Consenting to a child's decision to join a Jihad: Insights from a survey of militant families in Pakistan

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 31, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 973-994

  Asal, Victor ^a   Fair, Christine C ^b   Shellman, Stephen ^c  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

^c William and Mary   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 56149105855     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100802400201     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. annanova.com. Suicide Bomber "Wanted to Avenge Hamas HQ Bombing." Cited from www.kerenmalki.org 2001 (2 May 2007). Available at http://www.kerenmalki.org/Press/ Al-Masri_Family_Background.htm
2. Alexander Evans, "The Kashmir Insurgency: As Bad As It Gets," Small Wars and. Insurgencies 11(1) (Spring 2000), pp. 69-81
3. C. Christine Fair, "Pakistan's Relations with Central Asia: Is Past Prologue?" Journal of Strategic Studies 32(1) (April 2008).
4. "Jaish-e-Mohammad," The Kashmir Herald 1(8) (January 2002), available at kashmirherald.com/profiles/jaishemohammad.html
5. Massoud Ansari, "Suicide City," Newsline (June 2004), available at newsline.com.pk/newsJun2004/cover1jun2004.htm
6. In Pakistan, a "militant group" is called a tanzeem,which literally means "organization." Unlike "terrorist groups," this term has no normative connotations. This term is used herein to describe these groups. The termsmilitants, terrorists, mujahid, and shaheed are used interchangeably to reduce redundancy.
7. See Mariam Abou Zahab, "'I Shall Be Waiting For You At The Door Of Paradise': The Pakistani Martyrs of the Lashkar-E Taiba (Army Of The Pure)," in The Practice of War: The Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence, edited by A. Rao, M. Böck, and M. Bollig (Oxford/New York: Berghahn, 2008), pp. 133-158.
8. Patricia Strach, All in the Family: The Private Roots of American Public Policy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007)
9. Patricia Strach, "The Politics of Family," Polity 38(2) (2006), pp. 151-173.
10. Paul Allen Beck and M. Kent Jennings, "Family Traditions, Political Periods, and the Development of Partisan Orientations," The Journal of Politics 53(3) (1991), pp. 742-763
11. James W. Clarke, "Family Structure and Political Socialization Among Urban Black Children," American Journal of Political Science 17(2) (1973), pp. 302-315.
12. Brian Lai, "Explaining Terrorism Using the Framework of Opportunity and Willingness: An Empirical Examination of International Terrorism." Typescript. (University of Iowa, 2004).
13. Randy Borum, "Psychology of Terrorism" (Tampa: University of South Florida, 2004)
14. Rex A. Hudson, Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division Library of Congress, 1999)
15. Dirk T. G. Rübbelke, "Differing Motivations for Terrorism," Defence & Peace Economics 16(1) (2005), pp. 19-27.
16. Ayla Schbley, "Defining Religious Terrorism: A Causal and Anthological Profile," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26(2) (2003), pp. 105-134
17. Ayla Schbley, "Religious Terrorists: What They Aren't Going to Tell Us," Terrorism 13 (1991), pp. 237-241
18. Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger, and Leonard Weinberg, "Altruism and Fatalism: The Characteristics of Palestinian Suicide Terrorists," Deviant Behavior 24(4) (2003), pp. 405-423
19. Leonard Weinberg and William Lee Eubank, "Italian Women Terrorists," Terrorism: An International Journal 9(3) (1987), pp. 241-262
20. Thomas Strentz, "A Terrorist Psychological Profile," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 57(4) (1988), pp. 13-19
21. J. Handler, "Socioeconomic Profile of an American Terrorist-1960s and 1970s," Terrorism 13 (1990), pp. 195-213
22. Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).
23. Jeff Victoroff, "The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches," Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(1) (2005), pp. 3-42.
24. Mohammed M. Hafez, "Rationality, Culture, and Structure in the Making of Suicide Bombers: A Preliminary Theoretical Synthesis and Illustrative Case Study," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29(2) (2006)165-185, at 166.
