Research methodology: Endocrinologic measurements in exercise science and sports medicine

Journal of Athletic Training

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 631-639

  Hackney, Anthony C ^a   Viru, Atko ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Biomedical sciences; Hormones; Sport research design; Study design

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY POSTURE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; ENDOCRINOLOGY; EXERCISE; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MENTAL HEALTH; METHODOLOGY; NUTRITION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SLEEP; SPORTS MEDICINE; STRESS; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 56849101225     PISSN: 10626050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.6.631     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Trembly MS, Chu SY, Mureika R. Methodological and statistical considerations for exercise-related hormone evaluations. Sports Med. 1990;20(2):90-108.
2. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35(4):339-361.
3. McMurray RG, Hackney AC. The endocrine system and exercise. In: Garrett W, ed. Sports Medicine. New York, NY: Williams & Wilkins; 2000:135-162.
4. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology). Recommendations on organic & biochemical nomenclature, symbols & terminology. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/ iupac/. Accessed August 19, 2008.
5. Warne GL, Kanumakala S. Molecular endocrinology of sex differentiation. Sem Reprod Med. 2002;20(3):169-180.
6. Webb ML, Wallace JP, Hamill C, Hodgson JL, Mashaly MM. Serum testosterone concentration during two hours of moderate intensity treadmill running in trained men and women. Endocr Res. 1984;10(1):27-38.
7. Bunt JC, Bahr JM, Bemben DA. Comparison of estradiol and testosterone levels during and immediately following prolonged exercise in moderately active and trained males and females. Endocr Res. 1987;13(2):157-172.
8. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev. 2000;80(3):1055-1081.
9. Foster DL, Nagatani S. Physiological perspectives on leptin as a regulator of reproduction: role in timing puberty. Biol Reprod. 1999;60(2):205-215.
10. Ruby BC, Robergs RA. Gender differences in substrate utilisation during exercise. Sports Med. 1994;17(6):393-410.
11. Bunt JC. Metabolic actions of estradiol: significance for acute and chronic exercise responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(3):286-290.
12. Hackney AC, McCracken-Compton MA, Ainsworth BA. Substrate metabolism responses to submaximal exercise in the midfollicular and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994;4(3):299-308.
13. Hackney AC, McMurray RG, Judelson DA, Harrell JS. Relationship between caloric intake, body composition, and physical activity to leptin, thyroid hormones, and cortisol in adolescents. Jpn J Physiol. 2003;53(6):475-479.
14. Horswill CA, Zipf WB, Kien CL, Kahle EB. Insulin's contribution to growth in children and the potential for exercise to mediate insulin's action. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;9(1):18-32.
15. Amile SA, Caprio S, Sherwin RS, Plewe G, Haymond MW, Tamborlane WV. Insulin resistance of puberty: a defect restricted to peripheral glucose metabolism. J Clin Endocr Metab. 1991;72(2):277-282.
16. Isurugi K, Fukutani K, Takayasu H, Wakabayashi K, Tamaoki B. Age-related changes in serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone level in normal men. J Clin Endocr Metab. 1974;39(5):955-957.
17. Purifoy EE, Koopmars LH, Tatum RW. Steroid hormones and aging: free testosterone, testosterone and androstenedione in normal females age 20-87 years. Hum Biol. 1980;52(2):181-191.
18. Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL, Vogelman JH. Age changes and sex differences in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood. J Clin Endocr Metab. 1984;59(3):551-555.
19. Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK. Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone. Endocr Pract. 2006;12(2):137-144.
20. Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR, Woods MN, Dwyer JT, Hamalainen E. Estrogen metabolism and excretion in Oriental and Caucasian women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86(14):1076-1082.
21. Benn PA, Clive JM, Collins R. Medians for second-trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol: differences between race or ethnic groups. Clin Chem. 1997;43(2):333-337.
22. Mittelmark RA. Hormonal responses to exercise in pregnancy. In: Mittelmark RA, Wiswell RA, Drinkwater BL, eds. Exercise in Pregnancy. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1991:175-184.
23. Wang C, Christenson P, Swerdloff R. Editorial: clinical relevance of racial and ethnic differences in sex steroids. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2007;92(7):2433-2435.
