Do ridge-ridge-fault triple junctions exist on Earth? Evidence from the Aden-Owen-Carlsberg junction in the NW Indian Ocean

Basin Research

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 575-590

  Fournier, Marc ^a,b   Petit, C ^b   Chamot Rooke, N ^a   Fabbri, O ^c   Huchon, P ^b   Maillot, B ^d   Lepvrier, C ^b  

^a ECOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE FRANCHE COMTÉ   (France)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE CERGY PONTOISE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRACTURE ZONE; PLATE BOUNDARY; PLATE MOTION; PREDICTION; TRANSFORM FAULT; TRIPLE JUNCTION;

ARABIAN SEA; ATLANTIC OCEAN; AZORES TRIPLE JUNCTION; CARLSBERG RIDGE; EAST PACIFIC RISE; INDIAN OCEAN; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; OWEN RIDGE; PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 57049101852     PISSN: 0950091X     EISSN: 13652117     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00356.x     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Argus, D.F., Gordon, R.G., DeMets, C. & Stein, S. (1989) Closure of the Africa-North America plate motion circuit and tectonics of the Gloria fault. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5585-5602.
2. Barton, P.J., Owen, T.R.E. & White, R.S. (1990) The deep structure of the east Oman continental margin: Preliminary results and interpretation. Tectonophysics, 173, 319-331.
3. Bellahsen, N., Fournier, M., d'Acremont, E., Leroy, S. & Daniel, J.-M. (2006) Fault reactivation and rift localization: The northeastern Gulf of Aden margin. Tectonics, 25, doi:10.1029/2004TC001626
4. Beurrier, M. (1987) Géologie de la nappe ophiolitique de Semail dans les parties orientales et centrales de l'Oman, Thèse Doc. Etat, University of Paris 6, 406pp.
5. Bird, R.T. & Naar, D.F. (1994) Intratransform origins of midocean ridge microplates. Geology, 22, 987-990.
6. Bird, R.T., Naar, D.F., Larson, R.L., Searle, R.C. & Scotese, C.R. (1998) Plate tectonic reconstructions of the Juan Fernandez microplate: transformation from internal shear to rigid rotation. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7049-7067.
7. Briais, A., Aslanian, D., Géli, L. & Ondréas, H. (2002) Analysis of propagators along the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge: evidence for triggering by kinematic changes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199, 415-428.
8. Bunce, E.T., Langseth, M.G., Chase, R.L. & Ewing, M. (1967) Structure of the Western Somali Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 72, 2547-2555.
9. Cann, J.R., Blackman, D.K., Smith, D.K., McAllister, E., Janssen, B., Mello, S., Avgerinos, E., Pascoe, A.R. & Escartin, J. (1997) Corrugated slip surfaces formed at ridge-transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature, 385, 329-332.
10. Cannat, M., Sauter, D., Mendel, V., Ruellan, E., Okino, K., Escartin, J., Combier, V. & Baala, M. (2006) Modes of sea floor generation at a melt-poor ultraslow-spreading ridge. Geology, 34, 605-608.
11. Chaubey, A.K., Dyment, J., Bhattacharya, G.C., Royer, J.-Y., Srinivas, K. & Yatheesh, V. (2002) Paleogene magnetic isochrons and paleo-propagators in the Arabian and Eastern Somali basins, Northwest Indian Ocean. In: The Tectonic & Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region (Ed. by P. Clift, D. Kroon, C. Gaedicke & J. Craig), Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 195, 71-85.
12. Chamot-Rooke, N., Jestin, F. & De Voogd, B. the Phèdre Working Group. (1993) Intraplate shortening in the central Indian Ocean determined from 2100-km-long north-south deep seismic re ection pro le. Geology, 21, 1043-1046.
13. Cochran, J.R. (1981) The Gulf of Aden: Structure and evolution of a young ocean basin and continental margin. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 263-287.
14. Cochran, J.R. (1982) The magnetic quiet zone in the eastern of the Gulf of Aden: Implications for the early development of the continental margin. Geophys. J. Royal Astronom. Soc., 68, 171-201.
