Age of the Camagüey gold-silver district, Cuba: Tectonic evolution and preservation of epithermal mineralization in volcanic arcs

Economic Geology

Volumn 99, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 869-886

  Kesler, Stephen E ^a   Hall, Chris M ^a   Russell, Norman ^b   Pinero, Enrique ^c   Sánchez C , Roberto ^d   Pérez R , Mireya ^e   Moreira, Jesús ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b CaribGold Mines Inc   (Cuba)

^c Empresa Geoogo Minera Camaguey ^*  (Cuba)

^d Instituto de Geologia y Paleontologia La Habana   (Cuba)

^e Ctr Estud de Tecnologias Avanzada   (Cuba)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

METAL DEPOSITS; MINERALIZATION; SULFIDATION;

DEPOSITION; EROSION; TEMPERATURE; VOLCANIC ROCKS;

DEPOSITS;

CRETACEOUS; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GOLD; MINERALIZATION; ORE DEPOSIT; SILVER; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; CAMAGUEY; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; CUBA; GREATER ANTILLES;

EID: 5644227681     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.99.5.869     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Afifi, A.M., 1990, Environments of gold telluride mineralization in the Mahd Adh Dhahab district, Arabian Shield: Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 225 p.
2. Albinson, T., and Nelson, C.E., eds., 2001, New mines and discoveries in Mexico and Central America: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 8, 362 p.
3. Allibone, A., 1998, Synchronous deformation and hydrothermal activity in the shear zone hosted high-sulphidation Au-Cu deposit at Peak Hill, NSW, Australia: Mineralium Deposita, v. 33, p. 495-512.
4. Amarante, J.F., and Lewis, J.R., 1995, Geological setting and characteristics of base and precious metal mineralization in the Cordillera Central of the western Dominican Republic and Massif du Nord, Haiti [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 27, p. A-240.
5. Anderson, W.B., and Eaton, P.C., 1990, Gold mineralisation at the Emperor mine, Vatukoula, Fiji: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 36, p. 267-296.
6. Ave Lallemant, H.G., and Oldow, J., 2000, Active displacement partitioning and arc-parallel extension of the Aleutian volcanic arc based on global positional system geodesy and kinematic analysis: Geology, v 28, p. 739-742.
7. Benes, V., and Scott, S.D., 1996, Oblique rifting in the Havre trough and its propagation into the continental margin of New Zealand: Comparison with analogue experiments: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 18, p. 189-201.
8. Blein, O., Guillot, S., Lapierre, H., Mercier de Lépinay, Lardeaus, J.-M., Millan Trujillo, G., Campos, M., and Garcia, A., 2003, Geochemistry of the Mabujina Complex, central Cuba: Implications on the Cuban Cretaceous arc rocks: Journal of Geology, v. 111, p. 89-101.
9. Bobis, R.E., Jaireth, S., and Morrison, G.W., 1995, The anatomy of a Carboniferous epithermal ore shoot at Pajingo, Queensland: Setting, zoning, alteration and fluid conditions: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 1776-1798.
10. Bowin, C.O., 1966, Geology of the central Dominican Republic: Geological Society of America Memoir 98, p. 11-84.
11. Bradshaw, P.M.D., and Lutynski, G., 1995, Geology of the Central inlier gold deposit, Jamaica [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 27, p. A-238.
12. Bralower, T., and Iturralde-Vinent, M., 1997, Micropaleontological dating of the collision between the North American plate and the Greater Antilles arc in western Cuba: Palaios, v. 12, p. 133-150.
13. Carlile, J.C., and Mitchell, A.H.G., 1994, Magmatic arcs and associated gold and copper mineralization in Indonesia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 50, p. 91-142.
14. Chen, C.-H., Chen, C.-H., Mertzman, S.A. Shen, S.A., and Jason, J.-S., 1999, An unusual late Cenozoic volcanic zone in northern Taiwan behind the southern Okinawa trough: Journal of the Geological Society of China, v. 42, p. 593-612.
15. Chen, C-H., Tan, L-P., Tien, R-L. Chung, S-H., Lui, T-K., 1993, Fission track age dating of igneous rocks and silicified sandstones from the Chilung volcano group, northern Taiwan; implications of mineralization events of the Chinkuashih gold-copper deposits: Journal of Geological Society of China, v. 36, p. 157-174.
