Brotherhood or brothers in the 'hood'? Debunking the 'educated gang' thesis as black fraternity and sorority slander

Race Ethnicity and Education

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 443-463

  Hughey, Matthew W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; Culture; Fraternity; Gangs; Identity; Racism; Sorority

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; RACISM; SOCIAL STRUCTURE;

EID: 57049177866     PISSN: 13613324     EISSN: 1470109X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13613320802479026     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Baier, J. L. and Whipple, E. G. (1990) Greek values and attitudes: A comparison with independents. NASPA Journal, 28:1, pp. 43-53.
2. Ball, R. A. and Curry, G. D. (1995) The logic of definition in criminology: Purposes and methods for defining gangs. Criminology, 33, pp. 225-245.
3. Banks, W. M. (1996) Black intellectuals: Race and responsibility in American life, W.W. Norton & Co, New York
4. Bennett, J. T. (2008) Stepping up: From Jim Crow to the Jena 6: Black Greek-letter organizations continue to make an impact on history. Ebony Magazine, 63:4, pp. 104-108.
5. Black, T., Belknap, J. and Ginsburg, J. (2005) Racism, sexism, and aggression: A study of black and white fraternities. African-American fraternities and sororities: The legacy and the vision, pp. 363-392. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY
6. Blumer, H. (1958) Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociological Review, 1:1, pp. 3-7.
7. Boeringer, S. B. (1999) Associations of rape-supportive attitudes with fraternal and athletic participation. Violence Against Women, 5:1, pp. 81-90.
8. Bourdieu, P. (2002) Cultural power. Cultural sociology, pp. 69-76. Blackwell, Malden, MA
9. Boyd-Franklin, N. and Franklin, A. J. (2000) Boys into men: Raising our African-American teenage sons, Dutton Books, New York
10. Brown, T. L., Parks, G. S. and Phillips, C. M. (2005) African-American fraternities and sororities: The legacy and the vision, University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY
11. Burt, J. and Halpin, G. (1998) African-American identity development: A review of the literature. Paper presented at the meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association New Orleans
12. Campbell, A. (1984) The girls in the gang, Blackwell, New York
13. Chambliss, W. J. (1973) The saints and the roughnecks. Society, 11:1, pp. 24-31.
14. Clarke, K. B. (1965) Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power, Harper and Row, New York
15. Cohen, S. (1973) Folk devils and moral panics, Palladin, London
16. Collins, P. H. (1998) Fighting words: Black women and the search for justice, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
17. Copenhaver, S. and Grauerholz, E. (1991) Sexual victimization among sorority women: Exploring the link between sexual violence and institutional practices. Sex Roles, 24:102, pp. 31-41.
18. Cottle, S. (2000) Ethnic minorities and the media, Open University Press, Philadelphia
19. Decker, S. H. and Kempf-Leonard, K. (1991) Constructing gangs: Social definition and youth activities. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 5, pp. 271-291.
20. Dimitriadis, G. (2003) Friendship, cliques, and gangs: Young black men coming of age in urban America, Teachers College Press, Columbia University, NY
21. Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903) The talented tenth. The Negro problem: A series of articles by representative Negroes of today, pp. 31-76. J. Pott & Co, New York
22. Duneier, M. (1992) Slim's table: Race, respectability, and masculinity, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
23. Elias, N. (1969) The court society, University College Dublin Press, Dublin
24. Feagin, J. (1991) The continuing significance of race: Antiblack discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 56:1, pp. 101-116.
25. Foucault, M. (1998) Technologies of the self: A seminar with Michel Foucault, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA
26. Gardner, S. (1993) Street gangs, Franklin Watts, New York
27. Gates Jr., H. L. (1987) Authority, (white) power and the (black) critic; It's all Greek to me. Cultural Critique, 7, pp. 19-46.
28. Geraghy, M. (1997) Hazing incidents at sororities alarm colleges. Chronicle of Higher Education, 43:41, pp. 37-38.
29. Hall, S. (1991) Ethnicity: Identity and difference. Radical America, 32:4, pp. 9-20.
30. Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clark, J. and Roberts, B. (1978) Policing the crisis, Macmillan, London
31. Hare, N. and Hare, J. (1985) Bringing the black boy to manhood: The passage, Black Think Tank, San Francisco
32. Hayden, T. (2004) Street wars: Gangs and the future of violence, New Press, New York
33. Hennessy, N. J. and Huson, L. M. (1998) Legal issues and Greek-letter organizations. New challenges for Greek-letter organizations: Transforming fraternities and sororities into learning communities, pp. 61-77. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
34. Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994) The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life, The Free Press, New York
35. hooks, b. (1990) Yearning: Race, gender, and cultural politics, South End Press, Boston
36. hooks, b. (1990) Postmodern blackness. Postmodern Culture
37. hooks, b. (1995) Art on my mind, New Press, New York
38. Howard, D. (2004) Social construction of meaning, gangs and fraternities in Atlanta. University of Cincinnati
39. Huff, R. (2002) Gangs in America, III, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
40. Hughey, M. W. (2006) Black, White, Greek ... Like who? Howard University student perceptions of a white fraternity on campus. Educational Foundations, 20:1, pp. 9-35.
41. Hughey, M. W. (2008) Cuz I'm young and I'm black and my hat's real low'?: A critique of Black Greeks as 'educated gangs. Black Greek-letter organizations in the twenty-first century: Our fight has just begun, pp. 385-417. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
42. Hughey, M. W. (2008) Fraternities and sororities. Encyclopedia of race, ethnicity, and society, 1, pp. 508-512. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
43. Hughey, M. W. and Parks, G. S. African-American fraternities and sororities: Empirical and critical studies
44. Jackson, P. and Rudman, C. (1993) Moral panic and the response to gangs in California. Gangs: The origins and impact of contemporary youth gangs in the United States, pp. 257-276. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
45. Janjowski, M. S. (1991) Islands in the streets: Gangs and American urban society, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA
46. Jones, R. (2004) Black haze: Violence, sacrifice and manhood in Black Greek-letter fraternities, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
47. Kimbrough, W. (2003) Black Greek 101: The culture, customs, and challenges of Black fraternities and sororities, Rosemont Publishing, Cranbury, NJ
48. Kimbrough, W. and Hutcheson, P. (1998) The impact of membership in Black Greek-letter organizations on Black students' involvement in collegiate activities and their development of leadership skills. Journal of Negro Education, 67:2, pp. 96-105.
49. Klein, M. W. (1995) The American street gang: Its nature, prevalence, and control. Oxford University Press, New York
50. Klein, M. W. (2006) Chasing after street gangs: A forty-year journey, Prentice Hall, New York
51. Kuh, G. D. and Arnold, J. C. (1992) Brotherhood and the bottle: A cultural analysis of the role of alcohol in fraternities, Center for the Study of the College Fraternity, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
52. Kuh, G. D., Pascarella, E. T. and Wechsleer, H. (1996) The questionable value of fraternities. Chronicle of Higher Education, 434:4, p. A68.
53. Levitt, S. D. and Venkatesh, S. A. (2000) An economic analysis of a drug-selling gang's finances. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115:3, pp. 755-789.
54. Lewis, O. (1966) La Vida: A Puerto Rican family in the culture of poverty - San Juan and New York, Frederick A. Praeger, New York
55. Lyon, J.-M., Henggeler, S. and Hall, J. A. (1992) The family relations and criminal activities of Caucasian and Hispanic-American gang members. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20:5, pp. 439-449.
56. Majors, R. and Billson, J. M. (1992) Cool pose: The dilemmas of Black manhood in America, Touchstone, New York
57. Martinez, M. (2001) Analyzing college fraternities and gangs to investigate and compare. University of Colorado
58. Masiello, C. (2006) Labeling and deviance: Fraternities and gangs. Department of Criminal Justice, Pace University, New York, USA
59. McCorkle, R. C. and Miethe, T. D. (2001) Panic: The social construction of the street gang problem, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
60. McCoy, M. L. (2005) Calls: An inquiry into their origin, meaning, and function. African-American fraternities and sororities: The legacy and the vision, pp. 295-314. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY
61. McKee, C. W. (1987) Understanding the diversity of the Greek world. Fraternities and sororities on the contemporary college campus, pp. 21-35. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
62. Meadows, L. J. (2006) The Greek life: A crash course in the basics of Black Greek-letter organizations. CollegeView, Fisk University, Nashville
63. Mercer, K. (1994) Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black cultural studies, Routledge, New York
64. Miller, W. B. (1958) Lower-class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. Journal of Social Issues, 14:3, pp. 5-19.
65. Miller, W. B. (1982) Crime by youth gangs and groups in the United States. Report to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, US Department of Justice Washington, DC