15. Cochran, J.R. (1988) Somali Basin, Chain Ridge, and origin of the Northern Somali Basin gravity and geoid low. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 11985-12008.
16. Cochran, J.R. (1990) Himalayan uplift, sea level, and the record of Bengal Fan sedimentation at the ODP LEG 116 Sites. Proc. Ocean Drilling Progr. Sci. Res., 116, 397-414.
17. d'Acremont, E., Leroy, S., Beslier, M.-O., Bellahsen, N., Fournier, M., Robin, C., Maia, M. & Gente, P. (2005) Structure and evolution of the eastern Gulf of Aden conjugate margins from seismic reflection data. Geophys. J. Int., 160, 869-890.
18. d'Acremont, E., Leroy, S., Maia, M., Patriat, P., Beslier, M.-O., Bellahsen, N., Fournier, M. & Gente, P. (2006) Structure and evolution of the eastern Gulf of Aden: Insights from magnetic and gravity data (Encens Sheba Cruise). Geophys. J. Int., 165, 786-803.
19. Delescluse, M. & Chamot-Rooke, N. (2007) Instantaneous deformation and kinematics of the India-Australia Plate. Geophys. J. Int., 168, 818-842.
20. DeMets, C. (2008) Arabia's slow danse with India. Nat. Geosci., 1, 10-11, doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.56
21. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F. & Stein, S. (1990) Current plate motions. Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425-478.
22. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F. & Stein, S. (1994) Effect of recent revisions of the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191-2194.
23. Dyment, J. (1993) Evolution of the Indian Ocean Triple junction between 65 and 49Ma (anomalies 28 to 21). J. Geophys. Res., 98, 13863-13877.
24. Dziewonski, A.M., Chou, T.A. & Woodhouse, J.H. (1981) Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2825-2852.
25. Edwards, R.A., Minshull, T. & White, R.S. (2000) Extension across the Indian-Arabian plate boundary: The Murray Ridge. Geophys. J. Int., 142, 461-477.
26. Einarsson, P. (1986) Seismicity along the eastern margin of the North American plate. In: The Geology of North America: Vol. M, The Western North Atlantic Region (Ed. by P.R. Vogt & B.E. Tucholke), pp. 99-116. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
27. Ellouz-Zimmermann, N., Lallemant, S., Castilla, R., Mouchot, N., Leturmy, P., Battani, A., Buret, C., Cherel, L., Desaubliaux, G., Deville, E., Ferrand, J., Luqcke, A., Mahieux, G., Mascle, G., Muhr, P., Pierson-Wickmann, A., Robion, P., Schmitz, J., Danish, M., Hasanv, S., Shahzad, A. & Tabreez, A. (2007) Offshore frontal part of the Makran Accretionary prism: The Chamak survey (Pakistan). In: Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins -From Fold Kinematics to Hydrocarbon System, Frontiers in Earth Science Series (Ed. by O. Lacombe, J. Lavé, F. Roure & J. Vergés), pp. 351-366. Springer, Heidelberg.
28. Engdahl, E.R., van der Hilst, R. & Buland, R. (1998) Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 722-743.
29. Falconer, R.K.H. (1972) The Indian-Antarctic-Pacific Triple Junction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 17, 151-158.
30. Fernandes, R.M.S., Bastos, L., Miranda, J.M., Lourenço, N., Ambrosius, B.A.C., Noomen, R. & Simons, W. (2006) Defining the plate boundaries in the Azores region. J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 156, 1-9.
31. Fournier, M., Bellahsen, N., Fabbri, O. & Gunnell, Y. (2004) Oblique rifting and segmentation of the NE Gulf of Aden passive margin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q11005, doi:10.1029/2004GC000731
32. Fournier, M., Chamot-Rooke, N., Petit, C., Fabbri, O., Huchon, P., Maillot, B. & Lepvrier, C. (2008) In-situ evidence for dextral active motion at the Arabia-India plate boundary. Nat. Geosci., 1, 54-58, doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.24
33. Fournier, M., Huchon, P., Khanbari, K. & Leroy, S. (2007) Segmentation and along-strike asymmetry of the passive margin in Socotra, eastern Gulf of Aden: Are they controlled by detachment faults? Geochem. Geophysics Geosystems, 8, Q03007, doi:10.1029/2006gc001526
34. Fournier, M., Lepvrier, C., Razin, P. & Jolivet, L. (2006) Late Cretaceous to Paleogene post-obduction extension and subsequent Neogene compression in the Oman Mountains. GeoArabia, 11, 17-40.