16. Cooke, D.R., and Bloom, M.S., 1990, Epithermal and subjacent porphyry mineralization, Acupan, Bagui District, Philippines: A fluid inclusion and paragenetic study: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 35, p. 297-340.
17. Cooke, D., and Simmons, S., 2000, Characteristics and genesis of epithermal gold deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 221-244.
18. Cluzel, D., Chiron, D., and Courme, M.D., 1998, Discordance de l'Éocène supérieur et evenements pre-obduction en Nouvelle-Calédonie (Upper Eocene unconformite and pre-obduction events in New Caledonia): Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Serie II, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, v. 327, p. 485-491.
19. Cox, D.P., 1985, Geology of the Tanama and Helecho porphyry copper deposits and their vicinity, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1327, 59 p.
20. Cox, D.P., and Briggs, R.P., 1973, Metallogenic map of Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-721.
21. Dahlen, F.A., and Barr, T.D., 1989, Brittle frictional mountain building 1. Deformation and mechanical energy budget: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 3906-3922.
22. Davies, A.G.S., and Cooke, D.R., 2000, Hybrid phreatomagmatic and phreatic breccias at the Kelian gold deposit, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: Triggering mechanisms and implications for ore genesis in magmatic-hydrothermal systems [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, p. 222.
23. Dimitriadis, S., Kondopoulou, D., Atzemoglou, A., 1998, Dextral rotations and tectonomagmatic evolution of the southern Rhodope and adjacent regions (Greece): Tectonophysics, v. 299, p. 159-173.
24. Doebrich, J.L., 1984, Geology and hydrothermal alteration at the Mahd Adh Dhahab precious metal deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Unpublished M.S. thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, 148 p.
25. 39Ar dating: Science, v. 267, p. 355-359.
26. Donnelly, T.W., and Rodgers, J.J.W., 1980, Igneous series in island arcs: The northeastern Caribbean compared with worldwide island-arc assemblages: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 3, p. 347-382.
27. Donnelly, T.W., Beets, D., Carr, M.J., Jackson, T., Klaver, G., Lewis, J., Maury, R., Schellenkens, H., Smith, A.L., Wadge, G., and Westercamp, D., 1990, History and tectonic setting of Caribbean magmatism, in Dengo, G., and Case, J. E., eds., The Caribbean region: Geological Society of America Decade of North American Geology, v. H, p. 339-374.
28. Draper, G., 2001, The southern metamorphic complexes of Cuba as metamorphic core complexes exhumed by low-angle extensional faulting? [abs.]: IGCP Project 433, Workshop on the Geochemistry of the Caribbean Plateau and Cretaceous Island Arc Terranes, and their Implications for the Geodynamics of the Caribbean, Leicester, U.K., 2001, Abstracts, http://www.le.ac.uk/gl/rvwl/abstract/draper.html.
29. Dubé, B., Dunning, G., and Lauzière, K., 1998, Geology of the Hope Brook Mine, Newfoundland, Canada: A preserved Late Proterozoic high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit and its implications for exploration: Economic Geology, v. 93, p. 405-436.
30. Flint, D.E., Albers, J.F., and Guild, P.W., 1948, Geology and chromite deposits of the Camagüey district, Camagüey Province, Cuba: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 954-B, 45 p.
31. Fuller, C.W., Willett, S.D., Hovius, N., and Slingerland, R.A., 2003, Erosion rates for Taiwan mountain basins: New determinations from suspended sediment records and a stochastic model of their temporal variation: Journal of Geology, v. 111, p. 71-87.
32. Gonzalez, H., and Ramirez, M., 1995, The effect of nickel mining and metallurigical activities on the distribution of heavy metals in Levisa Bay, Cuba: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 52, p. 183-192.
33. Grafe, F., Stanek, K.P., Baumann, A., Maresch, W.V., Hames, W.E., Grevel, C., and Millan, G., 2001, Rb-Sr and 40Ar-39Ar mineral ages of granitoid intrusives in the Mabujina unit, central Cuba: Thermal exhumation history of the Escambray massif: Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 615-631.
34. Greffie, C., Laurent, B., and Milesi, J.P., 2002, Supergene alteration of primary ore assemblages from low-sulfidation Au-Ag epithermal deposits at Pongkor, Indonesia, and Nazareno, Peru: Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 561-571.
