Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the brain of reptiles

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

Volumn 36, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 251-263

  López, Jesús M ^a   Domínguez, Laura ^a   González, Agustín ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Evolution; Hypophysis; Hypothalamus; Lizard; TRH; Turtle; Tyrosine hydroxylase

Indexed keywords

CATECHOLAMINE; THYROTROPIN; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS; ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN REGION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS PERIVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LIZARD; MEDIAN EMINENCE; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPTILE; RETINA; TEGMENTUM; THALAMUS; TURTLE; VERTEBRATE; VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LIZARDS; RETINA; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; SPINAL CORD; THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; TURTLES; TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE;

EID: 56249142280     PISSN: 08910618     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Anadón R., Becerra M., Diaz M.L., and Manso M.J. Presence and development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of a teleost, the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Neurosci. Lett. 299 (2001) 225-228
2. Anadón R., Luz Díaz M., Becerra M., and Manso M.J. Presence of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone-immunoreactive (TRHir) amacrine cells in the retina of anuran and urodele amphibians. Brain Res. 926 (2002) 86-93
3. Anadón R., Molist P., Rodríguez-Moldes I., López J.M., Quintela I., Cervino M.C., Barja P., and González A. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the brain of an elasmobranch, the lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). J. Comp. Neurol. 420 (2000) 139-170
4. Andersen A.C., Tonon M.C., Pelletier G., Conlon J.M., Fasolo A., and Vaudry H. Neuropeptides in the amphibian brain. Int. Rev. Cytol. 138 (1992) 226-315 89-210
5. Ando H., Ando J., and Urano A. Localization of mRNA encoding thyrotropin-releasing hormone precursor in the brain of sockeye salmon. Zool. Sci. 15 (1998) 945-953
6. Ao Y., Go V.L., Toy N., Li T., Wang Y., Song M.K., Reeve Jr. J.R., Liu Y., and Yang H. Brainstem thyrotropin-releasing hormone regulates food intake through vagal-dependent cholinergic stimulation of ghrelin secretion. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 6004-6010
7. Aoki Y., Ono H., Yasuo S., Masuda T., Yoshimura T., Ebihara S., Iigo M., and Yanagisawa T. Molecular evolution of prepro-thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the chicken (Gallus gallus) and its expression in the brain. Zool. Sci. 24 (2007) 686-692
8. Azizi F., Vagenakis A.G., Bollinger J., Reichlin S., Bush J.E., and Braverman L.E. The effect of a single large dose of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on various aspects of thyroid function in the rat. Endocrinology 95 (1974) 1767-1770
9. Barry T.P., and Grau E.G. Estradiol-17 beta and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulate prolactin release from the pituitary gland of a teleost fish in vitro. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62 (1986) 306-314
10. Batten T.F., Cambre M.L., Moons L., and Vandesande F. Comparative distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the green molly, Poecilia latipinna. J. Comp. Neurol. 302 (1990) 893-919
11. Batten T.F., Moons L., Cambre M.L., Vandesande F., Seki T., and Suzuki M. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive system in the brain and pituitary gland of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Teleostei). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 79 (1990) 385-392
12. Bidaud I., Galas L., Bulant M., Jenks B.G., Ouwens D.T., Jegou S., Ladram A., Roubos E.W., Tonon M.C., Nicolas P., and Vaudry H. Distribution of the mRNAs encoding the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) precursor and three TRH receptors in the brain and pituitary of Xenopus laevis: effect of background color adaptation on TRH and TRH receptor gene expression. J. Comp. Neurol. 477 (2004) 11-28
13. Boler J., Enzmann F., Folkers K., Bowers C.Y., and Schally A.V. The identity of chemical and hormonal properties of the thyrotropin releasing hormone and pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 37 (1969) 705-710
14. Bolz J., and Thier P. Photopic action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the cat retina. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 224 (1985) 463-473
15. Boschi G., Desiles M., Reny V., Rips R., and Wrigglesworth S. Antinociceptive properties of thyrotropin releasing hormone in mice: comparison with morphine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 79 (1983) 85-92
16. Broberger C., and McCormick D.A. Excitatory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the thalamus. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 1664-1673