35. Fournier, M., Patriat, P. & Leroy, S. (2001) Reappraisal of the Arabia-India-Somalia Triple Junction kinematics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 189, 103-114.
36. Gaedicke, G., Prexl, A., Schlüter, H.-U., Meyer, H., Roeser, H.A. & Clift, P. (2002a) Seismic stratigraphy and correlation of major regional unconformities in the northern Arabian Sea. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 195, 25-36.
37. Gaedicke, G., Schlüter, H.-U., Roeser, H.A., Prexl, A., Schreckenberger, B., Meyer, H., Reichert, C., Clift, P. & Amjad, S. (2002b) Origin of the northern Indus Fan and Murray Ridge, Northern Arabian Sea: Interpretation from seismic and magnetic imaging. Tectonophysics, 355, 127-143.
38. Gordon, R.G. & DeMets, C. (1989) Present-day motion along the Owen fracture zone and Dalrymple trough in the Arabian Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5560-5570.
39. Gunnell, Y., Carter, A., Petit, C. & Fournier, M. (2007) Post-rift seaward downwarping at passive margins: New insights from southern Oman using stratigraphy to constrain apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He dating. Geology, 35, 647-650, doi:10.1130/G23639A.1
40. Hey, R.N. (1977) A new class of pseudofaults and their bearing on plate tectonics: A propagating rift model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 37, 321-325.
41. Honsho, C., Tamaki, K. & Fujimoto, H. (1996) Three-dimensional magnetic and gravity studies of the rodriguez Triple Junction in the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15837-15848.
42. Huchon, P. & Khanbari, K. (2003) Rotation of the syn-rift stress field of the northern Gulf of Aden margin, Yemen. Tectonophysics, 364, 147-166.
43. Ildefonse, B., Blackman, D.K., John, B.E., Ohara, Y., Miller, D.J. & MacLeod, C.J. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 304/305 Science Party. (2007) Oceanic core complexes and crustal accretion at slow-spreading ridges. Geology, 35, 623-626.
44. Jestin, F., Huchon, P. & Gaulier, J.M. (1994) The Somalia plate and the East African rift system: Present-day kinematics. Geophys. J. Int., 116, 637-654.
45. Klein, E.M., Smith, D.K., Williams, C.M. & Schouten, H. (2005) Counter-rotating microplates at the Galapagos Triple Junction. Nature, 433, 855-858.
46. Kleinrock, M.C. & Hey, R.N. (1989) Detailed tectonics near the tip of the Galapagos 95.5°W propagator: How the lithosphere tears and a spreading axis develops. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13801-13838.
47. Kreemer, C., Holt, W.E. & Haines, A.J. (2003) An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation. Geophys. J. Int., 154, 8-34.
48. Kruse, S.E., Tebbens, S.F., Naar, D.F., Lou, Q. & Bird, R.T. (2000) Comparisons of gravity anomalies at pseudofaults, fracture zones, and nontransform discontinuities from fast to slow spreading areas. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28399-28410.
49. Lafoy, Y., Auzende, J.M., Ruellan, E., Huchon, P. & Honza, E. (1990) The 16°40′S Triple Junction in the North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). Mar. Geophys. Res., 12, 285-296.
50. Larson, R.L., Searle, R.C., Kleinrock, M.C., Schouten, H., Bird, R.T., Naar, D.F., Rusby, R.I., Hooft, E.E. & Lasthiotakis, H. (1992) Roller-bearing tectonic evolution of the Juan Fernandez microplate. Nature, 356, 571-576.
51. Lastras, G., Canals, M., Urgeles, R., De Batist, M., Calafat, A.M. & Casamor, J.L. (2004) Characterisation of the resent BIG'95 debris flow deposit on the Ebro margin, Western Mediterranean Sea, after a variety of seismic reflection data. Marine Geology, 213, 235-255.