24. Abbott WG, Foley JE. Comparison of body composition, adipocyte size, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Pima Indian and Caucasian children. Metabolism. 1987;36(6):576-579.
25. Ivandic A, Prpic-Krizevac I, Sucic M, Iuric M. Hyperinsulinemia and sex hormones in healthy premenopausal women: relative contribution of obesity, obesity type, and duration of obesity. Metabolism. 1998;47(1):13-19.
26. Hansen BC, Jen KL, Belbez Pek SB, Wolfe RA. Rapid oscillations in plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose in obese and normal weight humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;54(4):785-792.
27. Florkowski CM, Collier GR, Zimmet PZ, Livesey JH, Espiner EA, Donald RA. Low-dose growth hormone replacement lowers plasma leptin and fat stores without affecting body mass index in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;45(6):769-773.
28. Pasquali R, Vicennati V. Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in different obesity phenotypes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disorders. 2000;24(suppl 2):S47-S49.
29. McMurray RG, Hackney AC. Interactions of metabolic hormones, adipose tissue and exercise. Sports Med. 2005;35(5):393-412.
30. Hurley BF, Nemeth PM, Martin WH III, Hagberg JM, Dalsky GP, Holloszy JO. Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: effect of training. J Appl Physiol. 1986;60(2):562-567.
31. Rahkila P, Soimajarvi J, Karvinrn E, Vihko V. Lipid metabolism during exercise, II: respiratory exchange ratio and muscle glycogen content during 4 h bicycle ergometry in two groups of healthy men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1980;44(3):246-254.
32. Pasman WJ, Westertrep-Plantenga MS, Saris WHM. The effect of exercise training on leptin levels in obese males. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(2, pt 1):E280-E286.
33. Ryan AS, Partley RE, Elahi D, Goldberg AP. Changes in leptin and insulin action with resistive training in postmenopausal women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(1):27-32.
34. Hackney AC. Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2006;1(6):783-792.
35. Dorn LD, Burgess ES, Dichek HL, Putman FW, Chrousos GP, Gold PW. Thyroid hormone concentrations in depressed and nondepressed adolescents: group differences and behavioral relations. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(3):299-306.
36. Vaernes R, Ursin H, Darragh A, Lambe R. Endocrine response patterns and psychological correlates. J Psychosom Res. 1982;26(2):123-131.
37. Hackney AC. Exercise as a stressor to the neuroendocrine system. Medicina (Kaunas). 2006;42(10):788-797.
38. Hamner MB, Hitri A. Plasma beta-endorphin levels in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report on response to exercise-induced stress. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;4(1):59-63.
39. Gerra G, Volpi R, Delsignore R, et al. ACTH and beta-endorphin responses to physical exercise in adolescent women tested for anxiety and frustration. Pyschiatry Res. 1992;41(2):179-186.
40. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-396.
41. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-897.
42. Landgren B, Aedo A, Diczfalusy E. Hormonal changes associated with ovulation and luteal function. In: Flamigni C, Givens J, eds. The Gonadotropins: Basic Science and Clinical Aspects in Females. London, England: Academic Press; 1982:200-212.
43. Hackney AC, Cyren HC, Brammeier M, Sharp RL. Effects of the menstrual cycle on insulin-glucose at rest and in response to exercise. Biol Sport. 1993;10(2):73-81.
44. Vanheest JL, Mahoney CE, Rodgers CD. Oral contraceptive use and physical performance. In: Kramer WJ, Rogol A, eds. The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing; 2005:250-260.
45. Loucks AB. Physical activity, fitness and female reproductive morbidity. In: Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T, eds. Physical Activity, Fitness and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994:943-954.
46. Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ. Modulation of pulsatile gonadotropin secretion by testosterone in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984;58(4):609-614.
47. Rose RM, Kreuz LE, Holaday JW, Sulak KJ, Johnson CE. Diurnal variation of plasma testosterone and cortisol. J Endocrinol. 1972;54(1):177-178.
48. Rose SR, Nisula BC. Circadian variation of thyrotropin in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68(6):1086-1090.
49. Hackney AC, Viru A. Twenty-four-hour cortisol response to multiple daily exercise sessions of moderate and high intensity. Clin Physiol. 1999;19(2):178-182.
