Investigating preschoolers' categorical thinking about gender through imitation, attention, and the use of self-categories

Child Development

Volumn 79, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1928-1941

  Grace, Diana M ^a   David, Barbara J ^a   Ryan, Michelle K ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMITATION; MALE; MEMORY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SELF CONCEPT; THINKING;

AGE FACTORS; ATTENTION; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMITATIVE BEHAVIOR; MALE; MEMORY; SELF CONCEPT; THINKING;

EID: 56449108384     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: 14678624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01234.x     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Bandura, A. Bussey, K 2004). On broadening the cognitive, motivational, and sociostructural scope of theorizing about gender development and functioning: Comment on Martin, Ruble and Szkrybalo (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 691 701.
2. Barrett, M 2000). The development of national identity in childhood and adolescence. Inaugural lecture presented at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. Retrieved December 2004 from http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Psychology/staff/ papers/mb-inaugural.html
3. Bem, S. L 1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354 364.
4. Bem, S. L 1984). Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 179 226.
5. Bennett, M., Lyons, E., Sani, F. Barrett, M 1998). Children's subjective identification with the group and in-group favouritism. Developmental Psychology, 34, 902 909.
6. Bennett, M. Sani, F 2004). Introduction: Children and social identity. In M. Bennett F. Sani (Eds The development of the social self. Hove, UK : Psychology Press.
7. Bigler, R. S 1995). The role of classification skill in moderating environmental influences on children's gender stereotyping: A study of the functional use of gender in the classroom. Child Development, 66, 1072 1087.
8. Bigler, R. S., Brown, C. S. Markell, M 2001). When groups are not created equal: Effects of group status on the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 72, 1151 1162.
9. Bigler, R. S., Jones, L. C. Lobliner, D. B 1997). Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 68, 530 543.
10. Bigler, R. S. Liben, L. S 2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. In R. V. Kail (Ed Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 34, pp. 39 89). San Diego, CA : Elsevier.
11. Bigler, R. S. Liben, L. S 2007). Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children's social stereotyping and prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 162 166.
12. Brown, P. M. Turner, J. C 2002). The role of theories in the formation of stereotype content. In C. McGarty, V. Y. Yzerbyt R. Spears (Eds Stereotypes as explanations: The formation of meaningful beliefs about social groups (pp. 67 89). Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
13. Bussey, K. Bandura, A 1984). Influence of gender constancy and social power on sex-linked modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1292 1302.
14. Bussey, K. Perry, D. G 1982). Same-sex imitation: The avoidance of cross-sex models? Sex Roles, 8, 773 784.
15. Cahill, B. Adams, E 1997). An exploratory study of early childhood teachers' attitudes toward gender roles. Sex Roles, 36, 517 529.
16. Condry, J. Condry, S 1976). Sex differences: A study of the eye of the beholder. Child Development, 47, 812 819.
17. Durkin, K 1985). Television, sex roles and children: A developmental social psychological account. Milton Keynes, UK : Open University Press.
18. Fabes, R. A., Martin, C. L. Hanish, L. D 2003). Young children's play qualities in same-, other-, and mixed-sex peer groups. Child Development, 74, 921 932.
19. Fagot, B. I 1985a). Beyond the reinforcement principle: Another step toward understanding sex-role development. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1097 1104.
20. Fagot, B. I 1985b). The child's expectations of differences in adult male and female interactions. Sex Roles, 11, 593 600.
21. Feiring, C. Lewis, M 1987). The child's social network: Sex differences from three to six years. Sex Roles, 17, 621 636.
22. Frable, D. E. S. Bem, S. L 1985). If you are gender schematic, all members of the opposite sex look alike. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 459 468.
23. Freud, S 1924). Collected papers. New York : International Psychoanalytic Press.
24. Freud, S 1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans New York : Norton.
25. Harris, J. R 1995). Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102, 458 489.
26. Harris, J. R 1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. London : Bloomsbury.
27. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. McGarty, C 1995). Social categorization and group homogeneity: Changes in the perceived applicability of stereotype content as a function of comparative context and trait favourableness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 139 160.
28. Hewstone, M., Hantzi, A. Johnston, L 1991). Social categorization and person memory: The pervasiveness of race as an organizing principle. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 517 528.
29. Heyman, G. D. Gelman, S. A 2000). Preschool children's use of novel predicates to make inductive inferences about people. Cognitive Development, 15, 263 280.
30. Huston, A. C 1983). Sex-typing. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality and social development (Vol. 4, pp. 388 467). New York : Wiley.
31. Jackson, L. A. Hymes, R. W 1985). Gender and social categorization: Familiarity and ingroup polarization in recall and evaluation. Journal of Social Psychology, 125, 81 88.
32. Kohlberg, L 1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed The development of sex differences (pp. 82 173). Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press.
33. LaFreniere, P., Strayer, F. F. Gauthier, R 1984). The emergence of same-sex affiliative preferences among preschool peers: A developmental/ ethological perspective. Child Development, 55, 1958 1965.
34. Lamb, M. E. Roopnarine, J. L 1979). Peer influence on sex role development in preschoolers. Child Development, 50, 1219 1222.
