Challenges to the study of African American parenting: conceptualization, sampling, research approaches, measurement, and design

Parenting

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 319-358

  Tamis LeMonda, Catherine S ^a   Briggs, Rahil D ^c   McClowry, Sandra G ^a   Snow, David L ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Yale University ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57049083046     PISSN: 15295192     EISSN: 15327922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15295190802612599     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Alegria, M., Vila, D., Woo, M., Canino, G., Takeuchi, D., Vera, M., Febo, V., Guarnaccia, P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. and Shrout, P. (2004) Cultural relevance and equivalence in the NLAAS instrument: Integrating etic and emic in the development of cross-cultural measures for a psychiatric epidemiology and services study of Latinos. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13:4, pp. 270-288.
2. Allison, P. D. (1987) Estimation of linear models with incomplete data. Sociological methodology, pp. 699-707. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
3. Apfel, N. and Seitz, V. (1997) The firstborn sons of African American teenage mothers: Perspectives on risk and resilience. Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder, pp. 486-506. Cambridge University Press, New York
4. Arnold, B. R. and Matus, Y. E. (2000) Test translation and cultural equivalence methodologies for use with diverse populations. Handbook of multicultural mental health: Assessment and treatment of diverse populations, pp. 121-136. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
5. Bachman, J. G. and O'Malley, P. M. (1984) Yea saying, nay saying, and going to extremes: Black-white differences in response styles. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48, pp. 491-509.
6. Barnett, D., Kidwell, S. L. and Leung, K. H. (1998) Parenting and preschooler attachment among low-income urban African American families. Child Development, 69, pp. 1657-1671.
7. Baumrind, D. (1967) Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, pp. 43-88.
8. Baumrind, D. (1971) Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4, pp. 1-103.
9. Baumrind, D. (1972) An exploratory study of socialization effects on black children: Some black-white comparisons. Child Development, 43:1, pp. 261-267.
10. Baumrind, D. (1991) The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, pp. 56-95.
11. Berlin, L. J., Brady-Smith, C. and Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002) Links between child bearing age and observed maternal behaviors with 14-month-olds in the early head start research and evaluation project. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23:1, pp. 104-129.
12. Berlin, L. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., Spiker, D. and Zaslow, M. J. (1995) Examining observational measures of emotional support and cognitive stimulation in black and white mothers of preschoolers. Journal of Family Issues, 16:5, pp. 664-686.
13. Black, M. M. and Nitz, K. (1996) Grandmother co-residence, parenting, and child development among low-income urban teen mothers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 18, pp. 218-226.
14. Bluestone, C. and Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (1999) Correlates of parenting styles in predominately working- and middle-class African American mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, pp. 881-893.
15. Bordens, K. S. and Abbott, B. B. (2002) Research design and methods: A process approach, McGraw-Hill, New York
16. Boykin, A. W. and Toms, F. D. (1985) Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments, pp. 33-51. Sage, Newbury Park, CA
17. Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., Pipes McAdoo, H. and Garcia Coll, C. (2001) The home environments of children in the United States, part I: Variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Development, 72:6, pp. 1844-1867.
18. Brislin, R., Lonner, W. and Thorndike, R. (1973) Cross cultural research methods, John Wiley, New York
19. Brodsky, A. E. and DeVet, K. A. (2000) "You have to be real strong": Parenting goals and strategies of resilient, urban, African American, single mothers. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 20, pp. 159-178.
20. Brody, G. H. and Flor, D. L. (1997) Maternal psychological functioning, family processes, and child adjustment in rural, single-parent African American families. Developmental Psychology, 33, pp. 1000-1011.
21. Brody, G. H. and Flor, D. L. (1998) Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent African American families. Child Development, 69, pp. 803-816.
22. Brody, G. H., Flor, D. L. and Gibson, N. M. (1999) Linking maternal efficacy beliefs, developmental goals, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent African American families. Child Development, 70, pp. 1197-1208.
23. Bronfenbrenner, U. and Morris, P. (1998) The ecology of developmental processes. Handbook of child psychology Vol. of Theoretical models of human development, Wiley, New York
24. Bulcroft, R. A., Carmody, D. C. and Bulcroft, K. A. (1996) Patterns of parental independence giving to adolescents: Variations by rave, age, and gender of child. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58:4, pp. 866-883.
25. Burchinal, M. R., Follmer, A. and Bryant, D. M. (1996) The relations of maternal social support and family structure with maternal responsiveness and child outcomes among African American families. Developmental Psychology, 32, pp. 1073-1083.