17. Bruce L.L., and Butler A.B. Telencephalic connections in lizards. II. Projections to anterior dorsal ventricular ridge. J. Comp. Neurol. 229 (1984) 602-615
18. Bruhn T.O., Rondeel J.M., and Jackson I.M. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the anterior pituitary. IV. Evidence for paracrine and autocrine regulation. Endocrinology 139 (1998) 3416-3422
19. Burgus R., Dunn T.F., Desiderio D., and Guillemin R. Molecular structure of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic TRF factor of ovine origin: mass spectrometry demonstration of the PCA-His-Pro-NH2 sequence. C. R. Acad. Sci. Hebd. Seances. Acad. Sci. D 269 (1969) 1870-1873
20. Burgus R., Dunn T.F., Desiderio D., Vale W., and Guillemin R. Synthetic polypeptide derivatives with TRF hypophysiotropic activity. New data. C. R. Acad. Sci. Hebd. Seances. Acad. Sci. D 269 (1969) 226-228
21. Burgus R., Dunn T.F., Desiderio D., Ward D.N., Vale W., and Guillemin R. Characterization of ovine hypothalamic hypophysiotropic TSH-releasing factor. Nature 226 (1970) 321-325
22. Burt D.R., and Taylor R.L. Binding sites for thyrotropin-releasing hormone in sheep nucleus accumbens resemble pituitary receptors. Endocrinology 106 (1980) 1416-1423
23. Calza L., Giardino L., Ceccatelli S., Zanni M., Elde R., and Hökfelt T. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger RNA in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. Neuroscience 51 (1992) 891-909
24. Chatterjee A., Hsieh Y.L., and Yu J.Y. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding thyroid stimulating hormone beta subunit of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis and regulation of its gene expression. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 174 (2001) 1-9
25. Chien J.T., Chowdhury I., Lin Y.S., Liao C.F., Shen S.T., and Yu J.Y. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone beta-subunit of the Chinese soft-shell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis and regulation of its gene expression. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 146 (2006) 74-82
26. Collu R., Du Rusisseau P., and Tache Y. Role of putative neurotransmitters in prolactin GH and LH response to acute immobilization stress in male rats. Neuroendocrinology 28 (1979) 178-186
27. Croissandeau G., Pagésy P., Grouselle D., Le Dafniet M., Peillon F., and Li J.Y. Immunoreactive thyroliberin (TRH) precursor forms in human hypothalamus and anterior pituitary tissues. FEBS Lett. 298 (1992) 191-194
28. De Andrés M.C., Anadón R., Manso M.J., and González M.J. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in the brain of larval and adult sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus L. J. Comp. Neurol. 453 (2002) 323-335
29. Denver R.J., and Licht P. Modulation of neuropeptide-stimulated pituitary hormone secretion in hatchling turtles. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 77 (1990) 107-115
30. Díaz M.L., Becerra M., Manso M.J., and Anadón R. Development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in the brain of the brown trout Salmo trutta fario. J. Comp. Neurol. 429 (2001) 299-320
31. Díaz M.L., Becerra M., Manso M.J., and Anadón R. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity in the brain of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). J. Comp. Neurol. 450 (2002) 45-60
32. Domínguez L., López J.M., and González A. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity in the brain of urodele amphibians. Brain Behav. Evol. 71 (2008) 231-246
33. Emson P.C., and Lindvall O. Distribution of putative neurotransmitters in the neocortex. Neuroscience 4 (1979) 1-30
34. Ervin G.N., Schmitz S.A., Nemeroff C.B., and Prange Jr. A.J. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and amphetamine produce different patterns of behavioral excitation in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 72 (1981) 35-43
35. Fiedler J., Jara P., Luza S., Dorfman M., Grouselle D., Rage F., Lara H.E., and Arancibia S. Cold stress induces metabolic activation of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurones in the magnocellular division of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and concomitantly changes ovarian sympathetic activity parameters. J. Neuroendocrinol. 18 (2006) 367-376
36. Fleming A.A., and Todd A.J. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone- and GABA-like immunoreactivity coexist in neurons in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 638 (1994) 347-351
37. Fliers E., Noppen N.W., Wiersinga W.M., Visser T.J., and Swaab D.F. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing cells and fibers in the human hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 350 (1994) 311-323
38. Geris K.L., D'Hondt E., Kühn E.R., and Darras V.M. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in different regions of the chicken brain and pituitary: an ontogenetic study. Brain Res. 818 (1999) 260-266
39. González A., Russchen F.T., and Lohman A.H. Afferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens in the lizard Gekko gecko. Brain Behav. Evol. 36 (1990) 39-58