35. Grocott, J., and Taylor, G.K., 2002, Magmatic arc fault systems, deformation partitioning and emplacement of granitic complexes in the Coastal Cordillera, north Chilean Andes (25° 30? S to 27° 00? S : Geological Society of London Journal, v. 159, p. 425-442.
36. Hall, C.M., Higueras, P., Kesler, S.E., Lunar, R., Dong, H., and Halliday, A.N., 1997, Dating of alteration episodes related to mercury mineralization in the Almadén district, Spain: Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 148, p. 287-298.
37. Hall, C.M., Kesler, S.E., Simon, G., and Fortuna, J., 2000, Overlapping Cretaceous and Eocene alteration, Twin Creeks Carlin-type deposit, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 1739-1752.
38. Hall, C.M., Kesler, S.E., Russell, N., Pinero, E., Sanchez, R., Perez, M., Moira, J., Borges, M., 2004, Age and tectonic setting of the Camagüey volcanic-intrusive arc, Cuba: Evidence for rapid uplift of the western Greater Antilles: Journal of Geology, in press.
39. Hall, R., 2002, Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: Computer-based reconstructions, model and animations: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 353-431.
40. Hall, R., and Nichols, G.J., 2002, Cenozoic sedimentation and tectonics in Borneo: Climatic influences on orogenesis: Geological Society of America Special Publications, v. 191, p. 5-22.
41. Henley, R.W., and Adams, D.P.M., 1992, Strike-slip fault reactivation as a control on epithermal vein-style gold mineralization: Geology, v. 20, p. 443-446.
42. 39Ar geochronology: Economic Geology, v. 92, p. 807-826.
43. Hildebrand, F.A., 1961, Hydrothermally altered rocks in eastern Puerto Rico: and U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-B, p. 219-221.
44. Hirschfeld, S.E., 1982, Creep patterns and surface deformation within the Hayward fault zone, Hayward, California, in Hart, E.W., Hirschfeld, S.E, and Schulz, S., eds., Conference on earthquake hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay area, Hayward, CA, United States: California Division of Mines and Geology, v. 6, p. 65-64.
45. Huckerby, J.A., Moore, J.M., and Davis, G.R., 1983, Tectonic control of mineralization at Mahd Adh Dhahab gold mine, western Saudi Arabia: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (England), v. 92, p. B171-B182.
46. Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., 1994, Cuencas sedimentarias del Paleoceno-Eoceno de Cuba: Boletin Sociedad Venezolano de Geologia, v. 20, p. 75-80.
47. Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.,1996, Ofiolitas y arcos volcanicos de Cuba: Project 364, Caribbean ophiolites and volcanic arc: Special Contribution 1, IUGS/UNESCO International Geological Correlation Programme, 254 p.
48. Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.,1998, Introduccion a la geologia de Cuba, in Furrazola Bermudez, G., and Nunez Cambra, K., eds., Estudios sobre Geologia de Cuba: La Habana, Cuba, Centro Nacional de Informacion Geologica, p. 35-68.
49. Izawa, E., Urashima, Y., Ibarkai, K., Suzuki, R. Yokoyama, R., Dawasaki, K., Koga, A., and Taguchi, S., 1990, The Hishikari gold deposit: High-grade epithermal veins in Quaternary volcanics of southern Kyushu, Japan: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 36, p. 1-56.
50. Jannas, R.R., Bowers, T.W., Petersen, U., and Beane, R.E., 1999, High-sulfidation deposit types in the El Indio district, Chile, in Skinner, B.J., ed., Geology and ore deposits of the central Andes: Economic Geology Special Volume 7, p. 219-266.
51. Jobson, D.H., Boulter, C.A., and Foster, R.P., 1994, Structural controls and genesis of epithermal gold-bearing breccias at the Lebong Tandai mine, western Sumatra, Indonesia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 50, p. 409-428.
52. John, D.A., 2001, Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, western United States: Characteristics, distribution and relationship to magmatism: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 1827-1854.
53. Kerr, A.C., Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., Saunders, A.D., Babbs, T.L., and Tarney, J., 1999, A new plate tectonic model of the Caribbean: Implications from a geochemical reconnaissance of Cuban Mesozoic volcanic rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1581-1599.
54. Kesler, S.E., Russell, N., Seaward, M., Rivera, J., Cumming, G.L., and Sutter, J., 1981, Geology and geochemistry of sulfide mineralization underlying the Pueblo Viejo gold-silver oxide deposit, Dominican Republic: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 1096-1117.