50. Weitzman ED. Circadian rhythms and episodic hormone secretion. Annu Rev Med. 1976;27:225-243.
51. Goodman HM. Endocrinology concepts for medical students. Adv Physiol Educ. 2005;25(1-4):213-224.
52. Hackney AC, Zack E. Physiological day-to-day variability of select hormones at rest in exercise-trained men. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006;29(6):RC9-RC12.
53. Schulz P, Knabe R. Biological uniqueness and the definition of normality: part 2 - the endocrine "fingerprint" of healthy adults. Med Hypotheses. 1994;42(1):63-68.
54. Finberg JP, Berlyne GM. Renin and aldosterone secretion following acute environmental heat exposure. Isr J Med Sci. 1976;12(6):844-847.
55. Galbo H, Houston ME, Christensen NJ, et al. The effect of water temperature on the hormonal response to prolonged swimming. Acta Physiol Scand. 1979;105(3):326-337.
56. Mordes JP, Blume FD, Boyer S, Zheng MR, Braverman LE. High altitude pituitary-thyroid dysfunction on Mount Everest. New Engl J Med. 1983;308(19):1135-1138.
57. Rastogi GK, Malhotra MS, Srivastava MC, et al. Study of the pituitary-thyroid functions at high altitude in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977;44(3):447-452.
58. Hoyt RW, Honig A. Body fluid and energy metabolism at high altitude. In: Fregley MJ, Blatteis CM, eds. Handbook of Physiology, Section 4: Environmental Physiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996:1277-1289.
59. Galbo H, Holst JJ, Christensen NJ. The effect of different diets and of insulin on the hormonal response to prolonged exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1979;107(1):19-32.
60. Phinney SD, Horton ES, Sims EA, Hanson JS, Danforth E Jr, LaGrange BM. Capacity for moderate exercise in obese subjects after adaptation to a hypocaloric, ketogenic diet. J Clin Invest. 1980;66(5):1152-1161.
61. Jezova-Repcekova D, Vigas M, Klimes I. Decreased plasma cortisol response to pharmacological stimuli after glucose load in man. Endocrinol Exp. 1980;14(2):113-120.
62. Bonen A, Belcastro AN, MacIntyre K, Gardner J. Hormonal responses during intense exercise preceded by glucose ingestion. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1980;5(2):85-90.
63. Støving RK, Hangaard J, Hansen-Nord M, Hagen C. A review of endocrine changes in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 1999;33(2):139-152.
64. Casper RC. Recognizing eating disorders in women. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34(3):267-269.
65. Södersten P, Bergh C, Zandian M. Psychoneuroendocrinology of anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(10):1149-1153.
66. VanHelder T, Radomski MW. Sleep deprivation and the effect on exercise performance. Sports Med. 1989;7(4):235-247.
67. Aakvaag A, Bentdal O, Quigstad K, Walstad P, Ronningen H, Fonnum F. Testosterone and testosterone binding globulin (TeBG) in young men during prolonged stress. Int J Androl. 1978;1(6):22-31.
68. Aakvaag A, Sand T, Opstad PO, Fonnum F. Hormonal changes in serum in young men during prolonged physical strain. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1978;39(7):283-291.
69. Diamond P, Brisson GR, Candas B, Peronnet F. Trait anxiety, submaximal physical exercise and blood androgens. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1989;58(7):699-704.
70. Hackney AC, Feith S, Pozos R, Seale J. Effects of high altitude and cold exposure on resting thyroid hormone concentrations. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995;66(4):325-329.
71. Viru AM, Hackney AC, Valja E, Karelson K, Janson T, Viru M. Influence of prolonged continuous exercise on hormonal responses to subsequent exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85(6):578-585.
72. Hackney AC. The neuro-endocrine system, overload training, and regeneration. In: Lehmann M, ed. Ulm International Conference Proceeding: Performance, Overload Training and Regeneration. London, England: Plenum Press; 1999:173-186.
73. Viru A, Karelson K, Smirnova T. Stability and variability in hormonal responses to prolonged exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1992;13(3):230-235.
74. Hartley LH, Mason JW, Hogan RP, et al. Multiple hormonal responses to graded exercise in relation to physical training. J Appl Physiol. 1972;33(5):602-606.