52. Laughton, A.S, Whitmarsh, R.B. & Jones, M.T. (1970) The evolution of the Gulf of Aden. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A267, 227-266.
53. Lepvrier, C., Fournier, M., Bérard, T. & Roger, J. (2002) Cenozoic extension in coastal Dhofar (southern Oman): Implications on the oblique rifting of the Gulf of Aden. Tectonophysics, 357, 279-293.
54. Leroy, S., Gente, P., Fournier, M., d'Acremont, E., Bellahsen, N., Beslier, M.-O., Patriat, P., Maia, M., Blais, A., Perrot, J., Al-Kathiri, A., Merkouriev, S., Ruellan, P.-Y., Fleury, J.-M., Lepvrier, C. & Huchon, P. (2004) From rifting to spreading in the eastern Gulf of Aden: A geophysical survey of a young oceanic basin from margin to margin. Terra Nova, 16, 185-192.
55. Ligi, M., Bonatti, E., Bortoluzzi, G., Carrara, G., Fabretti, P., Gilod, D., Peyve, A.A., Skolotnev, S. & Turko, N. (1999) Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic: Geology and evolution. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29365-29385.
56. Ligi, M., Bonatti, E., Bortoluzzi, G., Carrara, G., Fabretti, P., Penitenti, D., Gilod, D., Peyve, A.A., Skolotnev, S. & Turko, N. (1997) Death and transfiguration of a Triple Junction in the South Atlantic. Science, 276, 243-245.
57. Lonsdale, P. (1988) Structural pattern of the Galapagos microplate and evolution of the Galapagos Triple Junction. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 13551-13574.
58. Luis, J.F., Miranda, J.M., Galdeano, A., Patriat, P., Rossignol, J.C. & Mendes Victor, L.A. (1994) The Azores Triple Junction evolution since 10 Ma from an aeromagnetic survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 125, 439-459.
59. Macdonald, K.C., Fox, P.J., Perram, L.J., Eisen, M.F., Haymon, R.M., Miller, S.P., Carbotte, S.M., Cormier, M.H. & Shor, A.N. (1988) A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behaviour of ridge axis discontinuities. Nature, 335, 217-225.
60. Matthews, D.H. (1966) The Owen fracture zone and the northern end of the Carlsberg Ridge. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 259, 172-186.
61. Matthews, D.H., Williams, C. & Laughton, A.S. (1967) Mid-ocean ridge in the mouth of the Gulf of Aden. Nature, 215, 1052-1053.
62. McKenzie, D.P. & Sclater, J.G. (1971) The evolution of the Indian Ocean since the late cretaceous. Geophys. J. Roy. Astronom. Soc., 25, 437-528.
63. McKenzie, D.P. & Morgan, W.J. (1969) Evolution of Triple Junctions. Nature, 224, 125-133.
64. Merkouriev, S. & DeMets, C. (2006) Constraints on Indian plate motion since 20 Ma from dense Russian magnetic data: Implications for Indian plate dynamics. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q02002, doi:10.1029/2005GC001079
65. Mercuriev, S., Patriat, P. & Sochevanova, N. (1996) Evolution de la dorsale de Carlsberg: Évidence pour une phase d'expansion très lente entre 40 et 25 Ma (A18 à A7). Oceanologica Acta, 19, 1-13.
66. Minshull, T.A., White, R.S., Barton, P.J. & Collier, J.S. (1992) Deformation at plate boundaries around the Gulf of Oman. Mar. Geol., 104, 265-277.
67. Mitchell, N.C. (1991) Distributed extension at the Indian Ocean Triple Junction. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8019-8043.
68. Mitchell, N.C. & Livermore, R.A. (1998) The present configuration of the Bouvet Triple Junction. Geology, 26, 267-270.
69. Mitchell, N.C., Livermore, R.A., Fabretti, P. & Carrara, G. (2000) The Bouvet Triple Junction, 20 to 10Ma, and extensive transtensional deformation adjacent to the Bouvet and Conrad transforms. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 8279-8296.
