메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 243-251

Update on male circumcision: Prevention success and challenges ahead

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

EID: 56349097278     PISSN: 15233847     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11908-008-0040-9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (14)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 0027217940 scopus 로고
    • Soap and water prophylaxis for limiting genital ulcer disease and HIV-1 infection in men in sub-Saharan Africa
    • O'Farrell N: Soap and water prophylaxis for limiting genital ulcer disease and HIV-1 infection in men in sub-Saharan Africa. Genitourin Med 1993, 69:297-300.
    • (1993) Genitourin Med , vol.69 , pp. 297-300
    • O'Farrell, N.1
  • 2
    • 11244347956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and the risk of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Rakai, Uganda
    • Gray R, Azire J, Serwadda D, et al.: Male circumcision and the risk of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 2004, 18:2428-2430.
    • (2004) AIDS , vol.18 , pp. 2428-2430
    • Gray, R.1    Azire, J.2    Serwadda, D.3
  • 3
    • 28544449805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antimasturbation crusade in antebellum American medicine
    • Hodges FM: The antimasturbation crusade in antebellum American medicine. J Sex Med 2005, 2:722-731.
    • (2005) J Sex Med , vol.2 , pp. 722-731
    • Hodges, F.M.1
  • 4
    • 0024404109 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Task Force on Circumcision
    • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • American Academy of Pediatrics: Report of the Task Force on Circumcision. Pediatrics 1989, 84:388-391.
    • (1989) Pediatrics , vol.84 , pp. 388-391
  • 5
    • 28444460441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial
    • Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, et al.: Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2005, 2:e298.
    • (2005) PLoS Med , vol.2
    • Auvert, B.1    Taljaard, D.2    Lagarde, E.3
  • 6
    • 33847151707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: A randomised controlled trial
    • Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CR, et al.: Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 369:643-656.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , pp. 643-656
    • Bailey, R.C.1    Moses, S.2    Parker, C.R.3
  • 7
    • 33847104829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: A randomised trial
    • Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al.: Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 2007, 369:657-666.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , pp. 657-666
    • Gray, R.H.1    Kigozi, G.2    Serwadda, D.3
  • 8
    • 0025197722 scopus 로고
    • Geographical patterns of male circumcision practices in Africa: Association with HIV seroprevalence
    • Moses S, Bradley JE, Nagelkerke NJ, et al.: Geographical patterns of male circumcision practices in Africa: association with HIV seroprevalence. Int J Epidemiol 1990, 19:693-697.
    • (1990) Int J Epidemiol , vol.19 , pp. 693-697
    • Moses, S.1    Bradley, J.E.2    Nagelkerke, N.J.3
  • 9
    • 0027938557 scopus 로고
    • The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: A review of the epidemiological data
    • Moses S, Plummer FA, Bradley JE, et al.: The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: a review of the epidemiological data. Sex Transm Dis 1994, 21:201-210.
    • (1994) Sex Transm Dis , vol.21 , pp. 201-210
    • Moses, S.1    Plummer, F.A.2    Bradley, J.E.3
  • 10
    • 85047689696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV and male circumcision - a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies
    • Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, et al.: HIV and male circumcision - a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies. Lancet Infect Dis 2005, 5:165-173.
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 165-173
    • Siegfried, N.1    Muller, M.2    Deeks, J.3
  • 11
    • 18844479980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV infection in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Auvert B, Buve A, Lagarde E, et al.: Male circumcision and HIV infection in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2001, 15(Suppl 4):S31-S40.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Auvert, B.1    Buve, A.2    Lagarde, E.3
  • 12
    • 0033768085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ: Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2000, 14:2361-2370.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 2361-2370
    • Weiss, H.A.1    Quigley, M.A.2    Hayes, R.J.3
  • 13
    • 0034146689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer
    • Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby C, Machin G: The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer. Pediatrics 2000, 105:E36.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105
    • Schoen, E.J.1    Oehrli, M.2    Colby, C.3    Machin, G.4
  • 14
    • 56349130205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling up circumcision programmes: The road from evidence to practice [plenary]
    • Sydney, Australia; July 24
    • Bailey RC: Scaling up circumcision programmes: the road from evidence to practice [plenary]. Presented at 4th Annual International AIDS Society Conference. Sydney, Australia; July 24, 2007.
    • (2007) Presented at 4th Annual International AIDS Society Conference
    • Bailey, R.C.1
  • 15
    • 0031718313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision: Assessment of health benefits and risks
    • Moses S, Bailey RC, Ronald AR: Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks. Sex Transm Infect 1998, 74:368-373.