66. Moynihan, P. (1965) The negro family: The case for national action, Office of Policy Planning and Research, United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC
67. Nealy, M. J. (2007) Black Greeks: A legacy in peril?. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 24:20, p. 54.
68. Nuwer, H. (1990) Broken pledges: The deadly rite of hazing, Longstreet Press, Athens, GA
69. Nuwer, H. (1999) Wrongs of passage, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN
70. Nuwer, H. (2004) The hazing reader, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN
71. O'Connor, R. M., Cooper, S. E. and Thiel, W. S. (1996) Alcohol use as a predictor of potential fraternity membership. Journal of College Student Development, 37, pp. 669-675.
72. Oehme, C. G. (1997) Gangs, groups and crime: Perceptions and responses of community organizations, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, NC
73. Palmer, C. T. and Tilley, C. F. (1995) Sexual access to females as motivation for joining gangs: An evolutionary approach. The Journal of Sex Research, 32:3, pp. 213-217.
74. Parks, G. S. (2008) Our fight has just begun: The relevance of Black fraternities and sororities in the 21st century, University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY
75. Parks, G. S. and Brown, T. L. (2005) In the fell clutch of circumstance: Pledging and the Black Greek experience. African-American fraternities and sororities: The legacy and the vision, pp. 437-464. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY
76. Pinkerton, C. J. (2000) Fraternities, sororities, and gangs: A grounded theory comparison. State University of West Georgia
77. Posey, S. M. (2004) Burning messages: Interpreting African-American fraternity brands and their bearers. Voices, 30:3
78. Posey, S. M. (2005) The body art of brotherhood. African-American fraternities and sororities: The legacy and the vision, pp. 269-294. The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY
79. Prothrow-Stith, D. and Weissman, M. (1993) Deadly consequences: How violence is destroying our teenage population and a plan to begin solving the problem, HarperCollins, New York
80. Puffer, J. A. (1912) The boy and his gang, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA
81. Reed Jr., A. L. (2002) Black particularity reconsidered. Is it nation time? Contemporary essays on Black power and Black nationalism, pp. 39-66. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
82. Rhoads, R. A. (1995) Whales tales, dog piles, and beer goggles: An ethnographic case study of fraternity life. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 26:3, pp. 306-323.
83. Ross Jr., L. C. (2000) The divine nine: The history of African-American fraternities and sororities, Dafina Books, New York
84. Saxton, T. M. (2003) The hazing practices of Black fraternities located on White campuses: The interplay of racism, masculinity, and male violence. University of North Carolina at Greensboro
85. Schaefer, D. (2004) Perceptual biases, graffiti and fraternity crime: Points of deflection that distort social justice. Critical Criminology, 12, pp. 179-193.
86. (1988) School daze, Mule Filmworks, Columbia Pictures, New York, Forty Acres
87. Schroth, R. A. (1997) Brotherhood of death. America, 177:11, pp. 6-7.
88. Sedlecek, W. E. and Brooks, G. C. (1976) Racism in American education: A model for change, Nelson-Hall, Chicago, IL
89. Skocpol, T., Liazos, A. and Ganz, M. (2006) What a mighty power we can be: African-American fraternal groups and the struggle for racial equality, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
90. Spergel, I. (1983) Violent gangs in Chicago: Segmentation and integration, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
91. Spergel, I. A. (1995) The youth gang problem: A community approach, Oxford University Press, New York
92. (2007) Rainforest Films, Sony Pictures' Screen Gems. Stomp the Yard
93. Suskind, R. (1998) Hope in the unseen: An American odyssey from the inner city to the Ivy League, Broadway Books, New York
94. Thrasher, F. (1927) The gang: A study of 1313 gangs in Chicago, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
95. Turk, A. (1969) Criminality and legal order, Rand McNally, Chicago
96. Venkatesh, S. A. (1998) Gender and outlaw capitalism: A historical account of the Black Sisters United 'girl gang'. Signs, 23:3, pp. 683-709.
97. Virgil, J. D. (1988) Barrio gangs, University of Austin Press, Austin, TX
98. Virgil, J. D. (1996) Street baptism: Chicano gang initiation. Human Organization, 55:2, pp. 149-153.
99. Weisel, D. L. (2002) Contemporary gangs: An organizational analysis, LFB Scholarly Publishing, New York
100. West, C. (1999) The new cultural politics of difference. The Cornel West Reader, pp. 119-148. Basic Civitas Books, New York
101. Wood, M. (2007) We demand justice for the Jena 6!. Press release of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.
102. Wright, E. (1996) Torn togas: The dark side of campus Greek life, Fairview Press, Minneapolis