Sustainable Design: The Science of Sustainability and Green Engineering

Sustainable Design: The Science of Sustainability and Green Engineering

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-332

  Vallero, Daniel ^a   Brasier, Chris ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 57049177743     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470259603     Document Type: Book

References (137)

1. Attributed to A. Einstein, this quote appears in numerous publications without a source of citation.
2. L. Kim, "Dr. Willis Carrier: 20th century man," Central New York Business Journal, February 19, 1999.
3. W. McDonough and M. Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, North Point Press, New York, 2002, p. 165.
4. Of course, this is not correct to a chemist, since water is indeed a solvent.
5. S. Mendler, W. Odell, and M. A. Lazarus, The HOK Guidebook to Sustainable Design, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2006.
6. LEED for New Construction: Version 2.2 Reference Guide, U.S. Green Building Council, Washington, DC, 2006.
7. In F. Hesselbein, Leading for Innovation and Organizing for Results, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 2001.
8. J. Kao, Innovation Manifesto, self-published, San Francisco, CA, 2002.
9. D. Pink, A Whole New Mind: Moving from the Information Age to the Conceptual Age, Riverhead Books, published by Penguin Group, New York, 2005.
10. This paragraph is inspired by and is an annotation of words and ideas of William McDonough in lectures and the film The 11th Hour.
11. J. M. Benyus, Biomimicry, William Morrow, New York, 1997, p. 3.
12. B. Mau, Massive Change, Phaidon Press, New York, 2004, p. 91.
13. Alex Steffen, Ed., World Changing: A User's Guide to the 21st Century, Abrams, New York, 2006, p. 127.
14. "ThinkCycle: open collaborative design," http://www.thinkcycle.org/about, accessed August 29, 2007.
15. Steffen, World Changing, p. 125.
16. Architectural Record, August 2007.
17. An ideal gas is one that conforms to Boyle's law and that has zero heat of free expansion (i.e., conforms to Charles' law).
18. Even solids can be fluids at a very large scale. For example, in plate tectonics and other expansive geological processes, solid rock will flow, albeit very slowly.
19. From C. Lee and S. Lin, Eds., Handbook of Environmental Engineering Calculations, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999.
20. Newton actually coinvented the calculus with Gottfried Willhelm Leibniz in the seventeenth century. Both are credited with devising the symbolism and the system of rules for computing derivatives and integrals, but their notation and emphases differed. A debate rages as to who did what first, but both of these giants had good reason to revise the language of science (i.e., mathematics) to explain motion.
21. National Academy of Engineering, The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2004.
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28. Stokes, Pasteur's Quadrant, pp. 70-73.
29. S. Kelman, "Cost-benefit analysis: an ethical critique," Regulation, 5 (1), 33-40, 1981.
30. This is also known as proof by contradiction.
31. American Society of Civil Engineers, Code of Ethics, adopted 1914 and most recently amended November 10, 1996, ASCE, Washington, DC, 1996.
32. D. L. Davis, "Air pollution risks to children: a global environmental health problem," Environmental Manager, pp. 31-37 February 2000
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35. The principal sources for this case are M. W. Martin and R. Schinzinger, Ethics in Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996
36. C. B. Fledderman, Engineering Ethics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999.
37. W. Moore, "Analysis: Chlorine tankers too risky for rails?" Sacramento Bee, February 20, 2005.
38. See S. B. Billatos, Green Technology and design for the Environment, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, 1997
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40. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Remediation Guidance Document, EPA-905-B94-003, Chapter 7, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, 2003.
41. An article that will introduce the reader to life-cycle analysis is by J. K. Smith and J. J. Peirce, "Life cycle assessment standards: industrial sectors and environmental performance," International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 1(2), 115-118, 1996.
42. This transcends zoning. Certainly, the designer should be certain that the planned facility adheres to the zoning ordinances, land-use plans, and maps of state and local agencies. However, it behooves all professionals to collaborate, hopefully before any land is purchased and contractors are retained. Councils of government (COGs) and other "A-95" organizations can be rich resources when considering options on siting. They can help avoid the need for problems long before implementation, to say nothing of contentious zoning appeal and planning commission meetings and perception problems at public hearings. Accessibility to services is attractive, but the adverse aspects of facilities providing the services, e.g. adors and noise near a factory, are likely to be avoided by the public.
