메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 676-682

Dementia in Parkinson's disease

Author keywords

synuclein; Dementia; Genetics; Mild cognitive impairment; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; AMANTADINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MEMANTINE; PROTEIN; RIVASTIGMINE;

EID: 56749136301     PISSN: 13507540     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283168df0     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (80)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 34047223232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lippa CF, Duda JE, Grossman M, et al. DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology 2007; 68:812-819. This is a consensus report from a DLB/PDD Working Group, established to follow up recommendations made in the third report of the DLB Consortium on current status and future research recommendations on the interface between DLB and PDD.
    • Lippa CF, Duda JE, Grossman M, et al. DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology 2007; 68:812-819. This is a consensus report from a DLB/PDD Working Group, established to follow up recommendations made in the third report of the DLB Consortium on current status and future research recommendations on the interface between DLB and PDD.
  • 2
    • 41149173996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years
    • This is the longest prospective study of a cohort with early Parkinson's disease, which shows that nearly all patients who survived for 20 years after disease onset will develop dementia
    • Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, et al. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord 2008; 23:837-844. This is the longest prospective study of a cohort with early Parkinson's disease, which shows that nearly all patients who survived for 20 years after disease onset will develop dementia.
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 837-844
    • Hely, M.A.1    Reid, W.G.2    Adena, M.A.3
  • 3
    • 41349114646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: A 12-year population study
    • This is a 12-year prospective study based on a prevalence sample. In addition to demonstrating the very high cumulative risk for dementia, Markov analysis was used to estimate the risk for dementia for an individual patient
    • Buter TC, van den Hout A, Matthews FE, et al. Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: a 12-year population study. Neurology 2008; 70:1017-1022. This is a 12-year prospective study based on a prevalence sample. In addition to demonstrating the very high cumulative risk for dementia, Markov analysis was used to estimate the risk for dementia for an individual patient.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , pp. 1017-1022
    • Buter, T.C.1    van den Hout, A.2    Matthews, F.E.3
  • 4
    • 33847151183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia
    • Aarsland D, Kvaloy JT, Andersen K, et al. The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia. J Neurol 2007; 254:38-45.
    • (2007) J Neurol , vol.254 , pp. 38-45
    • Aarsland, D.1    Kvaloy, J.T.2    Andersen, K.3
  • 5
    • 33748357972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in motor subtype and risk for incident dementia in Parkinson's disease
    • Alves G, Larsen JP, Emre M, et al. Changes in motor subtype and risk for incident dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21:1123-1130.
    • (2006) Mov Disord , vol.21 , pp. 1123-1130
    • Alves, G.1    Larsen, J.P.2    Emre, M.3
  • 6
    • 34447633928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams-Gray CH, Foltynie T, Brayne CE, et al. Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort. Brain 2007; 130 (Pt 7):1787-1798. This is the first longitudinal study of cognitive functioning in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort. Frontostriatal and posterior cortical cognitive deficits were shown, and motor and nonmotor patterns associated with dementia were found.
    • Williams-Gray CH, Foltynie T, Brayne CE, et al. Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort. Brain 2007; 130 (Pt 7):1787-1798. This is the first longitudinal study of cognitive functioning in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort. Frontostriatal and posterior cortical cognitive deficits were shown, and motor and nonmotor patterns associated with dementia were found.
  • 7
    • 27144549543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease
    • Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005; 65:1239-1245.
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.65 , pp. 1239-1245
    • Muslimovic, D.1    Post, B.2    Speelman, J.D.3    Schmand, B.4
  • 8
    • 33750367778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Progression to dementia
    • Janvin CC, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, Hugdahl K. Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: progression to dementia. Mov Disord 2006; 21:1343-1349.
    • (2006) Mov Disord , vol.21 , pp. 1343-1349
    • Janvin, C.C.1    Larsen, J.P.2    Aarsland, D.3    Hugdahl, K.4
  • 9
    • 33847714701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment and dementia using voxel-based morphometry
    • Beyer MK, Janvin CC, Larsen JP, Aarsland D. A magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment and dementia using voxel-based morphometry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:254-259.
    • (2007) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.78 , pp. 254-259
    • Beyer, M.K.1    Janvin, C.C.2    Larsen, J.P.3    Aarsland, D.4
  • 10
    • 34249801798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI confirms mild cognitive impairments prodromal for Alzheimer's, vascular and Parkinson-Lewy body dementias
    • Meyer JS, Huang J, Chowdhury MH. MRI confirms mild cognitive impairments prodromal for Alzheimer's, vascular and Parkinson-Lewy body dementias. J Neurol Sci 2007; 257 (1-2):97-104.
