Update on the Management and Therapeutic Monitoring of Advanced Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1267-1278

  Loong, Herbert H ^a   Ma, Brigette B ^a   Chan, Anthony T ^a  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Chemoradiotherapy; Chemotherapy; IMRT; Nasopharyngeal cancer; Plasma EBV DNA

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; DOCETAXEL; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUOROURACIL; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; IRINOTECAN; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PLATINUM; SORAFENIB; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TEGAFUR; URACIL; VIRUS DNA;

ADVANCED CANCER; BLOOD TOXICITY; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; HUMAN; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; METASTASIS; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NASOPHARYNX CANCER; NEUTROPENIA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RASH; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VIRUS INFECTION;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DNA, VIRAL; EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS; FEMALE; HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN; HUMANS; MALE; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; NASOPHARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 56049094381     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2008.08.012     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Chan A.T., Teo P.M., and Johnson P.J. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol 13 7 (2002) 1007-1015
2. Chan A.T., Lo Y.M., Zee B., et al. Plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA and residual disease after radiotherapy for undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 21 (2002) 1614-1619
3. Lin J.C., Wang W.Y., Chen K.Y., et al. Quantification of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 350 24 (2004) 2461-2470
4. Chan A.T., Leung S.F., Ngan R.K., et al. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 7 (2005) 536-539
5. Lin J.C., Jan J.S., Hsu C.Y., et al. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol 21 4 (2003) 631-637
6. Lee A.W., Foo W., Mang O., et al. Changing epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Hong Kong over a 20-year period (1980-99): an encouraging reduction in both incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer 103 5 (2003) 680-685
7. Ma B.B., and Chan A.T. Systemic treatment strategies and therapeutic monitoring for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 6 3 (2006) 383-394
8. Lee A.W., Sze W.M., Au J.S., et al. Treatment results for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the modern era: the Hong Kong experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61 4 (2005) 1107-1116
9. Wee J., Tan E.H., Tai B.C., et al. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol 23 27 (2005) 6730-6738
10. Al-Sarraf M., LeBlanc M., Giri P.G., et al. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol 16 4 (1998) 1310-1317
11. Kwong D.L., Sham J.S., Au G.K., et al. Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a factorial study. J Clin Oncol 22 13 (2004) 2643-2653
12. Baujat B., Audry H., Bourhis J., et al. Chemotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials and 1753 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64 1 (2006) 47-56
13. Chi K.H., Chang Y.C., Guo W.Y., et al. A phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52 5 (2002) 1238-1244
14. Rossi A., Molinari R., Boracchi P., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin after radiotherapy in local-regional nasopharyngeal cancer: results of a 4-year multicenter randomized study. J Clin Oncol 6 9 (1988) 1401-1410
15. Chan A.T., Teo P.M., Leung T.W., et al. A prospective randomized study of chemotherapy adjunctive to definitive radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33 3 (1995) 569-577
16. International Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group. Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in stage IV(> or = N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival. VUMCA I trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35 3 (1996) 463-469
17. Chua D.T., Sham J.S., Choy D., et al., Preliminary report of the Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group. Cancer 83 11 (1998) 2270-2283
18. Ma J., Mai H.Q., Hong M.H., et al. Results of a prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 19 5 (2001) 1350-1357
19. Hareyama M., Sakata K., Shirato H., et al. A prospective, randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 94 8 (2002) 2217-2223
20. Chua D.T., Ma J., Sham J.S., et al. Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials. J Clin Oncol 23 6 (2005) 1118-1124
21. Hui EP, Leung SF, King A, et al. Efficacy of neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin followed by concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): a randomized phase II study. Presented at the ASCO Annual Meeting. Chicago, May 29-June 2, 2007.
