A model for fluvial bedrock incision by impacting suspended and bed load sediment

Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 2008, Pages

  Lamb, Michael P ^a   Dietrich, William E ^a   Sklar, Leonard S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEDLOAD; BEDROCK; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; EROSION RATE; MODELING; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT;

EID: 56649124603     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699011     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JF000915     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abbott, I E., and J. R. D. Francis (1977), Saltation and suspension trajectories of solid grains in a water stream, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser A, 284(1321), 225-254, doi:10.1098/rsta.1977.0009.
2. Alexander, H. S. (1932), Pothole erosion, J. Geol., 40(4), 305-337.
3. Anderson, R. S. (1986), Erosion profiles due to particles entrained by wind: Application of an eolian sediment-transport model, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 97, 1270-1278, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(1986)97<1270:EPDTPE>2.0. CO;2.
4. Bagnold, R. A. (1966), An Approach to the Sediment Transport Problem From General Physics, U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D. C.
5. Bathurst, J. C. (1985), Flow resistance estimation in mountain rivers, J. Hydraul. Eng., 111(4), 625-643.
6. Beaumont, C., P. Fullsack, and J. Hamilton (1992), Erosional control of active compressional orogens, in Thrust Tectonics, edited by K. R. McClay, pp. 1-18, Chapman and Hall, New York.
7. Bennett, S. J., J. S. Bridge, and J. L. Best (1998), Fluid and sediment dynamics of upper stage plane beds, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C1), 1239-1274, doi:10.1029/97JC02764.
8. Bridge, J. S., and S. J. Bennett (1992), A model for the entrainment and transport of sediment grains of mixed sizes, shapes, and densities, Water Resour Res., 28(2), 337-363, doi:10.1029/91WR02570.
9. Buffington, J. M., and D. R. Montgomery (1997), A systematic analysis of eight decades of incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel-bedded rivers, Water Resour Res., 33, 1993-2029.
10. Carter, C. L., and R. S. Anderson (2006), Fluvial erosion of physically modeled abrasion-dominated slot canyons, Geomorphology, 81, 89-113, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.006.
11. Chatanantavet, P., and G. Parker (2005), Modeling the bedrock river evolution of western Kaua'i, Hawai'1, by a physically-based incision model based on abrasion, in River Coastal, and Estuarine Morphodynamics: RCEM 2005, edited by G. Parker and M. Garcia, pp. 99-110, Taylor and Francis, London.
12. Chatanantavet, P., and G. Parker (2006), Experimental studies on the rate of incision by saltating abrasion: Verification, analysis and revision of a physically-based model, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H21E-1423.
13. Cheng, N. S., and Y. M. Chiew (1999), Analysis of initiation of sediment suspension from bed load, J. Hydraul. Eng., 125(8), 855-861, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:8 (855).
14. Coles, D. F. (1956), The law of the wake in turbulent boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech., 1, 191-226, doi:10.1017/S0022112056000135.
15. Crosby, B. T., K. X. Whipple, N. M. Gasparini, and C. W. Wobus (2007), Formation of fluvial hanging valleys: Theory and simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S10, doi:10.1029/2006JF000566.
16. Crowe, C. T., T. R. Trout, and J. N. Chung (1996), Numerical models for two-phase flows, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 28, 11-43, doi:10.1146/ annurev.fl.28.010196.000303.
17. Davis, R., J. Serayssol, and E. Hinch (1986), The elastohydrodynamical collision of two spheres, J. Fluid Mech., 163, 479-497, doi:10.1017/S0022112086002392.
18. Dietrich, W. E. (1982), Settling velocity of natural particles, Water Resour. Res., 18(6), 1615-1626, doi:l0.1029/WR018i006p01615.
19. Dietrich, W. E., D. Bellugi, L. Sklar, J. D. Stock, A. M. Heimsath, and J. J. Roering (2003), Geomorphic transport laws for predicting landscape form and dynamics, in Prediction in Geomorphology, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 135, edited by P. Wilcock and R. Iverson, pp. 1-30, AGU, Washington, D. C.
20. Einstein, H. A. (1968), Deposition of suspended particles in a gravel bed, J. Hydraul. Eng., 94(5), 1197-1205.
21. Fernandez Luque, F. R., and R. van Beek (1976), Erosion and transport of bed-load sediment, J. Hydraul. Res., 14, 127-144.