    • (2007) J Neurol Sci , vol.257 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 97-104
    • Meyer, J.S.1    Huang, J.2    Chowdhury, M.H.3
  • 11
    • 42049122792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic abnormalities associated with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease
    • This study demonstrates for the first time a metabolic basis for MCl-Parkinson's disease, involving decreased parietal and prefrontal metabolism
    • Huang C, Mattis P, Perrine K, et al. Metabolic abnormalities associated with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2008; 70 (16 Pt 2):1470-1477. This study demonstrates for the first time a metabolic basis for MCl-Parkinson's disease, involving decreased parietal and prefrontal metabolism.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , Issue.16 PART 2 , pp. 1470-1477
    • Huang, C.1    Mattis, P.2    Perrine, K.3
  • 12
    • 36448964545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson disease, 10 years after its genetic revolution: Multiple clues to a complex disorder
    • Klein C, Schlossmacher MG. Parkinson disease, 10 years after its genetic revolution: multiple clues to a complex disorder. Neurology 2007; 69:2093-2104.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 2093-2104
    • Klein, C.1    Schlossmacher, M.G.2
  • 13
    • 33846446384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between family history of Parkinson's disease and dementia and risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: A community-based, longitudinal study
    • Kurz MW, Larsen JP, Kvaloy JT, Aarsland D. Associations between family history of Parkinson's disease and dementia and risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, longitudinal study. Mov Disord 2006; 21:2170-2174.
    • (2006) Mov Disord , vol.21 , pp. 2170-2174
    • Kurz, M.W.1    Larsen, J.P.2    Kvaloy, J.T.3    Aarsland, D.4
  • 14
    • 37849012348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • alpha-Synuclein gene duplication is present in sporadic Parkinson disease
    • Ahn TB, Kim SY, Kim JY, et al. alpha-Synuclein gene duplication is present in sporadic Parkinson disease. Neurology 2008; 70:43-49.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , pp. 43-49
    • Ahn, T.B.1    Kim, S.Y.2    Kim, J.Y.3
  • 15
    • 10744227740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of kindreds with Parkinsonism and alpha-synuclein genomic multiplications
    • Farrer M, Kachergus J, Forno L, et al. Comparison of kindreds with Parkinsonism and alpha-synuclein genomic multiplications. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:174-179.
    • (2004) Ann Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 174-179
    • Farrer, M.1    Kachergus, J.2    Forno, L.3
  • 16
    • 48949092066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of Lrrk2 R1628P as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease
    • This study reports on five families harbouring duplication or triplication of SNCA. In addition to showing a dose-relationship with clinical severity, a mechanistic hypothesis for the multiplication is provided
    • Ross OA, Wu YR, Lee MC, et al. Analysis of Lrrk2 R1628P as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2008; 64:88-92. This study reports on five families harbouring duplication or triplication of SNCA. In addition to showing a dose-relationship with clinical severity, a mechanistic hypothesis for the multiplication is provided.
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 88-92
    • Ross, O.A.1    Wu, Y.R.2    Lee, M.C.3
  • 17
    • 13244277457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic association between the APOE*4 allele and Lewy bodies in Alzheimer disease
    • Tsuang DW, Wilson RK, Lopez OL, et al. Genetic association between the APOE*4 allele and Lewy bodies in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005; 64:509-513.
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.64 , pp. 509-513
    • Tsuang, D.W.1    Wilson, R.K.2    Lopez, O.L.3
  • 18
    • 0032066175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and progression of cortical Lewy body pathology in Parkinson's disease
    • Wakabayashi K, Kakita A, Hayashi S, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and progression of cortical Lewy body pathology in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 95:450-454.
    • (1998) Acta Neuropathol , vol.95 , pp. 450-454
    • Wakabayashi, K.1    Kakita, A.2    Hayashi, S.3
  • 19
    • 33645033907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of apolipoprotein E and age at onset to Parkinson disease neuropathology
    • Ghebremedhin E, Del Tredici K, Vuksic M, et al. Relationship of apolipoprotein E and age at onset to Parkinson disease neuropathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:116-123.
    • (2006) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 116-123
    • Ghebremedhin, E.1    Del Tredici, K.2    Vuksic, M.3
  • 20
    • 32944462422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apolipoprotein E and dementia in Parkinson disease: A meta-analysis
    • Huang X, Chen P, Kaufer DI, et al. Apolipoprotein E and dementia in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol 2006; 63:189-193.