26. Burchinal, M. R., Roberts, J. E., Zeisel, S. A. and Rowley, S. J. (2008) Social risk and protective factors for African American children's academic achievement and adjustment during the transition to middle school. Developmental Psychology, 44:1, pp. 286-292.
27. Bynum, M. S. and Brody, G. H. (2005) Coping behaviors, parenting, and perceptions of children's internalizing and externalizing problems in rural African American mothers. Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 54:1, pp. 58-71.
28. Caldwell, B. M. and Bradley, R. H. (1984) Home observation for measurement of the environment, Center for Child Development and Education, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR
29. Cauce, A. M., Hiraga, Y., Graves, D., Gonzales, N. A., Ryan-Finn, K. and Grove, K. (1996) African American mothers and their adolescent daughters: Intimacy, autonomy, and conflict. Research on minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical issues, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
30. Caughy, M. O., Nettles, S. M., O'Campo, P. J. and Fraleigh Lohrfink, K. (2006) Neighborhood matters: Racial socialization of African American children. Child Development, 77:5, pp. 1220-1236.
31. Caughy, M. O., Randolph, S. M. and O'Campo, P. J. (2002) Features of the home environment for African American preschool children: Africentric home environment inventory: An observational measure of the racial socialization. Journal of Black Psychology, 28, p. 37.
32. Chatman, C. M., Eccles, J. S. and Malanchuk, O. (2005) Identity negotiation in everyday settings. Navigating the future: Social identity, coping, and life tasks, pp. 116-140. Russell Sage Foundation, New York
33. Coolahan, K., McWayne, C., Fantuzzo, J. and Grim, S. (2002) Validation of multidimensional assessment of parenting styles for low-income African American families with preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17:3, pp. 356-373.
34. Dana, R. H. (2000) Culture and methodology in personality assessment. Handbook of multicultural mental health: Assessment and treatment of diverse populations, pp. 98-120. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
35. Darling, N. and Steinberg, L. (1993) Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113:3, pp. 487-496.
36. Davis, O. I., Nakayam, T. K. and Martin, J. N. (2000) Current and future directions in ethnicity and methodology. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, pp. 525-539.
37. Day, R. D., Peterson, G. W. and McCracken, C. (1998) Predicting spanking of younger and older children by mothers and fathers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, pp. 79-94.
38. Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E. and Pettit, G. S. (1996) Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Links to children's externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32:6, pp. 1065-1072.
39. Denby, R. and Alford, K. (1996) Understanding African American discipline styles: Suggestions for effective social work intervention. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 4, pp. 81-98.
40. Dickerson, B. J. (1995) Centering studies of African American single mothers and their families. African American single mothers: Understanding their lives and families, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
41. Dodson, J. E. (1997) Conceptualizations of African American families. Black Families, pp. 67-93. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
42. Galehouse, P. (2003) The influence of temperament and self-concept on children's disruptive behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University, New York
43. Garcia Coll, C. T., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G. and Wasik, B. H. (1996) An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, pp. 1891-1914.
44. Ge, X., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L. and Murry, V. (2002) Contextual amplification of pubertal transition effects on deviant peer affiliation and externalizing behavior among African American children. Developmental Psychology, 38, pp. 42-54.
45. Giles-Sims, J., Straus, M. A. and Sugarman, D. B. (1995) Child, maternal, and family characteristics associated with spanking. Family Relations, 44, pp. 170-176.
46. Gonzales, N. A., Cauce, A. M. and Mason, C. A. (1996) Interobserver agreement in the assessment of parental behavior and parent-adolescent conflict: African American mothers, daughters, and independent observers. Child Development, 67:4, pp. 1483-1498.
47. Grolnick, W. (2003) The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
48. Gutman, L. M. and Eccles, J. S. (1999) Financial strain, parenting behaviors, and adolescents' achievement: Testing model equivalence between African American and European American single- and two-parent families. Child Development, 70, pp. 1464-1476.
49. Gutman, L. M. and Eccles, J. S. (2007) Stage-environment fit during adolescence: Trajectories of family relations and adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 43:2, pp. 522-537.
50. Harris, J. L. J. (1998) Urban African American adolescent parents: Their perceptions of sex, love, intimacy, pregnancy, and parenting. Adolescence, 33:132, pp. 833-844.
51. Hart, C. H., Nelson, D. A., Robinson, C. C., Olsen, S. F. and McNeilly-Choque, M. K. (1998) Overt and relational aggression in Russian nursery school-age children: Parenting style and marital linkages. Developmental Psychology, 34:4, pp. 687-697.
52. Hill, S. A. and Sprague, J. (1999) Parenting in Black and White families: The interaction of gender with race and class. Gender and Society, 13, pp. 480-502.