40. González de Aguilar J.L., Tonon M.C., Ruiz-Navarro A., Vaudry H., and Gracia-Navarro F. Morphological and functional heterogeneity of frog melanotrope cells. Neuroendocrinology 59 (1994) 176-182
41. Gotoh K., Fukagawa K., Fukagawa T., Noguchi H., Kakuma T., Sakata T., and Yoshimatsu H. Hypothalamic neuronal histamine mediates the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced suppression of food intake. J. Neurochem. 103 (2007) 1102-1110
42. Gracia-Navarro F., Castano J.P., Malagón M.M., and Torronteras R. Subcellular responsiveness of amphibian growth hormone cells after TSH-releasing hormone stimulation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 84 (1991) 94-103
43. Greer M.A., Sato N., Wang X., Greer S.E., and McAdams S. Evidence that the major physiological role of TRH in the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei may be to regulate the set-point for thyroid hormone negative feedback on the pituitary thyrotroph. Neuroendocrinology 57 (1993) 569-575
44. Guillemin R. Hormones secreted by the brain. Isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the first hypophysiotropic hypothalamic hormone (to be discovered), TRF (thyrotropin-releasing factor). Science 68 (1970) 64-67
45. Guillemin R. Peptides in the brain: the new endocrinology of the neuron. Science 202 (1978) 390-402
46. Gutiérrez-Mariscal M., de Gortari P., López-Rubalcava C., Martínez A., and Joseph-Bravo P. Analysis of the anxiolytic-like effect of TRH and the response of amygdalar TRHergic neurons in anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 (2008) 198-213
47. Hall T.R., and Chadwick A. Effects of synthetic mammalian thyrotrophin releasing hormone, somatostatin and dopamine on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone from amphibian and reptilian pituitary glands incubated in vitro. J. Endocrinol. 102 (1984) 175-180
48. Halpern M., and Martínez-Marcos A. Structure and function of the vomeronasal system: an update. Prog. Neurobiol. 70 (2003) 245-318
49. Hamano K., Inoue K., and Yanagisawa T. Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the brain of carp, Cyprinus carpio. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 80 (1990) 85-92
50. Hashizume T., Shida R., Suzuki S., Kasuya E., Kuwayama H., Suzuki H., Olah M., and Nagy G.M. Interaction between salsolinol (SAL) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or dopamine (DA) on the secretion of prolactin in ruminants. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 34 (2008) 327-332
51. Helke C.J., and Phillips E.T. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor activation in the spinal cord increases blood pressure and sympathetic tone to the vasculature and the adrenals. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245 (1988) 41-46
52. Heuer H., Schafer M.K., O'Donnell D., Walker P., and Bauer K. Expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (TRH-R2) in the central nervous system of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 428 (2000) 319-336
53. Hökfelt T., Fuxe K., Johansson O., Jeffcoate S., and White N. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the central nervous system as revealed with immunohistochemistry. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 34 (1975) 389-392
54. Hollenberg A.N. The role of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neuron as a metabolic sensor. Thyroid 18 (2008) 131-139
55. Horita A. An update on the CNS actions of TRH and its analogs. Life Sci. 62 (1998) 1443-1448
56. Horita A., Carino M.A., and Smith J.R. Effects of TRH on the central nervous system of the rabbit. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 5 (1976) 111-116
57. Jackson I.M., and Reichlin S. Brain thyrotrophin-releasing hormone is independent of the hypothalamus. Nature 267 (1977) 853-854
58. Jiménez A.J., Mancera J.M., Pérez-Fígares J.M., and Fernández-Llebrez P. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the turtle Mauremys caspica. J. Comp. Neurol. 349 (1994) 73-84
59. Johansson O., and Hökfelt T. Thyrotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, and enkephalin: distribution studies using immunohistochemical techniques. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 28 (1980) 364-366
60. Johansson O., Hökfelt T., Pernow B., Jeffcoate S.L., White N., Steinbusch H.W., Verhofstad A.A., Emson P.C., and Spindel E. Immunohistochemical support for three putative transmitters in one neuron: coexistence of 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P- and thyrotropin releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity in medullary neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuroscience 6 (1981) 1857-1881
61. Józsa R., Korf H.W., Csernus V., and Mess B. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of the domestic mallard. Cell Tissue Res. 251 (1988) 441-449
62. Józsa R., Mess B., and Csernus V. Ontogenetic development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of the mallard embryo. Cell Tissue Res. 255 (1989) 657-662