    • (2006) Arch Neurol , vol.63 , pp. 189-193
    • Huang, X.1    Chen, P.2    Kaufer, D.I.3
  • 21
    • 33847007700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism, total plasma cholesterol level, and Parkinson disease dementia
    • This study is based on a large cohort and excluded patients with vascular dementia, DLB, or cortical dementia. E4 allele frequencies were similar in PDD and nondemented Parkinson's disease
    • Jasinska-Myga B, Opala G, Goetz CG, et al. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism, total plasma cholesterol level, and Parkinson disease dementia. Arch Neurol 2007; 64:261-265. This study is based on a large cohort and excluded patients with vascular dementia, DLB, or cortical dementia. E4 allele frequencies were similar in PDD and nondemented Parkinson's disease.
    • (2007) Arch Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 261-265
    • Jasinska-Myga, B.1    Opala, G.2    Goetz, C.G.3
  • 22
    • 0035860983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genomic screen in Parkinson disease: Evidence for multiple genes
    • Scott WK, Nance MA, Watts RL, et al. Complete genomic screen in Parkinson disease: evidence for multiple genes. JAMA 2001; 286:2239-2244.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 2239-2244
    • Scott, W.K.1    Nance, M.A.2    Watts, R.L.3
  • 23
    • 35148866228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goris A, Williams-Gray CH, Clark GR, et al. Tau and alpha-synuclein in susceptibility to, and dementia in, Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:145-153. This longitudinal study of a large cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease suggests a role for the tau gene for dementia in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, the findings indicate an interaction between the SNCA and tau genes.
    • Goris A, Williams-Gray CH, Clark GR, et al. Tau and alpha-synuclein in susceptibility to, and dementia in, Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:145-153. This longitudinal study of a large cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease suggests a role for the tau gene for dementia in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, the findings indicate an interaction between the SNCA and tau genes.
  • 24
    • 42049094200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haugarvoll K, Rademakers R, Kachergus JM, et al. Lrrk2 R1441C Parkinsonism is clinically similar to sporadic Parkinson disease. Neurology 2008; 70 (16 Pt 2):1456-1460. This study reports on 33 affected LRRK2 p.R1441C carriers. The phenotype, including proportion with MCl and dementia, seems to be similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
    • Haugarvoll K, Rademakers R, Kachergus JM, et al. Lrrk2 R1441C Parkinsonism is clinically similar to sporadic Parkinson disease. Neurology 2008; 70 (16 Pt 2):1456-1460. This study reports on 33 affected LRRK2 p.R1441C carriers. The phenotype, including proportion with MCl and dementia, seems to be similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
  • 25
    • 50049104725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healy DG, Falchi M, O'Sullivan SS, et al. Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:583-590. This study presents genotype-phenotype correlations in 1045 patients with mutations in LRRK2 and compares this to 543 patients with pathologically confirmed Parkinson's disease. Convincing evidence of more benign course in carriers of the common LRRK2 G2019Ser mutation is shown, including a reduced rate of cognitive decline.
    • Healy DG, Falchi M, O'Sullivan SS, et al. Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:583-590. This study presents genotype-phenotype correlations in 1045 patients with mutations in LRRK2 and compares this to 543 patients with pathologically confirmed Parkinson's disease. Convincing evidence of more benign course in carriers of the common LRRK2 G2019Ser mutation is shown, including a reduced rate of cognitive decline.
  • 26
    • 0342368772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between early-onset Parkinson's disease and mutations in the parkin gene
    • Lucking CB, Durr A, Bonifati V, et al. Association between early-onset Parkinson's disease and mutations in the parkin gene. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1560-1567.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 1560-1567
    • Lucking, C.B.1    Durr, A.2    Bonifati, V.3
  • 27
    • 0036095285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkin localizes to the Lewy bodies of Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
    • Schlossmacher MG, Frosch MP, Gai WP, et al. Parkin localizes to the Lewy bodies of Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:1655-1667.
    • (2002) Am J Pathol , vol.160 , pp. 1655-1667
    • Schlossmacher, M.G.1    Frosch, M.P.2    Gai, W.P.3
  • 28
    • 24644462201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lewy body Parkinson's disease in a large pedigree with 77 Parkin mutation carriers
    • Pramstaller PP, Schlossmacher MG, Jacques TS, et al. Lewy body Parkinson's disease in a large pedigree with 77 Parkin mutation carriers. Ann Neurol 2005; 58:411-422.
    • (2005) Ann Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 411-422
    • Pramstaller, P.P.1    Schlossmacher, M.G.2    Jacques, T.S.3
  • 29
    • 5444255434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology
    • Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:121-134.
    • (2004) Cell Tissue Res , vol.318 , pp. 121-134
    • Braak, H.1    Ghebremedhin, E.2    Rub, U.3
  • 30
    • 33750440804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive decline correlates with neuropathological stage in Parkinson's disease
    • Braak H, Rub U, Del Tredici K. Cognitive decline correlates with neuropathological stage in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2006; 248 (1-2):255-258.