55. Kesler, S.E., Levy, E., and Martin, F.C., 1990, Metallogenic evolution of the Caribbean region, in Dengo, G., and Case, J.E., The Caribbean region: Geological Society of America Decade of North American Geology, v. H., p. 459-483.
56. Kesler, S.E., Russell, N., Reyes, C., Santos, L., Rodriguez, A., and Fondeur, L., 1991, Geology of the Maimon Formation, Dominican Republic: Geological Society of America Special Paper 262, p. 173-185.
57. Kesler, S.E., Russell, N., and Bell, D., 1996, Gold-silver mineralization in Cuba and its geologic setting in the Greater Antilles, in Coyner, A.R., and Fahey, P.L., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the American Cordillera: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium, Reno/Sparks, Nevada, April 1995, Proceedings, p. 1433-1441.
58. Khudoley, C., 1967, Principal features of Cuban geology: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 51, p. 668-677.
59. Kilias, S.P., Naden, J. Cheliotis, I., Shepherd, T.J., Constandinidou, H., Crossing, J., and Simons, I., 2001, Epithermal gold mineralisation in the active Aegean volcanic arc: The Profitis Ilias deposit, Milos Island, Greece: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 32-44.
60. Kubo, A., and Fukuyama, E., 2003, Stress field along the Ryukyu arc and the Okinawa trough inferred from moment tensors of shallow earthquakes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 210, p. 305-316.
61. Lebron, M.C., and Perfit, M.R., 1993, Stratigraphic and petrochemical data support subduction polarity reversal of the Cretaceous Caribbean island arc: Journal of Geology, v. 101, p. 389-396.
62. Lebron, M.C., and Perfit, M.R., 1994, Petrochemistry and tectonic significance of Cretaceous island arc rocks, Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic: Tectonophysics, v. 229, p. 69-100.
63. Lithenat, A., and Shirokova, I., 1964, Individual characteristics of the nickeliferous iron (laterite) deposits of the northeastern part of Cuba (Pinares de Mayari, Nicaro and Moa): International Geological Congress, 22nd, New Delhi, Proceedings section 14, p. 171-187.
64. 39Ar and U-Pb geochronology: Economic Geology, v. 93, p. 437-462.
65. Marcoux, E., and Milesí, J.-P., 1994, Epithermal gold deposits in west Java, Indonesia: Geology, age and crustal source, in van Leeuwen, T.M., Hedenquist, J.W., James, L.P., and Dow, J.A.S., eds., Mineral deposits in Indonesia - Discoveries of the past 25 years: Journal of Exploration Geochemistry, v. 50, p. 393-408.
66. Marcoux, E., Grancea, L., Lupulescu, M., and Milesí, J.-P., 2002, Lead isotope signatures of epithermal and porphyry-type ore deposits from the Romanian Carpathian Mountains: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 173-184.
67. Mari M., T., 1997, Particularidades de los granitoides de Ciego-Camagüey-Las Tunas y consideraciones sobre su posicion dentro del arco de islas, in Furrazola, B., G.F., and Núnez C., K.E., eds., Estudios sobre geología de Cuba: La Habana, Cuba, Instituto National de Geologia y Paleontología, Centro Nacional de Información Geologica, p. 399-416
68. 39Ar method - second edition: Oxford, U.K., Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 9, 269 p.
69. McMillan, W.D., and Davis, H.W., 1955, Nickel-cobalt resources of Cuba: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations, 86 p.
70. Meyerhoff, A.A., and Hatten, C.W., 1974, Bahamas salient of North America: Tectonic framework, stratigraphy and petroleum potential: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 58, p. 1201-1239.
71. Milesí, J.-P., Marcoux, E., Sitorius, T., Simandjuntak, M., and Leroy, J., 1998, Pongkor (West Java, Indonesia), a Pliocene supergene-enriched epithermal Au-Ag-(Mn) deposit: Mineralium Deposita, v. 34, p. 131-149.
72. Moore, S., Krantz, R.W., Akkache, K., and Messaoudi, M., 1996, Quantitative analysis of a transpressional system, El Biod arch, Ghadames basin, Algeria [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Meeting Abstracts, v. 5, p. 100-101.
73. Muntean, J.L., 1998, Magmatic-hydrothermal deposits of the Maricunga belt, northern Chile: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford, California, Stanford University, 410 p.
74. Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene metallogenic belt of central and northern Peru, in Skinner, B.J., ed., Geology and ore deposits of the central Andes: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 155-193.