25. Strach, All in the Family, p. 5
26. Borum, "Psychology of Terrorism", p. 35.
27. Schbley, "Defining Religious Terrorism"
28. Anne Speckhard and Khapta Ahkmedova, "The Making of a Martyr: Chechen Suicide Terrorism," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29(5) (2006), pp. 429-492
29. Hafez, "Rationality, Culture, and Structure."
30. C. Christine Fair, "Who Are Pakistan's Militants and Their Families?" Terrorism and Political Violence 20(1) (January 2008), pp. 49-65
31. C. Christine Fair, "Militant Recruitment in Pakistan: A New Look at theMilitancy-Madrasah Connection," Asia Policy 1(4) (Summer 2007), pp. 107-134.
32. Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks
33. Peter Bergen and Swati Pandey, "The Madrassa Scapegoat," The Washington Quarterly 29(2) (2003), pp. 117-125
34. Alan B. Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, "Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?" in (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002)
35. Claude Berrebi, Evidence about the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism Among Palestinians (Princeton, NJ: Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University, 2003)
36. Dalia Mogahed, "The Battle for Hearts and Minds: Moderate vs. Extremist Views in the Muslim World-A Gallup World Poll Special Report" (Washington, DC: Gallup, 2006).
37. Franco Ferracuti, "ASociopsychiatric Interpretation of Terrorism," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 463 (1982), pp. 129-140.
38. Victoroff, "The Mind of the Terrorist,2; pp. 7-8
39. J. M. Post, Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), p. 131
40. Jerrold Post, "Notes on a Psychodynamic Theory of Terrorist Behavior," Terrorism: An International Journal 7(3) (1984), pp. 241-256.
41. Although this data element was not reported in the public findings, information about this poll can be found in C. Christine Fair, Clay Ramsay, Steve Kull, Pakistani Public Opinion on Democracy, Islamist Militancy, and Relations with the U.S. (Washington, DC: USIP/PIPA, 7 January 2008).
42. Schbley, "Defining Religious Terrorism" Schbley, "Religious Terrorists."
43. Jerrold M. Post, Ehud Sprinzak, and Laurita M. Denny, "The Terrorists in Their Own Words: Interviews with 35 Incarcerated Middle Eastern Terrorists," Terrorism & Political Violence 15(1 (2003), pp. 171-184.
44. Israel Orbach, "Terror Suicide: How Is It Possible?" Archives of Suicide Research 8(1) (2004), pp. 115-130, at 120-121.
45. Ibid., pp. 120-121.
46. Speckhard and Ahkmedova, "Making of a Martyr" p. 442.
47. Speckhard and Ahkmedova, "Making of a Martyr"
48. Krueger and Maleckova, "Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism."
49. Orbach, "Terror Suicide"
50. Rübbelke, "Differing Motivations for Terrorism"
51. Arie Kruglanski and Shira Fishman, "The Psychology of Terrorism: 'Syndrome' Versus 'Tool' Perspectives," Terrorism and Political Violence 18(2) (2006), pp. 193-215.
52. Sean Yom and Basel Saleh, "Palestinian Suicide Bombers: A Statistical Analysis," ECAAR News Network 16(3) (2004), p. 11
53. Erin Wall. "The Terrorism Labor Market" (Economics Department Honors Thesis, Economics, Holy Cross University Worcester, MA, 2006).
54. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, Greed and Grievance in Civil Wars World Bank 2001 Cited 10 June 2004, available at http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/ greedgrievance_23oct.pdf
55. Wall, "The Terrorism Labor Market."
56. VictorH.Asal and StephenM. Shellman, "HowHaveYou Killed Lately?ASubstitution Model of Domestic Terrorism in India, 1980-2005." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Peace Science Society, University of Iowa, 2006.
57. Jessica Stern, 2;Pakistan's Jihad Culture," Foreign Affairs 79(6) (2000), pp. 115126
58. International Crisis Group, Pakistan: Madrassahs, Extremism and the Military (Brussels, Islamabad: International Crisis Group, 2002).
59. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2004), p. 367.
60. C. Christine Fair, "Militant Recruitment in Pakistan: Implications for Al-Qa'ida and Other Organizations," Studies in Conflict and Terrorismi 27(6) (November/December 2004), pp. 489-504. The survey used here also queried respondents about financial benefits received from the group and government.
61. For results, see C. Christine Fair, "Who Are Pakistan's Militants and Their Families?" Terrorism and Political Violence 20(1) (January 2008), pp. 49-65.