    • (2006) J Neurol Sci , vol.248 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 255-258
    • Braak, H.1    Rub, U.2    Del Tredici, K.3
  • 31
    • 33845709899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in neuropathology characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum
    • Ballard C, Ziabreva I, Perry R, et al. Differences in neuropathology characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum. Neurology 2006; 67:1931-1934.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , pp. 1931-1934
    • Ballard, C.1    Ziabreva, I.2    Perry, R.3
  • 32
    • 33846997878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic alpha-synuclein aggregates, not Lewy bodies, cause neurodegeneration in dementia with Lewy bodies
    • This study employed novel techniques such as paraffin-embedded tissue and protein aggregate filtration and demonstrated that the majority of α-synuclein disorders are in the form of small aggregates located at presynaptic terminals
    • Kramer ML, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. Presynaptic alpha-synuclein aggregates, not Lewy bodies, cause neurodegeneration in dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1405-1410. This study employed novel techniques such as paraffin-embedded tissue and protein aggregate filtration and demonstrated that the majority of α-synuclein disorders are in the form of small aggregates located at presynaptic terminals.
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 1405-1410
    • Kramer, M.L.1    Schulz-Schaeffer, W.J.2
  • 33
    • 41149177434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The progression of pathology in longitudinally followed patients with Parkinson's disease
    • This is the largest clinicopathologic study of a prospectively followed Parkinson's disease cohort. Three different neuropathological groups were identified with different clinical courses
    • Halliday G, Hely M, Reid W, Morris J. The progression of pathology in longitudinally followed patients with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:409-415. This is the largest clinicopathologic study of a prospectively followed Parkinson's disease cohort. Three different neuropathological groups were identified with different clinical courses.
    • (2008) Acta Neuropathol , vol.115 , pp. 409-415
    • Halliday, G.1    Hely, M.2    Reid, W.3    Morris, J.4
  • 34
    • 41149152243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical alpha-synuclein load is associated with amyloid-beta plaque burden in a subset of Parkinson's disease patients
    • Lashley T, Holton JL, Gray E, et al. Cortical alpha-synuclein load is associated with amyloid-beta plaque burden in a subset of Parkinson's disease patients. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:417-425.
    • (2008) Acta Neuropathol , vol.115 , pp. 417-425
    • Lashley, T.1    Holton, J.L.2    Gray, E.3
  • 35
    • 0035430788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Parkinson's disease
    • McNaught KS, Olanow CW, Halliwell B, et al. Failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Parkinson's disease. Nat Rev 2001; 2:589-594.
    • (2001) Nat Rev , vol.2 , pp. 589-594
    • McNaught, K.S.1    Olanow, C.W.2    Halliwell, B.3
  • 36
    • 44949251736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macinnes N, Iravani MM, Perry E, et al. Proteasomal abnormalities in cortical Lewy body disease and the impact of proteasomal inhibition within cortical and cholinergic systems. J Neural Transm 2008; 115:869-878. This is the first study demonstrating proteasome system dysfunction also in cortical Lewy body disease. In addition, an animal model of cortical Lewy body disease was convincingly shown.
    • Macinnes N, Iravani MM, Perry E, et al. Proteasomal abnormalities in cortical Lewy body disease and the impact of proteasomal inhibition within cortical and cholinergic systems. J Neural Transm 2008; 115:869-878. This is the first study demonstrating proteasome system dysfunction also in cortical Lewy body disease. In addition, an animal model of cortical Lewy body disease was convincingly shown.
  • 37
    • 33947537591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leverenz JB, Umar I, Wang Q, et al. Proteomic identification of novel proteins in cortical Lewy bodies. Brain Pathol (Zurich, Switzerland) 2007; 17:139-145. This is the first study employing proteomics to study the protein content of Lewy bodies postmortem. Among the proteasomal abnormalities observed, candidates included those involved in UPS protein degradation, folding, and oxidative stress, supporting hypotheses involving these systems in the pathology of cortical Lewy body disease.
    • Leverenz JB, Umar I, Wang Q, et al. Proteomic identification of novel proteins in cortical Lewy bodies. Brain Pathol (Zurich, Switzerland) 2007; 17:139-145. This is the first study employing proteomics to study the protein content of Lewy bodies postmortem. Among the proteasomal abnormalities observed, candidates included those involved in UPS protein degradation, folding, and oxidative stress, supporting hypotheses involving these systems in the pathology of cortical Lewy body disease.
  • 38
    • 36249014794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Francis PT, Perry EK. Cholinergic and other neurotransmitter mechanisms in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2007; 22 (S 17):S351-S357. This is a comprehensive and up-to-date review of neurochemical changes associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease.