53. Hughes, D., Bachman, M., Ruble, D. and Fuligni, A. (2006) Tuned in or tuned out: Children's interpretations of parents' racial socialization messages. Child psychology: A handbook of contemporary issues, pp. 591-610. Psychology Press, Philadelphia
54. Hughes, D. and Chen, L. (1997) When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1, pp. 200-214.
55. Hughes, D. and DuMont, K. (1993) Using focus groups to facilitate culturally anchored research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, pp. 775-806.
56. Hughes, D. and Johnson, D. (2001) Correlates in children's experiences of parents' racial socialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, pp. 981-995.
57. Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C. and Spicer, P. (2006) Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42:5, pp. 747-770.
58. Hui, C. H. and Triandis, H. C. (1989) Effects of culture and response format on extreme response style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, pp. 296-309.
59. Hurd, E. H., Moore, C. and Rogers, R. (1995) Quiet success: Parenting strengths among African Americans. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 76, pp. 434-443.
60. Ispa, J. M., Fine, M. A., Halgunseth, L. C., Harper, S., Robinson, J., Boyce, L., Brooks-Gunn, J. and Bradley-Smith, C. (2004) Maternal intrusiveness, maternal warmth, and mother-toddler relationship outcomes: Variations across low-income ethnic and acculturation groups. Child Development, 75:6, pp. 1613-1631.
61. Johnson, D. J., Jaeger, E., Randolph, S., Cauce, A. M. and Ward, J. (2003) Studying the effects of early child care experiences on the development of children of color in the United States: Toward a more inclusive research agenda. Child Development, 74:5, pp. 1227-1244.
62. Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., Brody, G. and Armistead, L. (2003) Parental monitoring in African American, single mother-headed families: An ecological approach to the identification of predictors. Behavior Modification, 27:4, pp. 435-457.
63. Kelley, M. L., Power, T. G. and Wimbush, D. D. (1992) Determinants of disciplinary practices in low-income black mothers. Child Development, 63, pp. 573-582.
64. Kelley, M. L., Sanchez-Hucles, J. and Walker, R. (1993) Correlates of disciplinary practices in working- to middle-class African American mothers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39, pp. 252-264.
65. Kilgore, K., Snyder, J. and Lentz, C. (2000) The contribution of parental discipline, parental monitoring, and school risk to early-onset conduct problems in African American boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 36, pp. 835-845.
66. Kim, S., Brody, G. H. and Murry, V. M. (2003) Longitudinal links between contextual risks, parenting and youth outcomes in rural African American families. Journal of Black Psychology, 29:4, pp. 359-377.
67. Knight, G. P. and Hill, N. E. (1998) Measurement equivalence in research involving minority adolescents. Research on minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological and theoretical issues, pp. 183-210. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
68. Koblinsky, S. A., Morgan, K. M. and Anderson, E. A. (1997) African American homeless and low-income housed mothers: Comparison of parenting practices. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, pp. 37-47.
69. Kotchick, B. A., Dorsey, S. and Heller, L. (2005) Predictors of parenting among African American simgle mothers: Personal and contextual factors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67:2, pp. 448-460.
70. Lansford, J. E., Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E. and Pettit, G. S. (2004) Ethnic differences in the link between physical discipline and later adolescent externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45:4, pp. 801-812.
71. Leadbeater, B. and Linares, I. (1992) Depressive symptoms in Black and Puerto Rican adolscent mothers in the first three years post-partum. Development and Psychopathology, 4, pp. 451-468.
72. Leventhal, T., Selner-O'Hagan, M. B., Brooks-Gunn, J., Bingenheimer, J. B. and Earls, F. J. (2004) The homelife interview from the project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods: Assessment of parenting and home environment for 3- to 15-year-olds. Parenting: Science and Practice, 4:2, pp. 211-241.
73. Love, J. (2005) The effectiveness of Early Head Start for 3-year-old children and their parents: Lessons for policy and programs. Developmental Psychology, 4:6, pp. 885-901.
74. Lynn, M. (1986) Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, pp. 382-385.
75. Maccoby, E. E. and Martin, J. A. (1983) Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development, pp. 1-101. Wiley, New York
76. Marshall, S. (1995) Ethnic socialization of African American children: Implications for parenting, identity development, and academic achievement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, pp. 377-396.
77. McClowry, S. G., Halverson, C. F. and Sanson, A. (2003) A re-examination of the validity and reliability of the School-Age Temperament Inventory. Nursing Research, 52
78. McClowry, S., Snow, D. and Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (2006) An evaluation of the effects of insights on the behavior of inner-city primary school children. Journal of Primary Prevention, 26:6, pp. 567-584.