    • (1998) Sex Transm Infect , vol.74 , pp. 368-373
    • Moses, S.1    Bailey, R.C.2    Ronald, A.R.3
  • 16
    • 0022976629 scopus 로고
    • A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS
    • Fink AJ: A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1986, 315:1167.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.315 , pp. 1167
    • Fink, A.J.1
  • 17
    • 0033758498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: Cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. Rakai Project Team
    • Gray RH, Kiwanuka N, Quinn TC, et al.: Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. Rakai Project Team. AIDS 2000, 14:2371-2381.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 2371-2381
    • Gray, R.H.1    Kiwanuka, N.2    Quinn, T.C.3
  • 18
    • 0033495296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of circumcision on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases: A prospective cohort study of trucking company employees in Kenya
    • Lavreys L, Rakwar JP, Thompson ML, et al.: Effect of circumcision on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases: a prospective cohort study of trucking company employees in Kenya. J Infect Dis 1999, 180:330-336.
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.180 , pp. 330-336
    • Lavreys, L.1    Rakwar, J.P.2    Thompson, M.L.3
  • 19
    • 0024327381 scopus 로고
    • Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Risk factors for seroconversion in men
    • Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, et al.: Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989, 2:403-407.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 403-407
    • Cameron, D.W.1    Simonsen, J.N.2    D'Costa, L.J.3
  • 20
    • 1642619488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and risk of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in India
    • Reynolds SJ, Shepherd ME, Risbud AR, et al.: Male circumcision and risk of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in India. Lancet 2004, 363:1039-1040.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1039-1040
    • Reynolds, S.J.1    Shepherd, M.E.2    Risbud, A.R.3
  • 21
    • 0028882663 scopus 로고
    • Incidence and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in India
    • Mehendale SM, Rodrigues JJ, Brookmeyer RS, et al.: Incidence and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in India. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:1486-1491.
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.172 , pp. 1486-1491
    • Mehendale, S.M.1    Rodrigues, J.J.2    Brookmeyer, R.S.3
  • 22
    • 23144466654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: A systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies
    • Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J: Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies. Arch Dis Child 2005, 90:853-858.
    • (2005) Arch Dis Child , vol.90 , pp. 853-858
    • Singh-Grewal, D.1    Macdessi, J.2    Craig, J.3
  • 23
    • 0037061902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners
    • Castellsague X, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al.: Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1105-1112.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 1105-1112
    • Castellsague, X.1    Bosch, F.X.2    Munoz, N.3
  • 27
    • 56349103211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of adult male circumcision in HIV-infected and uninfected men in Rakai, Uganda [presentation WEAC101]
    • Sydney, Australia; July 25
    • Kigozi G: The safety of adult male circumcision in HIV-infected and uninfected men in Rakai, Uganda [presentation WEAC101]. Presented at the 4th International AIDS Society Meeting. Sydney, Australia; July 25, 2007.
    • (2007) Presented at the 4th International AIDS Society Meeting
    • Kigozi, G.1
  • 29
    • 33845875438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a South African setting
    • Kahn JG, Marseille E, Auvert B: Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a South African setting. PLoS Med 2006, 3:e517.
    • (2006) PLoS Med , vol.3
    • Kahn, J.G.1    Marseille, E.2    Auvert, B.3
  • 30
    • 34147124299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence and cost per infection prevented: A stochastic simulation model from Rakai, Uganda
    • Gray RH, Li X, Kigozi G, et al.: The impact of male circumcision on HIV incidence and cost per infection prevented: a stochastic simulation model from Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 2007, 21:845-850.
    • (2007) AIDS , vol.21 , pp. 845-850
    • Gray, R.H.1    Li, X.2    Kigozi, G.3
  • 31
    • 33847355130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV/ AIDS: Challenges and opportunities
    • Sawires SR, Dworkin SL, Fiamma A, et al.: Male circumcision and HIV/ AIDS: challenges and opportunities. Lancet 2007, 369:708-713.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , pp. 708-713
    • Sawires, S.R.1    Dworkin, S.L.2    Fiamma, A.3
  • 32
    • 33947631339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in high prevalence areas in Africa
    • Nagelkerke NJ, Moses S, de Vlas SJ, Bailey RC: Modelling the public health impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in high prevalence areas in Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:16.
    • (2007) BMC Infect Dis , vol.7 , pp. 16
    • Nagelkerke, N.J.1    Moses, S.2    de Vlas, S.J.3    Bailey, R.C.4
  • 33
    • 33746456905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, et al.: The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med 2006, 3:e262.