22. Lee A.W., Lau W.H., Tung S.Y., et al. Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 23 28 (2005) 6966-6975
23. Kam M.K., Chau R.M., Suen J., et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: dosimetric advantage over conventional plans and feasibility of dose escalation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56 1 (2003) 145-157
24. Kam M.K., Teo P.M., Chau R.M., et al. Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiotherapy: the Hong Kong experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60 5 (2004) 1440-1450
25. Wolden S.L., Chen W.C., Pfister D.G., et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for nasopharynx cancer: update of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64 1 (2006) 57-62
26. Lee N., Xia P., Fischbein N.J., et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer: the UCSF experience focusing on target volume delineation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57 1 (2003) 49-60
27. Kam M.K., Leung S.F., Zee B., et al. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. J Clin Oncol 25 31 (2007) 4873-4879
28. Lee A.W., Law S.C., Foo W., et al. Retrospective analysis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976-1985: survival after local recurrence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 5 (1993) 773-782
29. Yu K.H., Leung S.F., Tung S.Y., et al. Survival outcome of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with first local failure: a study by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Study Group. Head Neck 27 5 (2005) 397-405
30. Wei W.I., Ho C.M., Yuen P.W., et al. Maxillary swing approach for resection of tumors in and around the nasopharynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121 6 (1995) 638-642
31. Vlantis A.C., Tsang R.K., Yu B.K., et al. Nasopharyngectomy and surgical margin status: a survival analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133 12 (2007) 1296-1301
32. Hao S.P., Tsang N.M., Chang K.P., et al. Nasopharyngectomy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review of 53 patients and prognostic factors. Acta Otolaryngol 128 4 (2008) 473-481
33. Lu J.J., Shakespeare T.P., Tan L.K., et al. Adjuvant fractionated high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy in Tl and T2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 26 5 (2004) 389-395
34. Kwong D.L., Wei W.I., Cheng A.C., et al. Long term results of radioactive gold grain implantation for the treatment of persistent and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 91 6 (2001) 1105-1113
35. Law S.C., Lam W.K., Ng M.F., et al. Reirradiation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intracavitary mold brachytherapy: an effective means of local salvage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54 4 (2002) 1095-1113
36. Chua D.T., Sham J.S., Kwong P.W., et al. Linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery for limited, locally persistent, and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: efficacy and complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56 1 (2003) 177-183
37. Chang J.T., See L.C., Liao C.T., et al. Locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 54 2 (2000) 135-142
38. Zheng X.K., Ma J., Chen L.H., et al. Dosimetric and clinical results of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 75 2 (2005) 197-203
39. Chua D.T., Sham J.S., Leung L.H., et al. Re-irradiation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 77 3 (2005) 290-294
40. Au E., and Ang P.T. A phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatinum in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol 5 1 (1994) 87-89
41. Wang T.L., and Tan Y.O. Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Acad Med Singap 20 5 (1991) 601-603
42. Ngan R.K., Yiu H.H., Lau W.H., et al. Combination gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy for metastatic or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a phase II study. Ann Oncol 13 8 (2002) 1252-1258
43. Yeo W., Leung T.W., Chan A.T., et al. A phase II study of combination paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 34 13 (1998) 2027-2031
44. Boussen H., Cvitkovic E., Wendling J.L., et al. Chemotherapy of metastatic and/or recurrent undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma with cisplatin, bleomycin, and fluorouracil. J Clin Oncol 9 9 (1991) 1675-1681
45. Su W.C., Chen T.Y., Kao R.H., et al. Chemotherapy with cisplatin and continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil and bleomycin for recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. Oncology 50 4 (1993) 205-208
46. Taamma A., Fandi A., Azli N., et al. Phase II trial of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, bleomycin, epirubicin, and cisplatin for patients with locally advanced, metastatic, or recurrent undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type. Cancer 86 7 (1999) 1101-1108
47. Siu L.L., Czaykowski P.M., and Tannock I.F. Phase I/II study of the CAPABLE regimen for patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx. J Clin Oncol 16 7 (1998) 2514-2521
48. Hasbini A., Mahjoubi R., Fandi A., et al. Phase II trial combining mitomycin with 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cisplatin in recurrent and metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type. Ann Oncol 10 4 (1999) 421-425
49. Foo K.F., Tan E.H., Leong S.S., et al. Gemcitabine in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma of the undifferentiated type. Ann Oncol. 13 1 (2002) 150-156
50. Tan E.H., Khoo K.S., Wee J., et al. Phase II trial of a paclitaxel and carboplatin combination in Asian patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol 10 2 (1999) 235-237
51. Airoldi M., Pedani F., Marchionatti S., et al. Carboplatin plus taxol is an effective third-line regimen in recurrent undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumori 88 4 (2002) 273-276
52. McCarthy J.S., Tannock I.F., Degendorfer P., et al. A phase II trial of docetaxel and cisplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 38 7 (2002) 686-690
53. Chua D., Wei W.I., Sham J.S., et al. Capecitabine monotherapy for recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 38 4 (2008) 244-249
54. Li Y.H., Wang F.H., Jiang W.Q., et al. Phase II study of capecitabine and cisplatin combination as first-line chemotherapy in Chinese patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 62 3 (2008) 539-544
55. Wang C.C., Chang J.Y., Liu T.W., et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 28 1 (2006) 74-80
56. Poon D., Chowbay B., Cheung Y.B., et al. Phase II study of irinotecan (CPT-11) as salvage therapy for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 103 3 (2005) 576-581
57. Ma B.B., Poon T.C., To K.F., et al. Prognostic significance of tumor angiogenesis, Ki 67, p53 oncoprotein, epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 receptor protein expression in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective study. Head Neck 25 10 (2003) 864-872
58. Chua D.T., Nicholls J.M., Sham J.S., et al. Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in patients with advanced stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59 1 (2004) 11-20
59. Chan A.T., Hsu M.M., Goh B.C., et al. Multicenter, phase II study of cetuximab in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 23 15 (2005) 3568-3576
60. Bonner J.A., Harari P.M., Giralt J., et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 354 6 (2006) 567-578
61. Ma BB, Hui EP, King AD, et al. A phase II study of concurrent cetuximab-cisplatin and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with correlation using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) [abstract 6055]. In Programs and Abstracts of the 2008 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. Chicago, May 30-June 3, 2008.