79. McCrae, R. P., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T., Bond, M. H. and Paunonen, S. V. (1996) Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, pp. 552-566.
80. McGroder, S. M. (2000) Parenting among low-income, African American single mothers with preschool-age children: Patterns, predictors, and developmental correlates. Child Development, 71, pp. 752-771.
81. McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J-Y, Burton, L. M., Kelly, D., Dotterer, A. M. and Swanson, D. P. (2006) Mothers' and fathers' racial aocialization in African American families: Implications for Youth. Child Development, 77:5, pp. 1387-1402.
82. McLoyd, V. C. (1990) The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 67, pp. 311-346.
83. McLoyd, V. C., Cauce, A. M., Takeuchi, L. W. and Leon (2000) Marital Processes and Parental Socialization in Families of Color: A Decade Review of Research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62:4, pp. 1070-1093.
84. McLoyd, V. C. and Smith, J. (2002) Physical disicpline and behavior problems in African American, European American, and Hispanic children: Emotional support as a moderator. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64:1, pp. 40-53.
85. (1996) Research on minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical issues, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
86. Michaels, M. L., Barr, A., Roosa, M. W. and Knight, G. P. (2007) Self esteem: Assessing measurement equivalence in a multiethnic sample of youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 27:3, pp. 269-295.
87. Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, Sage, Thousands Oaks, CA
88. Morgan, D. L. (1996) Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, pp. 129-152.
89. Mosby, L., Rawls, A. W., Meehan, A. J., Mays, E. and Pettinari, C. J. (1999) Troubles in interracial talk about discipline: An examination of African American child rearing narratives. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30, pp. 489-521.
90. Murry, V. M., Bynum, M. S., Brody, G. H., Willert, A. and Stephens, D. (2001) African American single mothers and children in context: A review of studies on risk and resilience. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, pp. 133-155.
91. Nitz, K., Ketterlinus, R. D. and Brandt, L. J. (1995) The role of stress, social support, and family environment in adolescent mothers' parenting. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, pp. 358-382.
92. Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994) Psychometric theory, McGraw-Hill, New York
93. Oyserman, D., Harrison, K. and Bybee, D. (2001) Can racial identity be promotive of academic efficacy?. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, pp. 379-385.
94. Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E. and Pettit, G. S. (2000) Discipline responses: Influences of parents' socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, pp. 380-400.
95. Quintana, S. M., Aboud, F. E., Chao, R. K., Contreras, G. J., Cross, W. E., Hudley, C. and Zelli, A. (2006) Race, ethnicity, and culture in child development: Contemporary research and future directions. Child Development, 77:5, pp. 1129-1141.
96. Robin, A. L. and Foster, S. I. (1989) Negotiating parent-adolescent conflict: A behavioral family systems approach, Guilford, New York
97. Rothman, R. A. (2002) Inequality and stratification: Race, class, and gender, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
98. Roy, K. and Burton, L. (2007) Mothering through recruitment: Kinscription of nonresidential fathers and father figures in low-income families. Family Relations, 56:1, pp. 24-39.
99. Rubin, D. B. (1987) Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys, Wiley, New York
100. Schafer, J. L. and Graham, J. W. (2002) Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, pp. 147-177.
101. Shelton, J. N., Yip, T., Eccles, J. S., Chatman, C. M., Fuligni, A. and Wong, C. (2005) Ethnic identity as a buffer of psychological adjustment to stress. Navigating the future: Social identity, coping, and life tasks, pp. 96-115. Russell Sage Foundation, New York
102. Shumow, L., Vandell, D. L. and Posner, J. K. (1998) Harsh, firm and permissive parenting in low-income families. Journal of Family Issues, 19, pp. 483-507.
103. Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., Burt, C. H., Drummund, H., Stewart, E., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, F. X. and Cutrona, C. (2006) Supportive parenting moderates the effect of discrimination upon anger, hostile view of relationships, and violence among African American boys. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47:4, pp. 373-389.
104. Slater, M. A. and Power, T. G. (1987) Multidimensional assessment of parenting in single-parent families. Advances in family intervention, assessment, and theory, 4, JAI, Greenwich, CT
105. Smetana, J. G. (2000) Middle-class African American adolescents' and parents' conceptions of parental authority and parenting practices: A longitudinal investigation. Child Development, 71:167, pp. 1672-1686.
106. Smetana, J. G., Abernethy, A. and Harris, A. (2000) Adolescent-parent interactions in middle-class African American families: Longitudinal change and contextual variations. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, pp. 458-474.