22. Finnegan, N. J., L. S. Sklar, and T. K. Fuller (2007), Interplay of sediment supply, river incision, and channel morphology revealed by the transient evolution of an experimental bedrock channel, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S11, doi:10.1029/2006JF000569.
23. Foley, M. G. (1980), Bedrock incision by streams, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 91, 2189-2213.
24. Francis, J. R. D. (1973), Experiments on motion of solitary grains along bed of a water-stream, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser A, 332(1591), 443-471, doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0037.
25. García, M. H., and G. Parker (1991), Entrainment of bed sediment into suspension, J. Hydraul. Eng., 117(4), 414-435, doi:10.1061 /(ASCE) 0733-9429(1991)117:4(414).
26. Gasparini, N. M., K. X. Whipple, and R. L. Bras (2007), Predictions of steady state and transient landscape morphology using sediment-flux-dependent river incision models, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S09, doi:10.1029/2006JF000567.
27. Gelfenbaum, G., and J. D. Smith (1986), Experimental evaluation of a generalized suspended-sediment transport theory, in Shelf Sands and Sandstones, edited by R. J. Knight and S. R. McLean, pp. 133-144, Can. Sec. of Pet. Geol., Calgary, Alberta.
28. Gilbert, G. K. (1877), Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains, 166 pp., U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
29. Graf, W. H., and M. Cellino (2002), Suspension in open channels: Experimental study, J. Hydrant. Res., 40(4), 435-447.
30. Grass, A. J. (1970), Initial instability of fine bed sands, J. Hydraul. Eng., 96, 619-632.
31. Hancock, G. S., R. S. Anderson, and K. X. Whipple (1998), Beyond power: Bedrock river incision process and form, in Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 107, edited by K. J. Tinkler and E. E. Wold, pp. 35-60, AGU, Washington, D. C.
32. Hartshorn, K., N. Hovius, W. B. Dade, and R. L. Slingerland (2002), Climate-driven bedrock incision in an active mountain belt, Science, 297(5589), 2036-2038, doi:10.1126/science.1075078.
33. Howard, A. D. (1998), Long profile development of bedrock channels: Interaction of weathering, mass wasting, bed erosion, and sediment transport, in Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 107, edited by K. J. Tinkler and E. E. Wohl, pp. 237-260, AGU, Washington, D. C.
34. Howard, A. D., and G. Kerby (1983), Channel changes in badlands, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94(6), 739-752, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(1983)94<739: CCIB>2.0.CO;2.
35. Howard, A. D., W. E. Dietrich, and M. A. Seidl (1994), Modeling fluvial erosion on regional and continental scales, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,971-13,986, doi:10.1029/94JB00744.
36. Hu, C. H., and Y. J. Hui (1996), Bed-load transport: Part I. Mechanical characteristics, J. Hydraul. Eng., 122(5), 245-254, doi:10.1061/ (ASCE) 0733-9429(1996)122:5 (245).
37. Jackson, R. G. (1976), Sedimentological and fluid-dynamic implications of turbulent bursting phenomenon in geophysical flows, J. Fluid Mech., 77(3), 531-560, doi:10.1017/S0022112076002243.
38. Johnson, J. P., and K. X. Whipple (2007), Feedbacks between erosion and sediment transport in experimental bedrock channels, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 32, 1048-1062, doi:10.1002/esp.1471.
39. Joseph, G. G., and M. L. Hunt (2004), Oblique particle-wall collisions in a liquid, J. Fluid Mech., 510, 71-93, doi:10.1017/ S002211200400919X.
40. Kamphius, J. W. (1974), Determination of sand roughness for fixed beds, J. Hydraul. Res., 12(2), 193-203.
41. Lamb, M. P., A. D. Howard, W. E. Dietrich, and J. T. Perron (2007), Formation of amphitheater-headed valleys by waterfall erosion after large-scale slumping on Hawaii, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 805-822, doi:10.1130/1325986.1.
42. Lamb, M. P., W. E. Dietrich, and J. G. Venditti (2008), Is the critical Shields number for incipient sediment motion dependent on channel-bed slope?, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F02008, doi:10.1029/2007JF000831.