70. Mitchell, N.C. & Parson, L.M. (1993) The tectonic evolution of the Indian Ocean Triple Junction, Anomaly 6 to present. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1793-1812.
71. Mountain, G.S. & Prell, W.L. (1990) A multiphase plate tectonic history of the southeast continental margin of Oman. In: The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region (Ed. by A.H.F. Robertson, M.P. Searle & A.C. Ries), Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 49, 725-743.
72. Munschy, M. & Schlich, R. (1989) The Rodriguez Triple Junction (Indian Ocean) - structure and evolution for the past one million years. Mar. Geophys. Res., 11, 1-14.
73. Nocquet, J.-M., Willis, P. & Garcia, S. (2006) Plate kinematics of Nubia-Somalia using a combined DORIS and GPS solution. J. Geodesy, 80, 591-607.
74. Norton, I.O. & Sclater, J.G. (1979) A model for the evolution of the Indian Ocean and the breakup of the Gondwanaland. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6803-6830.
75. Ohara, Y., Yoshida, T., Kato, Y. & Kasuga, S. (2001) Giant megamullion in the Parece Vela backarc basin. Mar. Geophys. Res., 22, 47-61.
76. Patriat, P. & Courtillot, V. (1984) On the stability of Triple Junctions and its relation to episodicity in spreading. Tectonics, 3, 317-332.
77. Patriat, P. & Parson, L. (1989) A survey of the Indian Ocean Triple Junction trace within the Antarctic plate: Implications for the junction evolution since 15 Ma. Mar. Geophys. Res., 11, 89-100.
78. Peters, T. & Mercolli, I. (1998) Extremely thin oceanic crust in the Proto-Indian Ocean: Evidence from the Masirah Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 677-689.
79. Petit, C., Fournier, M. & Gunnell, Y. (2007) Tectonic and climatic controls on rift escarpments: Erosion and flexural rebound of the Dhofar passive margin (Gulf of Aden, Oman). J. Geophys. Res., 112, B03406, doi:10.1029/2006JB004554
80. Quittmeyer, R.C. & Kafka, A.L. (1984) Constraints on plate motions in southern Pakistan and the northern Arabian Sea from the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2444-2458.
81. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., Arrajehi, A., Demitris, S., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmitrotsa, A., Filikov, S.V., Gomez, F., Al-Ghazzi, R. & Karam, G. (2006) GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05411, doi:10.1029/2005JB004051
82. Royer, J.-Y., Chaubey, A.K., Dyment, J., Bhattacharya, G.C., Srinivas, K., Yatheesh, V. & Ramprasad, T. (2002) Paleogene plate tectonic evolution of the Arabian and Eastern Somali basins. In: The Tectonic & Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region (Ed. by P. Clift, D. Kroon, C. Gaedicke & J. Craig), Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 195, 7-23.
83. Sahota, G. (1990) Geophysical investigations of the Gulf of Aden Continental Margins: Geodynamic implications for the Development of the Afro-Arabian Rift System, PhD Thesis, University College, Swansea.
84. Schmidt, J. (1932) Dana's Togt Omkring Jorden, 1928-1930, Gyldendal edn. Copenhagen, 269pp.
85. Sclater, J.G., Bowin, C., Hey, R., Hoskins, H., Peirce, J., Phillips, J. & Tapscott, C. (1976) The Bouvet Triple Junction. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1857-1869.
86. Searle, R. (1980) Tectonic pattern of the Azores spreading center and Triple Junction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 51, 415-434.
