How clean is clean? Proposed methods for hospital cleaning assessment

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 328-334

  Al Hamad, A ^a   Maxwell, S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b STOCKPORT NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Hospital cleaning; Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Surface hygiene; Surface sampling method

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; METICILLIN; OXACILLIN;

AEROBIC BACTERIUM; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COUNT; BACTERIAL VIABILITY; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CLEANING; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISINFECTION; HOSPITAL BED; HOSPITAL HYGIENE; HOSPITAL PLANNING; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KEYBOARD; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MICROBIAL GROWTH; NONHUMAN; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; TELEPHONE;

BACTERIA, AEROBIC; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DISINFECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES, HOSPITAL; HOSPITALS; HOUSEKEEPING, HOSPITAL; HUMANS; HYGIENE; INFECTION CONTROL; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 56249100356     PISSN: 01956701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.08.006     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. French G.L., and Philips I. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital flora and nosocomial infections. In: Mayhall C.G. (Ed). Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 1st ed. (1996), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 980-999
2. Blythe D., Keenlyside D., Dawson S.J., and Galloway A. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Hosp Infect 38 (1998) 67-69
3. Boyce J.M., Potter-Bynoe G., Chenevert C., and King T. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 18 (1997) 622-627
4. Boyce J.M., Opal S.M., Potter-Bynoe G., and Medeiros A.A. Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a hospital after exposure to a health care worker with chronic sinusitis. Clin Infect Dis 17 (1993) 496-504
5. Boyce J.M., and Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA hand hygiene task force. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 23 (2002) S3-S40
6. Ray A.J., Hoyen C.K., Taub T.F., Eckstein E.C., and Donskey C.J. Nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from surfaces. J Am Med Assoc 287 (2002) 1400-1401
7. Dancer S.J. Mopping up hospital infection. J Hosp Infect 43 (1999) 85-100
8. Macrae M.B., Shannon K.P., Rayner D.M., Kaiser A.M., Hoffman P.N., and French G.L. A simultaneous outbreak on a neonatal unit of two strains of multiply antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae controllable only by ward closure. J Hosp Infect 49 (2001) 183-192
9. Aygun G., Demirkiran O., Utku T., et al. Environmental contamination during a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 52 (2002) 259-262
10. Rampling A., Wiseman S., Davis L., et al. Evidence that hospital hygiene is important in the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 49 (2001) 109-116
11. Dancer S.J. How do we assess hospital cleaning? A proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 56 (2004) 10-15
12. Talon D. The role of the hospital environment in the epidemiology of multi-resistant bacteria. J Hosp Infect 43 (1999) 13-17
13. Bond W.W., and Hedrick E.R. Microbiological culturing of environmental and medical-device surfaces. In: Isenberg H.D., and Gilchrist M.J.R. (Eds). Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook (1992), American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington pp. 11.10.11-11.10.19
14. Malik R.E., Cooper R.A., and Griffith C.J. Use of audit tools to evaluate the efficacy of cleaning systems in hospitals. Am J Infect Control 31 (2003) 181-187
15. Griffith C.J., Cooper R.A., Gilmore J., Davies C., and Lewis M. An evaluation of hospital cleaning regimes and standards. J Hosp Infect 45 (2000) 19-28
16. Sanderson W.T., Hein M.J., Taylor L., et al. Surface sampling methods for Bacillus anthracis spore contamination. Emerg Infect Dis 8 (2002) 1145-1151
17. Moore G., and Griffith C. A comparison of surface sampling methods for detecting coliforms on food contact surfaces. Food Microbiol 19 (2002) 65-73
18. Obee P., Griffith C., Cooper R.A., and Bennion N.E. An evaluation of different methods for the recovery of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect 65 (2007) 35-41
19. Zaidi M., and Wenzel R.P. Disinfection, sterilization, and control of hospital waste. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin R. (Eds). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. vol. 2 (2000), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 2995-3005
20. Farrington M., Brenwald N., Haines D., and Walpole E. Resistance to desiccation and skin fatty acids in outbreak strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 36 (1992) 56-60
21. Dietze B., Rath A., Wendt C., and Martiny H. Survival of MRSA on sterile goods packaging. J Hosp Infect 49 (2001) 255-261
22. Oie S., Hosokawa I., and Kamiya A. Contamination of room door handles by methicillin-sensitive/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 51 (2002) 140-143
23. Sehulster L., and Chinn R.Y. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 52 (2003) 1-42
24. Hota B. Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection?. Clin Infect Dis 39 (2004) 1182-1189