43. Lee, H. Y, and I. S. Hsu (1994), Investigation of saltating particle motions, J. Hydraul. Eng., 120(7), 831-845, doi:10.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9429 (1994)120:7(831).
44. Lian, G., M. Adams, and C. Thornton (1996), Sediment suspension with rippled bed, J. Fluid Mech., 311, 141-152, doi:10.1017/ S0022112096002534.
45. McLean, S. R. (1992), On the calculation of suspended-load for noncohesive sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C4), 5759-5770, doi:10.1029/91JC02933.
46. Merritts, D., and W. B. Bull (1989), Interpreting Quaternary uplift rates at the Mendocino triple junction, northern California, from uplifted marine terraces, Geology, 17, 1020-1024, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1989)017 <1020:IQURAT>2.3.CO;2.
47. Muste, M., K. Yu, I. Fujita, and R. Ettema (2005), Two-phase versus mixed-flow perspective on suspended sediment transport in turbulent channel flows, Water Resour. Res., 41, W10402, doi:10.1029/ 2004WR003595.
48. Nelson, J. M., R. L. Shreve, D. C. McLean, and T. G. Drake (1995), Role of near-bed turbulence structure in bed load transport and bed form mechanics, Water Resour. Res., 31(8), 2071-2086, doi:10.1029/ 95WR00976.
49. Nelson, P. A., and G. Seminara (2007), Sediment supply and the prediction of bedrock channel cross section evolution, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H44B-04.
50. Nezu, I., and R. Azuma (2004), Turbulence characteristics and interaction between particles and fluid in particle-laden open channel flows, J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(10), 988-1000, doi:10.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9429 (2004)130:10(988).
51. Nezu, I., and H. Nakagawa (1993), Turbulence in Open-Channel Flows, 281 pp., A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
52. Nino, Y., M. Garcia, and L. Ayala (1994), Gravel saltation: 1. Experiments, Water Resour. Res., 30(6), 1907-1914, doi:10.1029/ 94WR00533.
53. Nino, Y., F. Lopez, and M. Garcia (2003), Threshold for particle entraimnent into suspension, Sedimentology, 50(2), 247-263, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00551.x.
54. Ninto, Y., and M. H. Garcia (1996), Experiments on particle-turbulence interactions in the near-wall region of an open channel flow: Implications for sediment transport, J. Fluid Mech., 326, 285-319, doi:10.1017/S0022112096008324.
55. O'Connor, J. E. (1993), Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
56. Parker, G. (1978), Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile bed. Part 1. The sand-silt river, J. Fluid Mech., 89, 109-125, doi:10.1017/S0022112078002499.
57. Parker, G. (1991), Selective sorting and abrasion of river gravel. Part II: Applications, J. Hydraul. Eng., 117(2), 150-171, doi:10.1061/ (ASCE) 0733-9429(1991)117:2(150).
58. Rouse, H. R. (1937), Modern conceptions of the mechanics of turbulence, Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 102, 463-543.
59. Schmeeckle, M. W., J. M. Nelson, J. Pitlick, and J. P. Bennet (2001), Interparticle collision of natural sediment grains in water, Water Resour. Res., 37(9), 2377-2391, doi:10.1029/2001WR000531.
60. Seidl, M. A., and W. E. Dietrich (1992), The problem of channel erosion into bedrock, Catena Suppl., 23, 101-124.
61. Seidl, M. A., W. E. Dietrich, and J. W. Kirchner (1994), Longitudinal profile development into bedrock: An analysis of Hawaiian channels, J. Geol., 102, 457-474.
62. Sekine, M., and H. Kikkawa (1992), Mechanics of saltating grains. Part II, J. Hydraul. Eng., 118(4), 536-558, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429 (1992)118:4(536).
63. Shields, A. (1936), Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf die Geschiebebewegung, Mitt. Preuss. Versuchsanst. Wasserbau Schiffbau, 26, 26.
64. Sklar, L. S. (2003), The influence of sediment supply, grain size, and rock strength on rates of river incision into bedrock, Ph.D. thesis, 342 pp., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif
65. Sklar, L. S., and W. E. Dietrich (2001), Sediment and rock strength controls on river incision into bedrock, Geology, 29(12), 1087-1090, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1087:SARSCO>2.0.CO;2.