87. Searle, R., Cannat, M., Fujioka, K., Mével, C., Fujimoto, H., Bralee, A. & Parson, L. (2003) Fuji Dome: A large detachment fault near 64°E on the very slow-spreading southwest Indian Ridge. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4, 9105, doi:10.1029/2003GC000519
88. Sella, G.F., Dixon, T.H. & Mao, A.L. (2002) REVEL: A model for Recent plate velocities from space geodesy. J. Geophys. Res., 104, doi: 10.1029/2000JB000033
89. Shillington, D.J., Holbrook, W.S., Van Avendonk, H.J.A., Tucholke, B.E., Hopper, J.R., Louden, K.E., Larsen, H.C. & Nunes, G.T. (2006) Evidence for asymmetric nonvolcanic rifting and slow incipient oceanic accretion from seismic reflection data on the Newfoundland margin. J. Geophys. Res., 111, B09402, doi:10.1029/2005JB003981
90. Smewing, J.D., Abbotts, I.L., Dunne, L.A. & Rex, D.C. (1991) Formation and emplacement ages of the Masirah ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman. Geology, 19, 453-456.
91. Spencer, S., Smith, D.K., Cann, J.R., Lin, J. & McAllister, E. (1997) Structure and stability of non-transform discontinuities on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 24°N and 30°N. Mar. Geophys. Res., 19, 339-362.
92. Srivastava, S.P., Schouten, H., Roest, W.R., Klitgord, K.D., Kovacs, L.C., Verhoef, J. & Macnab, R. (1990) Iberian plate kinematics: A jumping plate boundary between Eurasia and Africa. Nature, 344, 756-759.
93. Stein, C.A. & Cochran, J.R. (1985) The transition between the Sheba ridge and the Owen basin: Rifting of old oceanic lithosphere. Geophys. J. Roy. Astronom. Soc., 81, 47-74.
94. Sykes, L.R. (1968) Seismological evidence for transform faults, sea floor spreading, and continental drift. In History of the Earth's Crust, A Symposium R.A Phinney), pp. 120-150. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
95. Sykes, L.R. (1970) Earthquake swarms and sea-floor spreading. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 6598-6611.
96. Talling, P.J., Wynn, R.B., Masson, D.G., Frenz, M., Cronin, B.T., Schiebel, R., Akhmetzhanov, A.M., Dallmeier-Tiessen, S., Benetti, S., Weaver, P.P.E., Georgiopoulou, A., Zühlsdorff, C. & Amy, L.A. (2007) Onset of submarine debris flow deposition far from original giant landside. Nature, 450, 541-544, doi:10.1038/nature06313
97. Tapscott, C.R., Patriat, P., Fisher, R.L., Sclater, J.G., Hoskins, H. & Parsons, B. (1980) The Indian Ocean Triple Junction. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4723-4739.
98. Tiberi, C., Leroy, S., d'Acremont, E., Bellahsen, N., Ebinger, C., Al-Lazki, A. & Pointu, A. (2007) Crustal geometry of the northeastern Gulf of Aden passive margin: Localization of the deformation inferred from receiver function analysis. Geophys. J. Int., 168, 1247-1260.
99. Tucholke, B.E., Lin, J. & Kleinrock, M.C. (1998) Megamullions and mullion structure defining oceanic metamorphic core complexes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9857-9866.
100. van Wijk, J.W. & Blackman, D.K. (2005) Deformation of oceanic lithosphere near slow-spreading ridge discontinuities. Tectonophysics, 407, 221-225.
101. Vigny, C., Huchon, P., Ruegg, J.C., Khanbari, K. & Asfaw, L.M. (2006) Confirmation of Arabia plate slow motion by new GPS data in Yemen. J. Geophys. Res., 111, B02402, doi:10.1029/2004JB003229
102. Vogt, P.R. & Jung, W.Y. (2004) The Terceira Rift as hyper-slow, hotspot-dominated oblique spreading axis: A comparison with other slow-spreading plate boundaries. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218, 77-90.
103. Wessel, P.W. & Smith, M.F. (1991) Free software helps map and display data. EOS Trans. AGU, 72, 441-446.
104. Whitmarsh, R.B. (1979) The Owen Basin off the South-East margin of Arabia and the evolution of the Owen Fracture Zone. Geophys. J. Roy Astronom. Soc., 58, 441-470.
105. Whitmarsh, R.B., Weser, O.E., Ross, D.A., & DSDP Leg 23 Shipboard Scientific Party. (1974) Initial report DSDP, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, Vol. 23, p. 1180.
106. Wilson, T.J. (1965) A new class of faults and their bearing on continental drift. Nature, 207, 343-347.