62. Jean-Paul Azam, "Suicide-Bombing as Inter-Generational Investment," Public Choice 122(1) (2005), pp. 177-198.
63. Strentz, "A Terrorist Psychological Profile."
64. Alison Pargeter, "Libyan Fighters Join the Iraqi Jihad," TerrorismMonitor 4(23) (2006), pp. 7-9.
65. Hafez, "Rationality, Culture, and Structure," p. 169.
66. Ibid.
67. Bruce Hoffman, "Terrorism Trends and Prospects," in Countering the New Terrorism, edited by I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. Ronfeldt, and M. Zanini (Santa Monica: RAND, 1999), p. 17.
68. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in theMind ofGod: TheGlobal Rise of Religious Violence, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 82.
69. Ibid.
70. This means that the attainment rate, conditional upon being enrolled in school in the first place, is higher than the national average for all children. This is because the average includes children with no attainment. For more information about probabilities of school enrollment and retention rates see Yasayuki Sawada and Michael Lokshin, "Household Decisions in Rural Pakistan,2: World Bank Development Research Group, Poverty and Human Resources, Policy Research Working Paper 2541 (2001)
71. Their findings generally concurred with those of an earlier study by Jessica Holmes, Measuring the Determinants of School Completion in Pakistan: Analysis of Censoring and Selection Bias (Economic Growth Center, Yale University, 1999).
72. C. Christine Fair, The Madrassah Challenge: Military and Religious Education in Pakistan (Washington D.C.: UIP, 2008).
73. Life expectancy for males at birth in Pakistan is 62 years. Life expectancy is "the average number of years of life that a person can expect to live if they experience the current mortality rate of the population at each age." SeeWorld Health Organization background information on Pakistan, Pakistan. Cited 1 May 2007, available at http://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/
74. Evidence for these claims is substantial, notwithstanding Pakistan's increasingly untenable denials. See inter alia testimony of Director National Intelligence, John Negroponte, before a hearing of the U.S. Senate Select Committee for Intelligence, "Current and Projected National Security Threats," 11 January 2007 (cited 1 May 2007, available at http://intelligence.senate.gov/ hearings.cfm?hearingId=2467)
75. Also see comments made byMaj. Gen. Benjamin C. Freakley, commander of Combined Joint Task Force 76, who said that "There's Taliban leaders in Pakistan ... We know that this group ... were from Jalaluddin Haqqani and we believe, though we don't know exactly where, that Jalaluddin Haqqani is operating from inside Pakistan and sending men to fight in Afghanistan ("Haqqani Recruiting Taliban in Pakistan: US Gen," The News, 14 January 2007). Lxxv Also see interview with Barnet Rubin by the Council on Foreign Relations (Barnett R. Rubin and Bernard Gwertzman, Rubin: Afghanistan at Dangerous "Tipping Point'." Council on Foreign Relations, 6 October 2006. Cited 2 May 2007, available at http://www.cfr.org/publication/11620/rubin.html).
76. A "U.S. intelligence source" also reported to CNN that Mullah Omar is in the environs of Quetta (Peter Bergen, Anderson Cooper, and Charlie Moore, Source:MUllah Omar in Pakistan. CNN, 9 September 2006. Cited 2 May 2007).
77. Pakistan Arrests "Led to UK Moves," CNN.com, 11 August 2006. Cited 1 May 2007, available at http://www.cnn.com/2006/ WORLD/asiapcf/08/11/terror.plot.pakistan/index.html
78. Bomb Trail Goes Cold on Pakistani Ties, BBC News Online (2006). Cited 27 April 2007, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ south_asia/4761659.stm
79. Paul Reynolds, Bomber Video "Points to al-Qaeda." BBC News Online (2005). Cited 30 April 2007, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4208250.stm
80. For more information about this survey and this project, see Fair, "Who Are Pakistan's Militants and Their Families?" pp. 49-65.
81. Population Council, Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001-2002: A Nationally Representative Survey (New York, Islamabad: The Population Council, 2003), pp. 45, 50, available at http://www.popcouncil.org/mediacenter/newsreleases/AYSP.html (accessed 5 September 2006).
82. Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, and Tristan Zajonc, "Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data," Comparative Education Review 50(3) (2006).
83. William D. Berry, "Testing for Interaction inModels with Binary Dependent Variables" (Typescript. Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1999).
84. Ibid.
85. Fair, "Who Are Pakistan's Militants and Their Families?" pp. 49-65.
86. Ibid.