35. Maccoby, E. E 1980). Social development: Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
36. Maccoby, E. E 1990). The role of gender identity and gender constancy in sex-differentiated development. New Directions for Child Development, 47, 5 20.
37. Maccoby, E. E. Jacklin, C. N 1987). Gender segregation in childhood. In H. W. Reese (Ed Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 239 287). Orlando, FL : Academic Press.
38. Martin, C. L. Fabes, R. A. (2001). The stability and consequences on young children's same-sex peer interactions. Developmental Psychology, 37, 431 446.
39. Martin, C. L. Halverson, C. F 1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1119 1134.
40. Martin, C. L. Halverson, C. F 1983). The effects of sex-typing schemas on young children's memory. Child Development, 54, 563 574.
41. Martin, C. L., Ruble, D. N. Szkrybalo, J 2002). Cognitive theories of early gender development. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 903 933.
42. Martin, C. L., Ruble, D. N. Szkrybalo, J 2004). Recognizing the centrality of gender identity and stereotype knowledge in gender development and moving toward theoretical integration: Reply to Bandura and Bussey (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 702 710.
43. McGarty, C. Penny, R. E. C 1988). Categorization, accentuation and social judgement. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 147 157.
44. McGarty, C. Turner, J. C 1992). The effects of categorization on social judgement. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 253 268.
45. Medin, D. L., Goldstone, R. L. Gentner, D 1993). Respects for similarity. Psychological Review, 100, 254 278.
46. Moller, L. C. Serbin, L. A 1996). Antecedents of toddler gender segregation: Cognitive consonance, gender-typed toy preferences and behavioral compatibility. Sex Roles, 35, 445 460.
47. Murphy, G. L. Medin, D. L 1985). The role of theories in conceptual coherence. Psychological Review, 92, 289 316.
48. Nesdale, D. Flesser, D 2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72, 506 517.
49. Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. Haslam, S. A 1991). Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 125 144.
50. Patterson, M. M. Bigler, R. S 2006). Preschool children's attention to environmental messages about groups: Social categorization and the origins of intergroup bias. Child Development, 77, 847 860.
51. Pitcher, E. G. Schultz, L. H 1983). Boys and girls at play: The development of sex roles. South Hadley, MA : Bergin and Garvey.
52. Platow, M. J., Mills, D. Morrison, D 2000). The effects of social context, source fairness, and perceived self-source similarity on social influence: A self-categorization analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 69 81.
53. Powlishta, K. K 1995a). Gender bias in children's perception of personality traits. Sex Roles, 32, 17 28.
54. Powlishta, K. K 1995b). Intergroup processes in childhood: Social categorization and sex role development. Developmental Psychology, 31, 781 788.
55. Powlishta, K. K 2000). The effect of target age on the activation of gender stereotypes. Sex Roles, 42, 271 282.
56. Powlishta, K. K., Serbin, L. A. Moller, L. C 1993). The stability of individual differences in gender-typing: Implications for understanding sex segregation. Sex Roles, 29, 723 737.
57. Rheingold, H. L. Cook, K. V 1975). The contents of boys' and girls' rooms as an index of parents' behavior. Child Development, 46, 445 463.
58. Rubin, J. Z., Provenzano, F. J. Luria, Z 1974). The eye of the beholder: Parents' views on sex of newborns. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 44, 512 519.
59. Ryan, M. K. David, B 2003). Gender differences in ways of knowing: The context dependence of the attitudes toward thinking and learning survey. Sex Roles, 49, 693 699.
60. Sani, F. Bennett, M 2001). Contextual variability in young children's gender ingroup stereotype. Social Development, 10, 221 229.
61. Serbin, L. A., Moller, L. C., Gulko, J., Powlishta, K. K. Colburne, K. A 1994). The emergence of gender segregation in toddler playgroups. In C. Leaper (Ed Childhood gender segregation: Causes and consequences (pp. 7 17). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
62. Serbin, L. A., Tonick, I. J. Sternglanz, S. H 1977). Shaping cooperative cross-sex play. Child Development, 48, 924 929.
63. Siegal, M 1987). Are sons and daughters treated more differently by fathers than mothers? Developmental Review, 13, 147 183.
64. Tajfel, H. Turner, J. C 1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worschel W. G. Austin (Eds Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7 29). Chicago : Nelson-Hall.
65. Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N. L. Ruderman, A. J 1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778 793.
66. Thorne, B 1986). Girls and boys together, but mostly apart. In W. W. Hartup Z. Rubin (Eds Relationships and development (pp. 167 184). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
67. Tittle, C. K 1986). Gender research and education. American Psychologist, 41, 1161 1168.
68. Turner, J. C 1984). Social identification and psychological group formation. In H. Tajfel (Ed The social dimension: European developments in social psychology (pp. 518 538). Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
69. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. Wetherell, M. S 1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK : Blackwell.
70. Verkuyten, M 2002). Ethnic attitudes among minority and majority children: The role of ethnic identification, peer group victimisation and parents. Social Development, 11, 558 570.
71. Walker, P. Antaki, C 1986). Sexual orientation as a basis for categorization in recall. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 337 339.
72. Yee, M. Brown, R 1992). Self evaluations and intergroup attitudes in children aged three to nine. Child Development, 63, 619 629.
73. Yellond, N Ed 1998). Gender in early childhood. London : Routledge.
74. Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rocher, S. Schadron, G 1997). Stereotypes as explanations: A subjective essentialistic view of group perception. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers S. A. Haslam (Eds The psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 20 50). Oxford, UK : Blackwell.