43. Numerous textbooks address the topic of incineration in general and hazardous waste incineration in particular. For example, see C. N. Haas and R. J. Ramos, Hazardous and IndustrialWaste Treatment, Prentice Hall, Upper Seddle River, NJ, 1995
44. C. A. Wentz, Hazardous Waste Management, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989
45. J. J. Peirce, R. F. Weiner, and P. A. Vesilind, Environmental Pollution and Control, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA, 1998.
46. Biffward Programme on Sustainable Resource Use, "Thermal methods of municipal waste treatment," http://www.biffa.co.uk/pdfs/massbalance/Thermowaste. pdf, 2003.
47. J. Lee, D. Fournier, Jr., C. King, S. Venkatesh, and C. Goldman, Project Summary: Evaluation of Rotary Kiln Incinerator Operation at Low-to-Moderate Temperature Conditions, EPA/600/SR-96/105, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, 1997.
48. L. Stieglitz, G. Zwick, J. Beck, H. Bautz, and W. Roth, Chemosphere, 19, 283, 1989.
49. For discussion of the transport of dioxins, see C. Koester and R. Hites, "Wet and dry deposition of chlorinated dioxins and furans," Environmental Science and Technology, 26, 1375-1382, 1992
50. R. Hites, 1991, "Atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans," EPA/600/3-91/002, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC.
51. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, 4th ed., FRTR, 2002.
52. A principal source for all of the thermal discussions is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's, Remediation Guidance Document, EPA-905-B94-003, Chapter 7, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, 2003.
53. S. J. Ergas, and K. A. Kinney. Air and Waste Management Association, "Biological control systems," in Air Pollution Control Manual, 2nd ed., W. T. Davis, Ed., Wiley, New York, 2000, pp. 55-65.
54. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Pollution Prevention Directive, May 13, 1990, quoted by H. Freeman et al. in "Industrial pollution prevention: a critical review," presented at the Air and Waste Management Association Meeting, Kansas City, MO, 1992.
55. S. Richardson, "pollution prevention in textile wet processing: an approach and case studies" Proceedings of Environmental Challenges of the 1990's, EPA/66/9-90/039, September 1990.
56. N. P. Cheremisinoff, Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, 2003.
57. National Academy of Engineering, The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 50-51.
58. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Green engineering", http://www. epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/, 2006, accessed June 13, 2006.
59. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, http://www.eng.vt.edu/green/Program.php, 2006, accessed June 13, 2006.
60. This definition comes from theWorcester Polytechnic Institute, http://www .wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/CHE/About/definition.html.
61. R. Ludlow, "Green architecture," Environmental Studies 399 Senior Capstone, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/environmental-studies/courses/es-399%20home/es-399-04/Projects /Ludlow Project/place.html, accessed August 5, 2007. Cited within this quote: J. Kennedy, Ed., Natural Buildings: Design, Construction, Resources, New Society Publishers, Vancouver, Canada, 2002.
62. D. Gissen, Ed., Big and Green: Toward Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Century, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2002.
63. A. Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, 1949, reprinted by Oxford University Press, New York, 1987.
64. E. Birmingham, 1998, Position Paper: "Reframing the ruins: Pruitt-Igoe, structural racism, and African American rhetoric as a space for cultural critique," Brandenburgische Technische Universität, Cottbus, Germany, 1998
65. C. Jencks, The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, 5th ed., Rizzoli, New York, 1987.
66. A. von Hoffman, Why They Built Pruitt-Igoe. Taubman Centre Publications, A. Alfred Taubman Centre for State and Local Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
67. J. Bailey, A case history of failure, Architectural Forum, 122(9), 1965.
68. See, for example, D. A. Vallero, "Teachable moments and the tyranny of the syllabus: September 11 case," Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 129(2), 100-105, 2002.
69. C. Mitcham and R. S. Duval, "Responsibility in engineering", Chapter 8 in Engineering Ethics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
70. C. B. Fleddermann, "Safety and risk," Chapter 5 in, Engineering Ethics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999.
71. United Nations, World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, 1987.
72. Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 2nd ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1970.
73. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Professional Practice Curriculum: "Sustainability," http://www.professionalpractice.asme.org/communications/sustainability/index.htm, 2004, accessed November 2, 2004.
74. The source for this discussion is S. B. Billatos and N. A. Basaly, Green Technology and Design for the Environment, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA, 1997.
75. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "What is green engineering?" http://www.epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/whats ge.html, 2004, accessed November 2, 2004.
76. See: Billatos and Basaly, Green Technology and Design for the Environment; and V. Allada, "Preparing engineering students to meet the ecological challenges through sustainable product design," Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Engineering Education, Taipei, Taiwan, 2000.
77. C. B. Fleddermann, Engineering Ethics, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2004.
78. B. Allenby, presentation of this collection as well as the later discussions regarding macro-and microethics, presented at the National Academy of Engineering Workshop, Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues, Washington, DC, October 14-15, 2003.
79. L. Kohlberg, Child Psychology and Childhood Education: A Cognitive-Developmental View, Longman Press, New York, 1987.
80. J. B. Bassingthwaighte, "The Physiome Project: the macroethics of engineering toward health," The Bridge, 32 (3), 24-29, 2002.
81. J. R. Herkert, "Microethics, macroethics, and professional engineering societies," in Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues in Engineering, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 107-114.
82. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs: Effective for Evaluations During the 2004-2005 Accreditation Cycle, ABET, Baltimore, MD, 2003.
83. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, "Glossary," http://www.sei.cmu.edu/opensystems/welcome.html; accessed August 9, 2007.
84. These criteria were provided by John Crittenden, Arizona State University.
85. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, "Sustainability: engineering tools," http://www.professionalpractice.asme.org/business functions/suseng/1.htm, 2005, accessed January 10, 2006.
86. I. Kant, 1785, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, translated by L. W. Beck, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, IN, 1951.
87. Ian McHarg, Design with Nature, Wiley, New York, 1969.
88. C. P. Snow, The Search, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1959.
89. The principal source for this discussion is B. Cooper, J. Hayes, and S. LeRoy, "Science fiction or science fact? The grizzly biology behind Parks Canada management models," Frasier Institute Critical Issues Bulletin, Vancouver, Canada, 2002.
90. Articles included: S. A. Karl and B. W. Bowen, "Evolutionary significant units versus geopolitical taxonomy: molecular systematics of an endangered sea turtle (genus Chelonia)," pp. 990-999
91. P. C. H. Pritchard, "Comments on evolutionary significant units versus geopolitical taxonomy," pp. 1000-1003
92. J. M. Grady and J. M. Quattro, "Using character concordance to define taxonomic and conservation units," pp. 1004-1007
93. K. Shrader-Frechette and E. D. McCoy, "Molecular systematics, ethics, and biological decision making under uncertainty," pp. 1008-1010
94. B. W. Bowen and S. A. Karl, " In war, truth is the first casualty," pp. 1013-1016: Conservation Biology, 13(5), 1999.
95. Bowen and Karl, "In war," p. 1015.
96. Shrader-Frechette and McCoy, "Molecular systematics," p. 1012.
97. Kant, Foundations.
98. National Society for Professional Engineering, "NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers," http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-code.asp, 2003, accessed January 8, 2006.
99. T. L. Beauchamp and J. F. Childress, "Moral norms," in Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
100. B. Gert, Common Morality: Deciding What to Do, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004.
101. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Professional Practice Curriculum, "Engineering ethics,": http://www.professionalpractice.asme.org/engineering/ethics/0b.htm, 2006, accessed April 10, 2006.
102. Note that this is not the reasonable engineer standard. This standard adds an onus to the profession: Not only should an action be acceptable to one's peers in the profession but also to those outside engineering. An action could very well be legal, and even professionally permissible, but may still fall below the ethical threshold if reasonable people consider it to be wrong.
103. L. Kohlberg, The Philosophy of Moral Development, Vol. 1, Harper & Row, San Francisco, CA, 1981.
104. J. Piaget, The Moral Judgment of the Child, Free Press, New York, 1965.
105. J. R. Rest, Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory, Praeger, New York, 1986
106. J. D. Rest, D. Narvaez, M. J. Bebeau, and S. J. Thoma, Postconventional Moral Thinking: A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1999.