    • Francis PT, Perry EK. Cholinergic and other neurotransmitter mechanisms in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2007; 22 (S 17):S351-S357. This is a comprehensive and up-to-date review of neurochemical changes associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease.
  • 39
    • 1842634050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burton FJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, et al. Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia: a comparison with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and controls. Brain 2004; 127 (R 4):791-800.
    • Burton FJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, et al. Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia: a comparison with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and controls. Brain 2004; 127 (R 4):791-800.
  • 40
    • 33644960563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain atrophy rates in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia using serial magnetic resonance imaging
    • Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT. Brain atrophy rates in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia using serial magnetic resonance imaging. Mov Disord 2005; 20:1571-1576.
    • (2005) Mov Disord , vol.20 , pp. 1571-1576
    • Burton, E.J.1    McKeith, I.G.2    Burn, D.J.3    O'Brien, J.T.4
  • 41
    • 0038314384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI study of caudate nucleus volume in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease
    • Almeida OP, Burton EJ, McKeith I, et al. MRI study of caudate nucleus volume in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003; 16:57-63.
    • (2003) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.16 , pp. 57-63
    • Almeida, O.P.1    Burton, E.J.2    McKeith, I.3
  • 42
    • 20844461152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amygdalar and hippocampal MRI volumetric reductions in Parkinson's disease with dementia
    • Junque C, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Tolosa E, et al. Amygdalar and hippocampal MRI volumetric reductions in Parkinson's disease with dementia. Mov Disord 2005; 20:540-544.
    • (2005) Mov Disord , vol.20 , pp. 540-544
    • Junque, C.1    Ramirez-Ruiz, B.2    Tolosa, E.3
  • 43
    • 43849090633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age and dementia-associated atrophy predominates in the hippocampal head and amygdala in Parkinson's disease
    • Bouchard TP, Malykhin N, Martin WR, et al. Age and dementia-associated atrophy predominates in the hippocampal head and amygdala in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1027-1039.
    • (2008) Neurobiol Aging , vol.29 , pp. 1027-1039
    • Bouchard, T.P.1    Malykhin, N.2    Martin, W.R.3
  • 44
    • 55049137498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease is related to caudate dopaminergic hypofunction and hippocampal atrophy
    • Epub ahead of print
    • Jokinen P, Bruck A, Aalto S, et al. Impaired cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease is related to caudate dopaminergic hypofunction and hippocampal atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2008) Parkinsonism Relat Disord
    • Jokinen, P.1    Bruck, A.2    Aalto, S.3
  • 45
    • 34250749677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain mapping as a tool to study neurodegeneration
    • Apostolova LG, Thompson PM. Brain mapping as a tool to study neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2007; 4:387-400.
    • (2007) Neurotherapeutics , vol.4 , pp. 387-400
    • Apostolova, L.G.1    Thompson, P.M.2
  • 46
    • 34547897402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dementia in Parkinson's disease: Diffusion tensor imaging
    • This is the first study using diffusion tension imaging in PDD. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the technique, as well as the relevance of posterior cingulate bundles for dementia in Parkinson's disease
    • Matsui H, Nishinaka K, Oda M, et al. Dementia in Parkinson's disease: diffusion tensor imaging. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116:177-181. This is the first study using diffusion tension imaging in PDD. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the technique, as well as the relevance of posterior cingulate bundles for dementia in Parkinson's disease.
    • (2007) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.116 , pp. 177-181
    • Matsui, H.1    Nishinaka, K.2    Oda, M.3
  • 47
    • 0345791457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posterior cingulate metabolic changes occur in Parkinson's disease patients without dementia
    • Camicioli RM, Korzan JR, Foster SL, et al. Posterior cingulate metabolic changes occur in Parkinson's disease patients without dementia. Neurosci Lett 2004; 354:177-180.
    • (2004) Neurosci Lett , vol.354 , pp. 177-180
    • Camicioli, R.M.1    Korzan, J.R.2    Foster, S.L.3
  • 49
    • 7044269177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered cortical visual processing in PD with hallucinations: An fMRI study
    • Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Carrillo MC, et al. Altered cortical visual processing in PD with hallucinations: an fMRI study. Neurology 2004; 63:1409-1416.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 1409-1416
    • Stebbins, G.T.1    Goetz, C.G.2    Carrillo, M.C.3
  • 50
    • 34548369547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic brain networks associated with cognitive function in Parkinson's disease
    • Several reports from this group using fMRI to explore activation patterns associated with cognition in Parkinson's disease. They found a specific network associated with cognition in Parkinson's disease, which is associated with MCl and changes over time
    • Huang C, Mattis P, Tang C, et al. Metabolic brain networks associated with cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. Neurolmage 2007; 34:714-723. Several reports from this group using fMRI to explore activation patterns associated with cognition in Parkinson's disease. They found a specific network associated with cognition in Parkinson's disease, which is associated with MCl and changes over time.