63. Kawano H., Tsuruo Y., Bando H., and Daikoku S. Hypophysiotrophic TRH-producing neurons identified by combining immunohistochemistry for pro-TRH and retrograde tracing. J. Comp. Neurol. 307 (1991) 531-538
64. Kiehn O., Rostrup E., and Moller M. Monoaminergic systems in the brainstem and spinal cord of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans as revealed by antibodies against serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Comp. Neurol. 325 (1992) 527-547
65. Kreider M.S., Engber T.M., Nilaver G., Zimmerman E.A., and Winokur A. Immunohistochemical localization of TRH in rat CNS: comparison with RIA studies. Peptides 6 (1985) 997-1000
66. Lamacz M., Hindelang C., Tonon M.C., Vaudry H., and Stoeckel M.E. Three distinct thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive axonal systems project in the median eminence-pituitary complex of the frog Rana ridibunda. Immunocytochemical evidence for co-localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and mesotocin in fibers innervating pars intermedia cells. Neuroscience 32 (1989) 451-462
67. Lanuza E., and Halpern M. Efferents and centrifugal afferents of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Brain Behav. Evol. 51 (1998) 1-22
68. Lechan R.M., Wu P., and Jackson I.M. Immunolocalization of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone prohormone in the rat central nervous system. Endocrinology 119 (1986) 1210-1216
69. Licht P., and Denver R.J. Effects of TRH on hormone release from pituitaries of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 70 (1988) 355-362
70. Licht P., Denver R.J., and Pavgi S. Temperature dependence of in vitro pituitary, testis, and thyroid secretion in a turtle, Pseudemys scripta. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 76 (1989) 274-285
71. Lohman A.H., and Smeets W.J. Overview of the main and accessory olfactory bulb projections in reptiles. Brain Behav. Evol. 41 (1993) 147-155
72. López-Avalos M.D., Mancera J.M., Pérez-Fígares J.M., and Fernández-Llebrez P. Immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor in the brain of the turtle, Mauremys caspica. Anat. Embryol. 188 (1993) 163-171
73. López-Barneo J., Castellano A., and Toledo-Aral J. Thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (TRH) and its physiological metabolite TRH-OH inhibit Na+ channel activity in mammalian septal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (1990) 8150-8154
74. Lynn R.B., Kreider M.S., and Miselis R.R. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive projections to the dorsal motor nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 311 (1991) 271-288
75. Malagón M.M., García-Navarro S., Ruiz-Navarro A., and Gracia-Navarro F. Morphometric evaluation of subcellular changes induced by in vivo TRH treatment in the pituitary gland of Rana perezi: effects on prolactin and thyrotropic cells. Cell Tissue Res. 256 (1989) 391-398
76. Martínez-García F., Olucha F.E., Teruel V., Lorente M.J., and Schwerdtfeger W.K. Afferent and efferent connections of the olfactory bulbs in the lizard Podarcis hispanica. J. Comp. Neurol. 305 (1991) 337-347
77. Matz S.P., and Takahashi T.T. Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the brain of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J. Comp. Neurol. 345 (1994) 214-223
78. McCann M.J., Hermann G.E., and Rogers R.C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: effects on identified neurons of the dorsal vagal complex. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 26 (1989) 107-112
79. Medina L., and Smeets W.J. Cholinergic, monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of the primary visual centers in the brain of the lizards Gekko gecko and Gallotia galloti. Brain Behav. Evol. 40 (1992) 157-181
80. Melamed P., Eliahu N., Levavi-Sivan B., Ofir M., Farchi-Pisanty O., Rentier-Delrue F., Smal J., Yaron Z., and Naor Z. Hypothalamic and thyroidal regulation of growth hormone in tilapia. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 97 (1995) 13-30
81. Merchenthaler I., Csernus V., Csontos C., Petrusz P., and Mess B. New data on the immunocytochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat central nervous system. Am. J. Anat. 181 (1988) 359-376
82. Meredith G.E., and Smeets W.J. Immunocytochemical analysis of the dopamine system in the forebrain and midbrain of Raja radiata: evidence for a substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in cartilaginous fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 265 (1987) 530-548
83. Mimnagh K.M., Bolaffi J.L., Montgomery N.M., and Kaltenbach J.C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): immunohistochemical distribution in tadpole and frog brain. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 66 (1987) 394-404
84. Miranda L.A., and Affanni J.M. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in the brain and the pituitary during Bufo arenarum development. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 18 (2000) 47-52