107. R. Duska and M. Whelan, Moral Development: A Guide to Piaget and Kohlberg, Paulist Press, New York, 1975.
108. Hence, the engineering profession's emphasis on experience and mentorship.
109. J. A. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1785, and Kant, Foundations, 1785.
110. Foreword to The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1944.
111. Martin Luther King, "Letter from Birmingham Jail," in Why We Can't Wait, HarperCollins, New York, 1963.
112. Presidential Executive Order 12898, "Federal actions to address environmental justice in minority populations and low-income populations" February 11, 1994.
113. For example, this is the fourth canon of the American Society of Civil Engineers' Code of Ethics, adopted in 1914 and most recently amended November 10, 1996. This canon reads: "Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest."
114. Even this is a challenge for environmental justice communities, since certain sectors of society are less likely to visit hospitals or otherwise receive early health care attention. This is not only a problem of assessment, but can lead to more serious, long-term problems compared to those of the general population.
115. W. Burke, D. Atkins, M. Gwinn, A. Guttmacher, J. Haddow, J. Lau, G. Palomaki, N. Press, C. S. Richards, L.Wideroff, and G. L.Wiesner. "Genetic test evaluation: information needs of clinicians, policy makers, and the public," American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 311-318, 2002.
116. Institute of Medicine, Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 1999.
117. This harkens back to the Constitution's requirement of equal protection.
118. Pronounced "Fonzy" like that of the nickname for the character Arthur Fonzerelli, portrayed by Henry Winkler in the television show, Happy Days.
119. This is understandable if the agency is in the business of something not directly related to environmental work, but even the natural resources and environmental agencies have asserted that there is no significant impact to their projects. It causes the cynic to ask, then, why they are engaged in any project that has no significant impact. The answer is that the term significant impact is really understood to mean "significant adverse impact" to the human environment.
120. I attribute this quote to Timothy Kubiak, one of Professor Caldwell's former graduate students in Indiana University's Environmental Policy Program. Kubiak has since gone on to become a successful environmental policymaker in his own right, first at EPA and then at the Fish and Wildlife Service.
121. B. B. Marriott, "Land use and development," Chapter 5 in Environmental Impact Assessment: A Practical Guide, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.
122. See: M. Ritzdorf, 1997, "Locked out of paradise: contemporary exclusionary zoning, the Supreme Court, and African Americans, 1970 to the present," in Urban Planning and the African American Community: In the Shadows, J. M. Thomas and M. Ritzdorf, Eds., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1997.
123. Commission for Racial Justice, United Church of Christ, Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States, UCC, 1987.
124. Presidential Executive Order 12898.
125. National Academy of Engineering, Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the New Century, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2005.
126. Kant, Foundations.
127. For a complete explanation of the Henry's law constant, including how it is calculated and example problems, see Chapter 3.
128. The major source for this discussion is D. A. Vallero and P. A. Vesilind, Socially Responsible Engineering: Justice in Risk Management, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2006.
129. A. C. Smith, W. P. Diamond, and J. A. Organiscak, "Bleederless ventilation systems as a spontaneous combustion control measure in U.S. coal mines", U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 9377, NTIS PB94-152816, Washington, DC, 1994.
130. M. A. Trevits, A. C. Smith, A. Ozment, J. B. Walsh, and M. R. Thibou. "Application of gas-enhanced foam at the Excel No. 3 mine fire," Proceedings of the National Coal Show, Pittsburgh, PA, June 7-9, 2005, Mining Media, Inc., Denver, CO, 2005.
131. C. Sabine, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, 2004, quoted in http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2004/s2261.htm, accessed August 26, 2007.
132. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations. IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, approved and accepted by IPCC Working Group III and the 24th Session of the IPCC in Montreal, Canada, September 26, 2005.
133. Richard Tarnas, Cosmos and Psyche: Intimation of a New World View, Viking, New York, 2006, p. 483.
134. Paul Hawken, Blessed Unrest, Viking Penquin, New York, 2007.
135. W. McDonough and M. Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Thing, North Point Press, New York, 2002.
136. Stephen Kieran and James Timberlake, Refabricating Architecture: How Manufacturing Metholologies Are Poised to Transform Building Construction, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004.
137. 2003/2004 Duke University Facilities Management Annual Report, p. 38.