75. Pardo, G., 1975, Geology of Cuba, in Nairn, A.E.M., and Stehi, F.G., eds., The ocean basins and margins: New York, Plenum Press, p. 553-613.
76. 39 dating and apatite fission track dating of rocks along the Castle Mountain fault, Alaska: Tectonophysics, v. 337, p. 149-172.
77. Patterson, C.J., and Lisenbee, A.L., 1989, Metallogeny of gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 7, 190 p.
78. Perez R., M., and Sastroputro, K.S., 1998, Granitoides del arco volcanico Cretacico de la region central de Cuba (Antigua Provincia de Camagüey), in Furrazola, B., G.F., and Núnez C., K.E., eds., Estudios sobre geología de Cuba: Habana, Cuba, Instituto Nacional de Geologia y Paleontología, Centro Nacional de Información Geologica, p. 387-398.
79. Pindell, J.L., 1994, Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, in Donovan, S.K., and Jackson, T.A., eds., Caribbean geology: An introduction: Kingston, Jamaica, University of the West Indies Publisher's Association, p. 13-39.
80. Pindell, J.L., and Barrett, S.F., 1990, Geologic evolution of the Caribbean region: A plate-tectonic perspective, in Dengo, G., and Case, J.E., eds., The Caribbean region: Geological Society of America, Decade of North American Geology, v. H., p. 405-431.
81. Pindell, J.L., Draper, G., Kennan, L., Stanek, K.P., and Maresch, W.V., 2001, Evolution of the northern portion of the Caribbean plate: Pacific origin to Bahamian collision [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, p. A-153.
82. Pinero P., E., compiler, 2000, Mapa geologico (region Camagüey): Caribgold mines, Empresa Geologo-Minera Camagüey unpublished map, escala 1:250,000.
83. Pinero P., E., Quintrana, M.E., and Mari M., T., 1997, Caracterización geólogica de los depósitos vulcanógenico-sedimentarios de las región Ciego-Camagüey-Las Tunas, in Furrazola, B., G.F., and Núnez C., K.E., eds., Estudios sobre geología, de Cuba: Habana, Cuba, Instituto Nacional de Geología y Paleontología, Centro Nacional De Información Geologica, p.345-356.
84. Price, J.G., Conlon, S.T., and Henry, D.C., 1987, Tectonic controls on orientation and size of epithermal veins: North American Conference on Tectonic Control of Ore Deposits, Rolla, Missouri School of Mines, Proceedings, p. 56-67.
85. Richards, D.R., Elliott, G.J., and Jones, B.H., 1998, Vera North and Nancy gold deposits, Pajingo: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph Series, v. 22, p. 685-689.
86. Richards, J.P., and Kerrich, R., 1993, The Porgera gold mine, Papua New Guinea: Magmatic hydrothermal to epithermal evolution of an alkalic-type precious metal deposit: Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1017-1052.
87. Richards, J.P., and Laudrum, D., 1998, The Mt. Kare alkalic epithermal gold deposit, Papua New Guinea [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30, p. 302.
88. Rowland, J.V., and Sibson, R.H., 2001, Extensional fault kinematics within the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand: Soft-linked segmentation of a continental rift system: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 44, p. 271-283.
89. 39Ar dating standard, MMhb-1: Chemical Geology, v. 66, p. 27-34
90. Schalamuk, I.B., Zubia, M., Genini, A., and Fernandez, R.R., 1997, Jurassic epithermal Au-Ag deposits of Patagonia, Argentina: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 12, p. 173-186.
91. Searle, M., 1994, Structure of the intraplate eastern Palmyride fold belt, Syria: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1332-1350.
92. Setiabudi, B.T., Campbell, I.H., and Palin, J.M., 2001, Age of calc-alkaline magmatism associated with the Kelian gold deposit, Indonesia: An example of zircon U-Pb dating by excimer laser ablation ICP-MS: 2001 [extended abs.]: Economic Geology Research Unit Contribution 59, Townsville, James Cook University, p. 185-186.
93. Sherlock, R.L., Tosdal, R.M., Lehrman, N.J., Graney, J.R., Losh, S., Jowett, E.C., and Kesler, S.E., 1995, Origin of the McLaughlin mine sheeted vein complex: metal zoning, fluid inclusion, and isotopic evidence: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 2156-2181.
94. Sillitoe, R.H., 1988, Gold deposits in western Pacific arcs: The magmatic connection, in Keays, R.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The geology of gold deposits: The perspective in 1988: Economic Geology Monograph 6, p. 274-291.