85. Mitsuma T., Hirooka Y., Izeki K., Sin K., and Nogimori T. Effects of dopamine on the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the rat retina in vitro. Horm. Metab. Res. 24 (1992) 263-265
86. Mitsuma T., Rhue N., Sobue G., Hirooka Y., Kayama M., Yokoi Y., Adachi K., Nogimori T., Sakai J., and Sugie I.I. Distribution of thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor in rats: an immunohistochemical study. Endocr. Regul. 29 (1995) 129-134
87. Morimoto K., and Goddard G.V. Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on evoked responses and long-term potentiation in dentate gyrus of rat. Exp. Neurol. 90 (1985) 401-410
88. Nakajima K., Uchida D., Sakai M., Takahashi N., Yanagisawa T., Yamamoto K., and Kikuyama S. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is the major prolactin-releasing factor in the bullfrog hypothalamus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 89 (1993) 11-16
89. Nicoll R.A., Alger B.E., and Jahr C.E. Peptides as putative excitatory neurotransmitters: carnosine, enkephalin, substance P and TRH. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 210 (1980) 133-149
90. Nishiyama T., Kawano H., Tsuruo Y., Maegawa M., Hisano S., Adachi T., Daikoku S., and Suzuki M. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing neurons involved in the hypothalamic-hypophysial-thyroid axis. Light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Brain Res. 345 (1985) 205-218
91. Northcutt R. The telencephalon of the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellis) (1970), University of Illinois Press, Chicago
92. O'Dowd B.F., Lee D.K., Huang W., Nguyen T., Cheng R., Liu Y., Wang B., Gershengorn M.C., and George S.R. TRH-R2 exhibits similar binding and acute signaling but distinct regulation and anatomic distribution compared with TRH-R1. Mol. Endocrinol. 14 (2000) 183-193
93. Ogawa N., Yamawaki Y., Kuroda H., Ofuji T., Itoga E., and Kito S. Discrete regional distributions of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) receptor binding in monkey central nervous system. Brain Res. 205 (1981) 169-174
94. Pagésy P., Croissandeau G., Le Dafniet M., Peillon F., and Li J.Y. Detection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the human normal and tumoral anterior pituitary. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182 (1992) 182-187
95. Parker Jr. C.R., and Porter J.C. Regional localization and subcellular compartmentalization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in adult human brain. J. Neurochem. 41 (1983) 1614-1622
96. Péczely P., and Kiss J.Z. Immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in hypothalamic neurons of the domesticated pigeon (Columba livia). Alterations following lactation and exposure to cold. Cell Tissue Res. 251 (1988) 485-494
97. Peters A., Heuer H., Schomburg L., De Greef W.J., Visser T.J., and Bauer K. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by anterior pituitary cells in long-term cultures is influenced by the culture conditions and cell-to-cell interactions. Endocrinology 138 (1997) 2807-2812
98. Prange Jr. A. Proceedings: behavioral effects of hypothalamic polypeptides in animals and man. Psychopharmacol. Bull 10 (1974) 11-15
99. Preece H., and Licht P. Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in vitro on thyrotropin and prolactin release from the turtle pituitary. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 67 (1987) 247-255
100. Puelles L., and Rubenstein J.L. Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model. Trends Neurosci. 26 (2003) 469-476
101. Raggenbass M., Vozzi C., Tribollet E., Dubois-Dauphin M., and Dreifuss J.J. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone causes direct excitation of dorsal vagal and solitary tract neurones in rat brainstem slices. Brain Res. 530 (1990) 85-90
102. Reading H.W. Dopaminergic receptors in bovine retina and their interaction with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. J. Neurochem. 41 (1983) 1587-1595
103. Reichlin S. Neural functions of TRH. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenh.) 276 (1986) 21-33
104. Rezvani A.H., Garbutt J.C., Overstreet D.H., Li L., Walker C.H., Yang Y., and Mason G.A. Thyrotropin releasing hormone analog TA-0910 suppresses alcohol intake in alcohol drinking African green monkeys. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 21 (1997) 261-266
105. Sasek C.A., Wessendorf M.W., and Helke C.J. Evidence for co-existence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, substance P and serotonin in ventral medullary neurons that project to the intermediolateral cell column in the rat. Neuroscience 35 (1990) 105-119
106. Satoh T., Feng P., Kim U.J., and Wilber J.F. Identification of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger RNA in the rat central nervous system and eye. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 19 (1993) 175-178
107. Schally A.V. Aspects of hypothalamic regulation of the pituitary gland. Science 202 (1978) 18-28