    • (2007) Neurolmage , vol.34 , pp. 714-723
    • Huang, C.1    Mattis, P.2    Tang, C.3
  • 51
    • 34447636064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in network activity with the progression of Parkinson's disease
    • Huang C, Tang C, Feigin A, et al. Changes in network activity with the progression of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2007; 130 (Pt 7):1834-1846.
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , Issue.PART 7 , pp. 1834-1846
    • Huang, C.1    Tang, C.2    Feigin, A.3
  • 52
    • 0038727850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease and related alpha-synucleinopathies are brain amyloidoses
    • Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. Parkinson's disease and related alpha-synucleinopathies are brain amyloidoses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 991:107-110.
    • (2003) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.991 , pp. 107-110
    • Trojanowski, J.Q.1    Lee, V.M.2
  • 53
    • 37849039499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maetzler W, Reimold M, Liepelt I, et al. [11C]PIB binding in Parkinson's disease dementia. NeuroImage 2008; 39:1027-1033. This is the first study exploring PIB-PET in PDD. In addition, using autopsy tissue, the authors showed for the first time specific binding of PIB to amyloid plaques as well as Lewy bodies.
    • Maetzler W, Reimold M, Liepelt I, et al. [11C]PIB binding in Parkinson's disease dementia. NeuroImage 2008; 39:1027-1033. This is the first study exploring PIB-PET in PDD. In addition, using autopsy tissue, the authors showed for the first time specific binding of PIB to amyloid plaques as well as Lewy bodies.
  • 54
    • 42549131821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro high affinity alpha-synuclein binding sites for the amyloid imaging agent PIB are not matched by binding to Lewy bodies in postmortem human brain
    • Ye L, Velasco A, Fraser G, et al. In vitro high affinity alpha-synuclein binding sites for the amyloid imaging agent PIB are not matched by binding to Lewy bodies in postmortem human brain. J Neurochem 2008; 105:1428-1437.
    • (2008) J Neurochem , vol.105 , pp. 1428-1437
    • Ye, L.1    Velasco, A.2    Fraser, G.3
  • 55
    • 39749153506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bonanni L, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, et al. EEG comparisons in early Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia patients with a 2-year follow-up. Brain 2008; 131 (Pt 3):690-705. This is the most comprehensive study of EEG in PDD and DLB, using novel technology, including frequency variability. Characteristic changes were found in DLB and PDD, which distinguished DLB and PDD from Alzheimer's disease with high accuracy.
    • Bonanni L, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, et al. EEG comparisons in early Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia patients with a 2-year follow-up. Brain 2008; 131 (Pt 3):690-705. This is the most comprehensive study of EEG in PDD and DLB, using novel technology, including frequency variability. Characteristic changes were found in DLB and PDD, which distinguished DLB and PDD from Alzheimer's disease with high accuracy.
  • 56
    • 56749140242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronnick KS, Nordby H, Larsen JP, Aarsland D. Disturbance of automatic auditory change detection in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease: a mismatch negativity study. Neurobiol Aging 2008 [Epub ahead of print]. This is the first study to use mismatch negativity paradigm as a measure of automatic attention in PDD. Characteristic changes were found in PDD, which were more pronounced than those observed in DLB.
    • Bronnick KS, Nordby H, Larsen JP, Aarsland D. Disturbance of automatic auditory change detection in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease: a mismatch negativity study. Neurobiol Aging 2008 [Epub ahead of print]. This is the first study to use mismatch negativity paradigm as a measure of automatic attention in PDD. Characteristic changes were found in PDD, which were more pronounced than those observed in DLB.
  • 57
    • 33748163112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-amlyoid 1-42 and tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease dementia
    • Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C, von Ahsen N, et al. Beta-amlyoid 1-42 and tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 22:200-208.
    • (2006) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.22 , pp. 200-208
    • Mollenhauer, B.1    Trenkwalder, C.2    von Ahsen, N.3
  • 58
    • 47049100511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies
    • Epub ahead of print
    • Parnetti L, Tiraboschi P, Lanari A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Biol Psychiatry 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2008) Biol Psychiatry
    • Parnetti, L.1    Tiraboschi, P.2    Lanari, A.3
  • 59
    • 33645833848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease
    • El-Agnaf OM, Salem SA, Paleologou KE, et al. Detection of oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2006; 20:419-425.