95. Sillitoe, R.H., McKee, E.H., and Vila, T., 1991, Reconnaissance K-Ar geochronology of the Maricunga gold-silver belt, northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. 86, p. 1271-1286.
96. Simmons, S.F., and Browne, P.R.L., 1990, Mineralogic, alteration and fluid inclusion studies of epithermal gold-bearing veins at the Mt. Muro prospect, central Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 35, p. 63-103.
97. Simmons, S.F., Browne, P.R.L., and Brathwaite, R.L., 1992, Active and extinct hydrothermal systems of the North Island, New Zealand: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook, v. 15, 121 p.
98. Simon, G., Kesler, S.E., Russell, N., Hall, C.M., Bell, D., and Pinero, E., 1999, Epithermal gold mineralization in an old volcanic arc: The Jacinto deposit, Camagüey district, Cuba: Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 487-506.
99. Simpson, M.P., Mauk, J.L., and Simmons, S.F.,2001, Hydrothermal alteration and hydrologic evolution of the Golden Cross epithermal Au-Ag deposit, New Zealand: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 773-796.
100. Simpson, P.R., Lalor, G.C., Robotham, H., Hurdley, J., Milodowski, A.E., Plant, J.A., and Smith, T.K., 1988, New evidence of epithermal gold potential in andesitic volcanics of the Central inlier, Jamaica: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (England), v. 97, p. B88-B92.
101. Sims, D., 2000, Controls on high-grade gold distribution at Vera Nancy mine: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, v. 3, p. 55-63.
102. Stanek, K.P., and Voigt, S., 1994, Model of Meso-Cenozoic evolution of the northwestern Caribbean: Zentral. Geol. Palaontol., v. 1-2, p. 499-511.
103. Stanek, K.P., Coibella, J., Maresch, W.V., Millan, G., Grafe, F., and Grevel, C., 2000, Geological development of Cuba: Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Geologie, Sonderhefte, v. 1, p. 259-265.
104. Suter, M., Martinez, M.L., Legorreta, O.Q., and Martinez, M.C., 2001, Quaternary intra-arc extension in the central Trans-Mexican volcanic belt: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 693-703.
105. Thieme, L.D., 1997, Clay alteration and its association with gold mineralization at the Crucitas prospect, Costa Rica: Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Golden, Colorado School of Mines, 101 p.
106. Thomson, S.N., Stoeckhert, B., and Brix, M.R., 1998, Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece; implications for the speed of tectonic processes: Geology, v. 26, p. 259-262.
107. Torres la Rosa, M., 2000, Natureza e evolução dos fluidos hidrotermais no depósito cupro-aurífero Golden Hill, Camagüey, Cuba: Unpublished Tesis Maestre, Brazil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 42 p.
108. van der Pluijm, B.A., Hall, C.M., Vrolijk, P.J., Pevear, D.R., and Covey, M.C., 2001, The dating of shallow faults in the Earth's crust: Nature, v. 412, p. 172-175.
109. van Leeuwen, T.M., Leach, T., Hawke, A.A., and Hawke, M.M., 1990, The Kelian disseminated gold deposit, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 35, p. 1-61.
110. Vance, D., Bickle, M., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kubik, P.W., 2003, Erosion and exhumation in the Himalaya from cosmogenic isotope inventories of river sediments: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 206, p. 273-288.
111. Velinov, I., Gorova, M., Tcholakov, P. Tchounev, D., and Ianeva, I., 1983, Secondary quartzites developed after Cretaceous volcanics from Zaza zone, Cuba: Geologica Balcanica, v. 13, p. 53-68.
112. Watkins, J.J., and Melling, D.R., 1997, Exploring for mines in Cuba (widely circulated promotional report): Macdonald Mines Exploration Limited, Toronto, 17 p.
113. Weiland, R.J., and Cloos, M., 1996, Pliocene-Pleistocene asymmetric unroofing of the Irian fold belt, Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Apatite fission track thermochronology: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 1438-1449.
114. White, N.C., and Hedenquist, J.W., 1990, Epithermal environments and styles of mineralization: Variations and their causes, and guidelines for exploration: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 36, p. 445-474.
115. Wood, D.G., Porter, R.G., and White, N.C., 1990, Geological features of some Paleozoic epithermal gold occurrences in northeastern Queensland, Australia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 36, p. 413-433.