108. Schally A.V., Sawano S., Arimura A., Barrett J.F., Wakabayashi I., and Bowers C.Y. Isolation of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) from porcine hypothalami. Endocrinology 84 (1969) 1493-1506
109. Schuhler S., Warner A., Finney N., Bennett G.W., Ebling F.J., and Brameld J.M. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone decreases feeding and increases body temperature, activity and oxygen consumption in Siberian hamsters. J. Neuroendocrinol. 19 (2007) 239-249
110. Segerson T.P., Hoefler H., Childers H., Wolfe H.J., Wu P., Jackson I.M., and Lechan R.M. Localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone prohormone messenger ribonucleic acid in rat brain in situ hybridization. Endocrinology 121 (1987) 98-107
111. Seki T., Nakai Y., Shioda S., Mitsuma T., and Kikuyama S. Distribution of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the forebrain and hypophysis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Cell Tissue Res. 233 (1983) 507-516
112. Smeets W.J., and Steinbusch H.W. New insights into the reptilian catecholaminergic systems as revealed by antibodies against the neurotransmitters and their synthetic enzymes. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3 (1990) 25-43
113. Smeets W.J.A.J. Catecholamine systems in the CNS of reptiles: structure and functional correlations. In: Smeets W.J.A.J., and Reiner A. (Eds). Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine systems in the CNS of vertebrates (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 103-134
114. Stanton T.L., Winokur A., and Beckman A.L. Reversal of natural CNS depression by TRH action in the hippocampus. Brain Res. 181 (1980) 470-475
115. Stoll C.J., and Voorn P. The distribution of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic vasotocinergic cells and fibers in the brain of a lizard Gekko gecko: presence of a sex difference. J. Comp. Neurol. 239 (1985) 193-204
116. Takatani T., Sasa M., Akaike A., and Takaori S. Inhibitory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 26 (1987) 1389-1394
117. Tanabe M., Tokuda Y., Takasu K., Ono K., Honda M., and Ono H. The synthetic TRH analogue taltirelin exerts modality-specific antinociceptive effects via distinct descending monoaminergic systems. Br. J. Pharmacol. 150 (2007) 403-414
118. Taylor R.L., and Burt D.R. Species differences in the brain regional distribution of receptor binding for thyrotropin-releasing hormone. J. Neurochem. 38 (1982) 1649-1656
119. Teijido O., Manso M.J., and Anadón R. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in the brain of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. J. Comp. Neurol. 454 (2002) 65-81
120. Thommes R.C., Williams D.J., and Woods J.E. Hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-thyroid interrelationships in the chick embryo. VI. Midgestational adenohypophyseal sensitivity to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55 (1984) 275-279
121. Tsuruo Y., Ceccatelli S., Villar M.J., Hökfelt T., Visser T.J., Terenius L., Goldstein M., Brown J.C., Buchan A., and Walsh J. Coexistence of TRH with other neuroactive substances in the rat central nervous system. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1 (1988) 235-253
122. Tsuruo Y., Hökfelt T., and Visser T. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive cell groups in the rat central nervous system. Exp. Brain Res. 68 (1987) 213-217
123. Tsuruo Y., Hökfelt T., and Visser T.J. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive neuron populations in the rat olfactory bulb. Brain Res. 447 (1988) 183-187
124. Van den Bergh P., Wu P., Jackson I.M., and Lechan R.M. Neurons containing a N-bouton sequence of the TRH-prohormone (preproTRH53-74) are present in a unique location of the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. Brain Res. 461 (1988) 53-63
125. Vaudry H., Chartrel N., Desrues L., Galas L., Kikuyama S., Mor A., Nicolas P., and Tonon M.C. The pituitary-skin connection in amphibians. Reciprocal regulation of melanotrope cells and dermal melanocytes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 885 (1999) 41-56
126. Wu W., Elde R., Wessendorf M.W., and Hökfelt T. Identification of neurons expressing thyrotropin releasing-hormone receptor mRNA in spinal cord and lower brainstem of rat. Neurosci. Lett. 142 (1992) 143-146
127. Yates F.E., Russell S.M., and Maran J.W. Brain-adenohypophysial communication in mammals. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 33 (1971) 393-444
128. Yukata T., Tanaka S., and Kurosumi K. Distribution of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the brain and hypophysis of larval bullfrogs with special reference to the nerve fibers in the pars distalis. Zool. Sci. 7 (1990) 427-433
129. Zardoya R., and Meyer A. The evolutionary position of turtles revised. Naturwissenschaften 88 (2001) 193-200
130. Zoeller R.T., and Conway K.M. Neurons expressing thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like messenger ribonucleic acid are widely distributed in Xenopus laevis brain. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 76 (1989) 139-146