    • (2006) FASEB J , vol.20 , pp. 419-425
    • El-Agnaf, O.M.1    Salem, S.A.2    Paleologou, K.E.3
  • 60
    • 33748325848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson's disease
    • Tokuda T, Salem SA, Allsop D, et al. Decreased alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:162-166.
    • (2006) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.349 , pp. 162-166
    • Tokuda, T.1    Salem, S.A.2    Allsop, D.3
  • 61
    • 49449105990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mollenhauer B, Cullen V, Kahn I, et al. Direct quantification of CSF alpha-synuclein by ELISA and first cross-sectional study in patients with neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
    • Mollenhauer B, Cullen V, Kahn I, et al. Direct quantification of CSF alpha-synuclein by ELISA and first cross-sectional study in patients with neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
  • 62
    • 35348939603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease
    • quiz 837. This is the report from a Task Force, organized by the Movement Disorder Study for the development of clinical diagnostic criteria for PDD. In addition, the paper contains a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature
    • Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2007; 22:1689-1707; quiz 837. This is the report from a Task Force, organized by the Movement Disorder Study for the development of clinical diagnostic criteria for PDD. In addition, the paper contains a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature.
    • (2007) Mov Disord , vol.22 , pp. 1689-1707
    • Emre, M.1    Aarsland, D.2    Brown, R.3
  • 63
    • 38549126646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson's disease dementia: Recommendations from the Movement Disorder Society task force
    • This is another report from the MDS Task Force for PDD, providing diagnostic procedures for PDD, both for clinical practice and research
    • Dubois B, Burn D, Goetz C, et al. Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson's disease dementia: recommendations from the Movement Disorder Society task force. Mov Disord 2007; 22:2314-2324. This is another report from the MDS Task Force for PDD, providing diagnostic procedures for PDD, both for clinical practice and research.
    • (2007) Mov Disord , vol.22 , pp. 2314-2324
    • Dubois, B.1    Burn, D.2    Goetz, C.3
  • 64
    • 33750969676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia
    • Galvin JE, Pollack J, Morris JC. Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia. Neurology 2006; 67:1605-1611.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , pp. 1605-1611
    • Galvin, J.E.1    Pollack, J.2    Morris, J.C.3
  • 65
    • 34848920109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profile of cognitive impairment in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease compared with Alzheimer's disease
    • This is by far the largest cohort to explore the patterns of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease and PDD, demonstrating attentional impairment as a key feature of PDD
    • Bronnick K, Emre M, Lane R, et al. Profile of cognitive impairment in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease compared with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:1064-1068. This is by far the largest cohort to explore the patterns of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease and PDD, demonstrating attentional impairment as a key feature of PDD.
    • (2007) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.78 , pp. 1064-1068
    • Bronnick, K.1    Emre, M.2    Lane, R.3
  • 66
    • 33645552854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive profiles of individual patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: Comparison with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease
    • Janvin CC, Larsen JP, Salmon DP, et al. Cognitive profiles of individual patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: comparison with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21:337-342.
    • (2006) Mov Disord , vol.21 , pp. 337-342
    • Janvin, C.C.1    Larsen, J.P.2    Salmon, D.P.3
  • 67
    • 33846016934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatrie symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: Frequency, profile and associated caregiver stress
    • This study uses cluster analysis to identify a characteristic neuropsychiatric syndrome profile in a large cohort of patients with PDD
    • Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Ehrt U, et al. Neuropsychiatrie symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated caregiver stress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:36-42. This study uses cluster analysis to identify a characteristic neuropsychiatric syndrome profile in a large cohort of patients with PDD.
    • (2007) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.78 , pp. 36-42
    • Aarsland, D.1    Bronnick, K.2    Ehrt, U.3
  • 68
    • 56749094597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kulisevsky J, Pagonbarraga J, Pascual-Sedano B, et al., Trapecio Group Study. Prevalence and correlates of neuropsychiatrie symptoms in Parkinson's disease without dementia. Mov Disord 2008 [Epub ahead of print]. This is the largest study to date, reporting the neuropsychiatric symptoms and cluster analysis of 1351 patients with Parkinson's disease. Eighty-seven per cent of the subjects reported at least one psychiatric symptom, such as depression (70%), anxiety (69%), apathy (48%), and irritability (47%).
    • Kulisevsky J, Pagonbarraga J, Pascual-Sedano B, et al., Trapecio Group Study. Prevalence and correlates of neuropsychiatrie symptoms in Parkinson's disease without dementia. Mov Disord 2008 [Epub ahead of print]. This is the largest study to date, reporting the neuropsychiatric symptoms and cluster analysis of 1351 patients with Parkinson's disease. Eighty-seven per cent of the subjects reported at least one psychiatric symptom, such as depression (70%), anxiety (69%), apathy (48%), and irritability (47%).