    • (2006) PLoS Med , vol.3
    • Williams, B.G.1    Lloyd-Smith, J.O.2    Gouws, E.3
  • 34
    • 34250709581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV prevention: Ethical, medical and public health tradeoffs in low-income countries
    • Rennie S, Muula AS, Westreich D: Male circumcision and HIV prevention: ethical, medical and public health tradeoffs in low-income countries. J Med Ethics 2007, 33:357-361.
    • (2007) J Med Ethics , vol.33 , pp. 357-361
    • Rennie, S.1    Muula, A.S.2    Westreich, D.3
  • 35
    • 0035522562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV prevention: Current knowledge and future research directions
    • Bailey RC, Plummer FA, Moses S: Male circumcision and HIV prevention: current knowledge and future research directions. Lancet Infect Dis 2001, 1:223-231.
    • (2001) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.1 , pp. 223-231
    • Bailey, R.C.1    Plummer, F.A.2    Moses, S.3
  • 36
    • 12944314957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceptability of male circumcision and predictors of circumcision preference among men and women in Nyanza Province, Kenya
    • Mattson CL, Bailey RC, Muga R, et al.: Acceptability of male circumcision and predictors of circumcision preference among men and women in Nyanza Province, Kenya. AIDS Care 2005, 17:182-194.
    • (2005) AIDS Care , vol.17 , pp. 182-194
    • Mattson, C.L.1    Bailey, R.C.2    Muga, R.3
  • 37
    • 0037414986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV infection in a highly infected community in South Africa
    • Lagarde E, Dirk T, Puren A, et al.: Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV infection in a highly infected community in South Africa. AIDS 2003, 17:89-95.
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 89-95
    • Lagarde, E.1    Dirk, T.2    Puren, A.3
  • 38
    • 13244255560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acceptability of male circumcision as an HIV intervention among a rural Zulu population, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
    • Scott BE, Weiss HA, Viljoen JI: The acceptability of male circumcision as an HIV intervention among a rural Zulu population, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. AIDS Care 2005, 17:304-313.
    • (2005) AIDS Care , vol.17 , pp. 304-313
    • Scott, B.E.1    Weiss, H.A.2    Viljoen, J.I.3
  • 39
    • 34247094158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceptability of male circumcision for prevention of HIV infection in Zambia
    • Lukobo MD, Bailey RC: Acceptability of male circumcision for prevention of HIV infection in Zambia. AIDS Care 2007, 19:471-477.
    • (2007) AIDS Care , vol.19 , pp. 471-477
    • Lukobo, M.D.1    Bailey, R.C.2
  • 40
    • 0037974509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision: An acceptable strategy for HIV prevention in Botswana
    • Kebaabetswe P, Lockman S, Mogwe S, et al.: Male circumcision: an acceptable strategy for HIV prevention in Botswana. Sex Transm Infect 2003, 79:214-219.
    • (2003) Sex Transm Infect , vol.79 , pp. 214-219
    • Kebaabetswe, P.1    Lockman, S.2    Mogwe, S.3
  • 41
    • 56349109075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harrison R: Circumcision makes a comeback io Swaziland. The Swazi Observer. March 6, 2006.
    • Harrison R: Circumcision makes a comeback io Swaziland. The Swazi Observer. March 6, 2006.
  • 42
    • 34249800903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traditional male circumcision in the Eastern Cape - scourge or blessing?
    • Meissner O, Buso DL: Traditional male circumcision in the Eastern Cape - scourge or blessing? S Afr Med J 2007, 97:371-373.
    • (2007) S Afr Med J , vol.97 , pp. 371-373
    • Meissner, O.1    Buso, D.L.2
  • 43
  • 44
    • 33845284592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and the risks of female HIV and sexually transmitted infections acquisition in Rakai, Uganda
    • abstract 128, Denver, CO; February 5-8
    • Gray R, Wawer M, Thoma M, et al.: Male circumcision and the risks of female HIV and sexually transmitted infections acquisition in Rakai, Uganda [abstract 128]. Presented at the 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Denver, CO; February 5-8, 2006.
    • (2006) Presented at the 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
    • Gray, R.1    Wawer, M.2    Thoma, M.3
  • 46
    • 22244491950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of prevalence, acquisition, and persistence of human papillomavirus in healthy Mexican military men
    • Lajous M, Mueller N, Cruz-Valdez A, et al.: Determinants of prevalence, acquisition, and persistence of human papillomavirus in healthy Mexican military men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14:1710-1716.