75. Richter EA, Sutton JR. Hormonal adaptation to physical activity. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephen T, eds. Physical Activity, Fitness and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994:331-342.
76. Luger A, Deuster PA, Kyle SB, Gallucci WT, Montgomery LC, Gold PW. Acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to the stress of treadmill exercise: physiologic adaptations to physical training. New Engl J Med. 1987;316(21):1309-1315.
77. Hackney AC, Sinning WE, Bruot BC. Reproductive hormonal profiles in endurance-trained and untrained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(1):60-65.
78. Remes K, Kuoppasalmi K, Adlercreutz H. Effect of long-term physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione, luteinizing hormone and sex-hormone-binding globulin capacity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1979;39(8):743-749.
79. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A. Acute hormonal responses to two different fatiguing heavy-resistance protocols in male athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74(2):882-887.
80. Westendorp RG, Roos AN, Riley LC, Walma S, Frolich M, Mienders AE. Chronic stimulation of atrial natriuretic peptide attenuates the secretory responses to postural changes. Am J Med Sci. 1993;306(6):371-375.
81. Fawcett JK, Wynn V. Effects of posture on plasma volume and some blood constituents. J Clin Path. 1960;13:304-313.
82. Chen YM, Cintron NM, Whitson PA. Long-term storage of salivary cortisol samples at room temperature. Clin Chem. 1992;38(20):304.
83. Calam RR. Reviewing the importance of specimen collection. J Am Med Technol. 1977;39(6):297-300.
84. Sonntag O. Hemolysis as an interference factor in clinical chemistry. J Clin Chem Biochem. 1986;24(2):127-139.
85. Obminski Z, Klusiewicz A, Stupnicki R. Changes in salivary and serum cortisol concentrations in junior athletes following exercises of different intensities. Biol Sport. 1994;11(1):49-57.
86. Caraway WT. Chemical and diagnostic specificity of laboratory tests: effect of hemolysis, lipemia, anticoagulants, medications, contaminants, and other variables. Am J Clin Pathol. 1961;37(5):445-464.
87. Kopchick JJ, Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J. Primer: molecular tools used for the understanding of endocrinology. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(4):355-368.
88. Bowers LD. Analytical advances in detection of performance-enhancing compounds. Clin Chem. 1997;43(7):1299-1304.
89. Dudley RF. Chemiluminescence immunoassay: an alternative to RIA. Lab Med. 1990;21(4):216-222.
90. Shah VP, Midha KK, Findlay JWA, et al. Bioanalytic method validation: a revisit with a decade of progress. Pharm Res. 2000;17(12):1551-1557.
91. De Ronde W, van der Schouw YT, Pols HAP, et al. Calculation of bioavailable and free testosterone in men: a comparison of 5 published algorithms. Clin Chem. 2006;52(9):1777-1784.
92. Rosner W, Auchus RJ, Azziz R, Sluss PM, Raff H. Position statement: utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):405-413.
93. Rodbard D. Statistical quality control and routine data processing for radioimmunoassays and immunoradiometric assays. Clin Chem. 1974;20(10):1255-1270.
94. Fraser CG, Harris EK. Generation and application of data on biological variation in clinical chemistry. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1989;27(5):409-437.
95. Hackney AC, Premo MC, McMurray RG. Influence of aerobic versus anaerobic exercise on the relationship between reproductive hormones in men. J Sports Sci. 1995;13(4):305-311.
96. Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML. Deconvolution analysis of hormone data. Methods Enzymol. 1992;210:539-575.
97. Kingle RD, Johnson GF. Statistical procedures. In: Tietz NW, ed. Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1986:287-355.
98. Pincus SM, Hartman ML, Roelfsema F, Thorner MO, Veldhuis JD. Hormone pulsatility discrimination via coarse and short time sampling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1999;277(5, pt 1):E948-E957.
99. Matthews DR. Time series analysis in endocrinology. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1988;347:55-62.
100. Hopkins WG. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med. 2000;30(1):1-15.
101. Hojat M, Xu G. A visitor's guide to effect sizes: statistical significance versus practical (clinical) importance of research findings. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2004;9(3):241-249.
102. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Englewood, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988:116-173.