  • 69
    • 35448996812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muslimovic D, Schmand B, Speelman JD, de Haan RJ. Course of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13:920-932. This is a meta-analysis of 25 longitudinal studies to examine cognitive decline in patients with nondemented Parkinson's disease, calculating effect sizes for change in eight cognitive domains.
    • Muslimovic D, Schmand B, Speelman JD, de Haan RJ. Course of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13:920-932. This is a meta-analysis of 25 longitudinal studies to examine cognitive decline in patients with nondemented Parkinson's disease, calculating effect sizes for change in eight cognitive domains.
  • 70
    • 10044271124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rate of cognitive decline in Parkinson disease
    • Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, et al. The rate of cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2004; 81:1906-1911.
    • (2004) Arch Neurol , vol.81 , pp. 1906-1911
    • Aarsland, D.1    Andersen, K.2    Larsen, J.P.3
  • 71
    • 44949254186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of disability and quality of life in mild to moderate Parkinson disease
    • Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, et al. Determinants of disability and quality of life in mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Neurology 2008; 70:2241-2247.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , pp. 2241-2247
    • Muslimovic, D.1    Post, B.2    Speelman, J.D.3
  • 72
    • 33749018570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attentional deficits affect activities of dairy living in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease
    • Bronnick K, Ehrt U, Emre M, et al. Attentional deficits affect activities of dairy living in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 77:1138-1142.
    • (2008) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.77 , pp. 1138-1142
    • Bronnick, K.1    Ehrt, U.2    Emre, M.3
  • 73
    • 33845228957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease
    • Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I, et al. Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21:1899-1907.
    • (2006) Mov Disord , vol.21 , pp. 1899-1907
    • Burn, D.1    Emre, M.2    McKeith, I.3
  • 74
    • 0042867233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased Alzheimer pathology in Parkinson's disease related to antimuscarinic drugs
    • Perry EK, Kilford L, Lees AJ, et al. Increased Alzheimer pathology in Parkinson's disease related to antimuscarinic drugs. Ann Neurol 2003; 54:235-238.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 235-238
    • Perry, E.K.1    Kilford, L.2    Lees, A.J.3
  • 75
    • 33750290651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between amantadine and the onset of dementia in Parkinson's disease
    • Inzelberg R, Bonuccelli U, Schechtman E, et al. Association between amantadine and the onset of dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21:1375-1379.
    • (2006) Mov Disord , vol.21 , pp. 1375-1379
    • Inzelberg, R.1    Bonuccelli, U.2    Schechtman, E.3
  • 76
    • 0032730121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of memantine (NMDA antagonist) on Parkinson's disease: A double-blind crossover randomized study
    • Merello M, Nouzeilles MI, Cammarota A, Leiguarda R. Effect of memantine (NMDA antagonist) on Parkinson's disease: a double-blind crossover randomized study. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999; 22:273-276.
    • (1999) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 273-276
    • Merello, M.1    Nouzeilles, M.I.2    Cammarota, A.3    Leiguarda, R.4
  • 78
    • 23244448543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delusions and hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: Worsening with memantine
    • Ridha BH, Josephs KA, Rossor MN. Delusions and hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: worsening with memantine. Neurology 2005; 65:481-482.
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.65 , pp. 481-482
    • Ridha, B.H.1    Josephs, K.A.2    Rossor, M.N.3
  • 79
    • 33744998323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive sequelae of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis
    • Parsons TD, Rogers SA, Braaten AJ, et al. Cognitive sequelae of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5:578-588.
    • (2006) Lancet Neurol , vol.5 , pp. 578-588
    • Parsons, T.D.1    Rogers, S.A.2    Braaten, A.J.3
  • 80
    • 30344450785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical power of studies examining the cognitive effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease
    • Woods SP, Rippeth JD, Conover E, et al. Statistical power of studies examining the cognitive effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2006; 20:27-38.
    • (2006) Clin Neuropsychol , vol.20 , pp. 27-38
    • Woods, S.P.1    Rippeth, J.D.2    Conover, E.3
  • 81
    • 49849090871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:605-614. This is one of the first large randomized multicentre studies comparing the cognitive effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus with that of best medical treatment. Although overall cognition did not differ, DBS was associated with a greater decline in selected frontal cognitive functions.
    • Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:605-614. This is one of the first large randomized multicentre studies comparing the cognitive effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus with that of best medical treatment. Although overall cognition did not differ, DBS was associated with a greater decline in selected frontal cognitive functions.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.