62. Ma B., Hui E.P., King A., et al. A phase II study of patients with metastatic or locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma and evaluation of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA as a biomarker of efficacy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 62 1 (2008) 59-64
63. Elser C., Siu L.L., Winquist E., et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 25 24 (2007) 3766-3773
64. Lo K.W., and Huang D.P. Genetic and epigenetic changes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 12 6 (2002) 451-462
65. Lo Y.M., Chan L.Y., Chan A.T., et al. Quantitative and temporal correlation between circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA and tumor recurrence in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res 59 21 (1999) 5452-5455
66. Lo Y.M., Chan A.T., Chan L.Y., et al. Molecular prognostication of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by quantitative analysis of circulating Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Cancer Res 60 24 (2000) 6878-6881
67. To E., Leung S.F., Chan L.Y.S., et al. Rapid clearance of plasma Epstein-Barr Virus DNA after surgical treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 3254-3259
68. Ngan R.K., Lau W.H., Yip T.T., et al. Remarkable application of serum EBV EBER-1 in monitoring response of nasopharyngeal cancer patients to salvage chemotherapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 945 (2001) 73-79
69. Chan K.C., Zhang J., Chan A.T., et al. Molecular characterization of circulating EBV DNA in the plasma of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and lymphoma patients. Cancer Res 63 9 (2003) 2028-2032
70. Ma B.B., King A., Lo Y.M., et al. Relationship between pretreatment level of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA, tumor burden, and metabolic activity in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66 3 (2006) 714-720
71. Leung S.F., Zee B., Ma B.B., et al. Plasma Epstein-Barr viral deoxyribonucleic acid quantitation complements tumor-node-metastasis staging prognostication in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24 34 (2006) 5414-5418
72. Chang J.T., Chan S.C., Yen T.C., et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma staging by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62 2 (2005) 501-507
73. Liu F.Y., Lin C.Y., Chang J.T., et al. 18F-FDG PET can replace conventional work-up in primary M staging of nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Nucl Med 48 10 (2007) 1614-1619
74. Chan S.C., Ng S.H., Chang J.T., et al. Advantages and pitfalls of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in detecting locally residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33 9 (2006) 1032-1040
75. Yen R.F., Chen T.H., Ting L.L., et al. Early restaging whole-body (18)F-FDG PET during induction chemotherapy predicts clinical outcome in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32 10 (2005) 1152-1159
76. Yen T.C., Lin C.Y., Wang H.M., et al. 18F-FDG-PET for evaluation of the response to concurrent chemoradiation therapy with intensity-modulated radiation technique for stage T4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65 5 (2006) 1307-1314
77. Olmi P., Fallai C., Colagrande S., et al. Staging and follow-up of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: magnetic resonance imaging versus computerized tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32 3 (1995) 795-800
78. King A.D., Teo P., Lam W.W., et al. Paranasopharyngeal space involvement in nasopharyngeal cancer: detection by CT and MRI. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 12 6 (2000) 397-402
79. King A.D., Ma B.B., Yau Y.Y., et al. The impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT on assessment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis. Br J Radiol 81 964 (2008) 291-298