) 312-326
64. Wild B., Erb M., and Bartels M. Are emotions contagious? Evoked emotions while viewing emotionally expressive faces: quality, quantity, time course and gender differences. Psychiatry Research 102 (2001) 109-124
65. Woody S.R., and Teachman B.A. Intersection of disgust and fear: normative and pathological views. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 7 (2000) 291-311
66. Woody S.R., and Tolin D.F. The relationship between disgust sensitivity and avoidant behavior: studies of clinical and non-clinical samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 16 (2002) 543-559