66. Sklar, L. S., and W. E. Dietrich (2004), A mechanistic model for river incision into bedrock by saltating bed load, Water Resour. Res., 40, W06301, doi:10.1029/2003VTR002496.
67. Sklar, L. S., and W. E. Dietrich (2006), The role of sediment in controlling steady-state bedrock channel slope: Implications of the saltation-abrasion incision model, Geomorphology, 82(1-2), 58-83, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.019.
68. Sklar, L. S., W. E. Dietrich, and A. D. Howard (1996), The influence of sediment supply on river incision into bedrock: A theoretical investigation, Eos Trans. AGU, 77(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H32A-12.
69. Slingerland, R., S. D. Willett, and H. L. Hennessey (1997), A new fluvial bedrock incision model based on the work-energy principle, Eos Trans. AGU, 78(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H42F-12.
70. Smith, J. D., and S. R. McLean (1977), Spatially averaged flow over a wavy surface, J. Geophys. Res., 82(12), 1735-1746, doi:10.1029/ JC082i012p01735.
71. Sumer, B. M., and R. Deigaard (1981), Particle motions near the bottom in turbulent-flow in an open channel. Part 2, J. Fluid Mech., 109, 311-337, doi:10.1017/S0022112081001092.
72. Tinkler, K. J. (1997), Rockbed wear at a flow convergence zone in Fifteen Mile Creek, Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, J. Geol., 105, 263-274.
73. Tucker, G. E., and R. L. Slingerland (1994), Erosional dynamics, flexural isostasy, and long-lived escarpments: A numerical modeling study, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,229-12,243, doi:10.1029/94JB00320.
74. Turowski, J. M., D. Lague, and N. Hovius (2007), Cover effect in bedrock abrasion: A new derivation and its implications for the modeling of bedrock channel morphology, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F04006, doi:10.1029/2006JF000697.
75. Turowski, J. M., N. Hovius, H. Meng-Long, D. Lague, and C. Men-Chiang (2008), Distribution of erosion across bedrock channels, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 33, 353-362, doi:10.1002/esp.1559.
76. Vanoni, V. A. (1946), Transportation of suspended sediment by water, Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 111, 67-102.
77. van Rijn, L. C. (1984), Sediment transport: Part 2. Suspended-load transport, J. Hydraul. Eng., 110(11), 1613-1641.
78. Whipple, K. X. (2004), Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 151-185, doi:10.1146/ annurev.earth.32.101802.120356.
79. Whipple, K. X., and G. E. Tucker (1999), Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104(B8), 17,661-17,674, doi:10.1029/1999JB900120.
80. Whipple, K. X., G. S. Hancock, and R. S. Anderson (2000), River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112(3), 490-503, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606 (2000)112<0490:RIIBMA>2.3.CO;2.
81. Wiberg, P. L., and J. D. Smith (1985), A theoretical-model for saltating grains in water, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7341-7354, doi:10.1029/ JC090iC04p07341.
82. Wilcock, P. R., and J. C. Crowe (2003), Surface-based transport model for mixed-size sediment, J. Hydraul. Eng., 129(2), 120-128, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:2 (120).
83. Wilcock, P. R., S. T. Kenworthy, and J. C. Crowe (2001), Experimental study of the transport of mixed sand and gravel, Water Resour. Res., 37(12), 3349-3358, doi:10.1029/2001WR000683.
84. Wobus, C. W., B. T. Crosby, and K. X. Whipple (2006), Hanging valleys in fluvial systems: Controls on occurrence and implications for landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F02017, doi:10.1029 /2005JF000406.
85. Wren, D. G., S. J. Bennet, B. D. Barkdoll, and R. A. Kuhnle (2004), Distribution of velocity, turbulence, and suspended sediment over low-relief antidunes, J. Hydraul. Res., 43(1), 3-11.
86. Wright, S., and G. Parker (2004), Flow resistance and suspended load in sand-bed rivers: Simplified stratification model, J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(8), 796-805, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:8(796).
87. Yager, E. M., J. W. Kirchner, and W. E. Dietrich (2007), Calculating bed load transport in steep boulder bed channels, Water Resour. Res., 43, W07418, doi:10.1029/2006WR005432.