    • (2005) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.14 , pp. 1710-1716
    • Lajous, M.1    Mueller, N.2    Cruz-Valdez, A.3
  • 47
    • 33748497361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and determinants of human papillomavirus infection in men attending vasectomy clinics in Mexico
    • Vaccarella S, Lazcano-Ponce E, Castro-Garduno JA, et al.: Prevalence and determinants of human papillomavirus infection in men attending vasectomy clinics in Mexico. Int J Cancer 2006, 119:1934-1939.
    • (2006) Int J Cancer , vol.119 , pp. 1934-1939
    • Vaccarella, S.1    Lazcano-Ponce, E.2    Castro-Garduno, J.A.3
  • 48
    • 40949096586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: A site-specific comparison
    • Hernandez BY, Wilkens LR, Zhu X, et al.: Circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a site-specific comparison. J Infect Dis 2008.
    • (2008) J Infect Dis
    • Hernandez, B.Y.1    Wilkens, L.R.2    Zhu, X.3
  • 49
    • 18144365468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual risk, nitrite inhalant use, and lack of circumcision associated with HIV seroconversion in men who have sex with men in the United States
    • Buchbinder SP, Vittinghoff E, Heagerty PJ, et al.: Sexual risk, nitrite inhalant use, and lack of circumcision associated with HIV seroconversion in men who have sex with men in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 39:82-89.
    • (2005) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.39 , pp. 82-89
    • Buchbinder, S.P.1    Vittinghoff, E.2    Heagerty, P.J.3
  • 50
    • 0035875872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision and male-to-male sexual transmission of HIV
    • Grulich AE, Hendry O, Clark E, et al.: Circumcision and male-to-male sexual transmission of HIV. AIDS 2001, 15:1188-1189.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 1188-1189
    • Grulich, A.E.1    Hendry, O.2    Clark, E.3
  • 52
    • 0027366464 scopus 로고
    • The association between circumcision status and human immunodeficiency virus infection among homosexual men
    • Kreiss JK, Hopkins SG: The association between circumcision status and human immunodeficiency virus infection among homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1993, 168:1404-1408.
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.168 , pp. 1404-1408
    • Kreiss, J.K.1    Hopkins, S.G.2
  • 53
    • 0036144814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: Quantifying the per-act-risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use
    • Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, et al.: Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: Quantifying the per-act-risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. Sex Transm Dis 2002, 29:38-43.
    • (2002) Sex Transm Dis , vol.29 , pp. 38-43
    • Varghese, B.1    Maher, J.E.2    Peterman, T.A.3
  • 54
    • 43149104263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision status and risk of HIV seroconversion in the HIM cohort of homosexual men in Sydney
    • abstract WEAC103, Sydney, Australia; July 25
    • Templeton DJ, Jin F, Prestage GP, et al.: Circumcision status and risk of HIV seroconversion in the HIM cohort of homosexual men in Sydney [abstract WEAC103]. Presented at the 4th Annual International AIDS Society Conference. Sydney, Australia; July 25, 2007.
    • (2007) Presented at the 4th Annual International AIDS Society Conference
    • Templeton, D.J.1    Jin, F.2    Prestage, G.P.3
  • 55
    • 36549083009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision status and HIV infection among Black and Latino men who have sex with men in 3 US cities
    • Millett GA, Ding H, Lauby J, et al.: Circumcision status and HIV infection among Black and Latino men who have sex with men in 3 US cities. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007, 46:643-650.
    • (2007) Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.46 , pp. 643-650
    • Millett, G.A.1    Ding, H.2    Lauby, J.3
  • 56
    • 34547559190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision for prevention of HIV transmission: What the new data mean for HIV prevention in the United States
    • Sullivan PS, Kilmarx PH, Peterman TA, et al.: Male circumcision for prevention of HIV transmission: What the new data mean for HIV prevention in the United States. PLoS Med 2007, 4:e223.
    • (2007) PLoS Med , vol.4
    • Sullivan, P.S.1    Kilmarx, P.H.2    Peterman, T.A.3
  • 57
    • 56349122556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guanira J, Lama JR. Goicochea P, et al.: How willing are gay men to cut off the epidemic? Circumcision among MSM in the Andean region [abstract WEAC102]. Presented at the 4th Annual International AIDS Society conference. Sydney, Australia; July 25, 2007.
    • Guanira J, Lama JR. Goicochea P, et al.: How willing are gay men to "cut off" the epidemic? Circumcision among MSM in the Andean region [abstract WEAC102]. Presented at the 4th Annual International AIDS Society conference. Sydney, Australia; July 25, 2007.
  • 58


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.