107. Smetana, J. G. and Gaines, C. (1999) Adolescent-parent conflict in middle-class African American families. Child Development, 70, pp. 1447-1467.
108. Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A. and Campione-Barr, N. (2004) African American late adolescents' relationships with parents: Developmental transitions and longitudinal patterns. Child Development, 75:3, pp. 932-947.
109. Snow, D. L. and Tebes, J. K. (1991) Experimental and quasi-experimental designs inprevention research. Drug abuse prevention intervention research: Methodological issues, pp. 140-158. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
110. Snow, D. L., Tebes, J. K., Arthur, M. W. and Tapasak, R. C. (1992) Two-year follow-up of a social-cognitive intervention to prevent substance abuse. Journal of Drug Education, 22, pp. 101-113.
111. Spieker, S. J., Larson, N. C., Lewis, S. M., Keller, T. E. and Gilchrist, L. (1999) Developmental trajectories of disruptive behavior problems in preschool children of adolescent mothers. Child Development, 70:2, pp. 443-458.
112. Stack, C. (1974) All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community, Random House, New York
113. Stack, C. and Burton, L. (1993) Kinscripts. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 24, pp. 157-170.
114. Steele, R. G., Nesbitt-Daly, J. S., Daniel, R. C. and Forehand, R. (2005) Factor structure of a parenting scale in a low-income African American sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14:4, pp. 535-549.
115. Steinberg, L. (1990) Interdependency in the family: Autonomy, conflict, and harmony. At the threshold: The developing adolescent, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
116. Steinberg, L., Mounts, N. S., Lamborn, S. D. and Dornbusch, S. M. (1991) Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, pp. 19-36.
117. Stevenson, H. C. (1994) Racial socialization in African American families: The art of balancing intolerance and survival. Family Journal: Counseling Therapy for Couples and Families, 2:3, pp. 190-198.
118. Stevenson, H. C., Herrero-Taylor, T., Cameron, R. and Davis, G. Y. (2002) "Mitigating instigation": Cultural phenomenological influences of anger and fighting among "big-boned" and "baby-faced" African American youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, pp. 473-485.
119. Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Briggs, R. D., McClowry, S. and Snow, D. L. Maternal control and sensitivity, child gender and maternal education in relation to children's behavioral outcomes in African American families. Applied Developmental Psychology
120. Taylor, R. D. (2000) An examination of the association of African American mothers' perceptions of their neighborhoods with their parenting and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, pp. 267-287.
121. Taylor, R. D. and Roberts, D. (1995) Kinship support and maternal and adolescent well-being in economically disadvantaged African American families. Child Development, 66, pp. 1585-1597.
122. Thomas, A. J. (2000) Impact of racial identity on African American child-rearing beliefs. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, pp. 317-329.
123. Toliver, S. D. (1998) Black families in corporate America, 11, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
124. Trost, G. (1992) Cross-sectional and/or longitudinal studies?. Talent for the future: Social and personality development of gifted children: Proceedings of the Ninth World Conference on gifted and talented children Van Gorcum Ltd, Assen, The Netherlands
125. U.S. Bureau of Census (2004) The Black population in the U.S, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
126. U.S. Department of Commerce (2000) Current population survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
127. Wakschlag, L. S., Chase-Lansdale, P. L. and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1996) Not just "ghosts in a nursery": Contemporaneous intergenerational relationships and parenting in young African American families. Child Development, 67, pp. 2131-2147.
128. Whaley, A. L. (2000) Sociocultural differences of the use of physical discipline during childhood for African Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6:1, pp. 5-12.
129. Whiteside-Mansell, L., Bradley, R. H., Little, T. D., Corwyn, R. F. and Spiker, D. (2004) An examination of cross-racial comparability of mother-child interaction among African American and Anglo American families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63:3, pp. 767-778.
130. Whiteside-Mansell, L., Bradley, R. H., Tresch Owen, M., Randolph, S. M. and Cauce, A. M. (2003) Parenting and children. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3:3, pp. 197-234.
131. Wilson, M. N., Kohn, L. P., Curry-El, J. and Hinton, I. D. (1995) The influence of family structure characteristics on child-rearing behaviors of African American mothers. Journal of Black Psychology, 21:4, pp. 450-462.
132. Zaslow, M. J., Weinfield, N. S., Gallagher, M., Hair, E. C., Ogawa, J. R., Egeland, B., Tabors, P. O. and De Temple, J. M. (2006) Longitudinal prediction of child outcomes from differing measures of parenting in a low-income sample. Developmental Psychology, 42:1, pp. 27-37.