Diagnostic accuracy of the clock drawing test: The relevance of "time setting" in screening for dementia

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 250-260

  Berger, Gabriele ^a   Frölich, Lutz ^b   Weber, Bernhard ^a   Pantel, Johannes ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Clock drawing test; Dementia; Overall misclassification rate; Qualitative analysis; Time setting error

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

AGED; DEMENTIA; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MEMORY DISORDERS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; WECHSLER SCALES;

EID: 55949101032     PISSN: 08919887     EISSN: 15525708     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0891988708324939     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Rey JM, Morris-Yates A., Stanislaw H. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic tests using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 1992 ; 2: 39-50.
2. Brodaty H., Moore CM The clock drawing test for dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997 ; 12: 619-627.
3. Kirby M., Denihan A., Bruce I., Coakley D., Lawlor BA The clock drawing test in primary care: sensitivity in dementia detection and specificity against normal and depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 ; 16: 935-940.
4. Storey JE, Rowland JTJ, Basic D., Conforti DA A comparison of five clock scoring methods using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 ; 16: 394-399.
5. Schramm U., Berger G., Müller R., Kratzsch T., Peters J., Frölich L. Psychometric properties of clock drawing test and MMSE or Short performance test (SKT) in dementia screening in a memory clinic population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 ; 17: 254-260.
6. Van der Burg M., Bouwen A., Stessens J., et al. Scoring clock tests for dementia screening: a comparison of two scoring methods. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004 ; 19: 685-689.
7. Conner DJ, Seward JD, Bauer JA, Golden KS, Salmon DP Performance of three clock scoring systems across different ranges of dementia severity. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005 ; 19: 119-127.
8. Powlishta KK, von Dras DD, Stanford A., et al. The clock drawing test is a poor screen for very mild dementia. Neurology. 2002 ; 59: 898-903.
9. Mendez MF, Ala T., Underwood KL Development of scoring criteria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992 ; 40: 1095-1099.
10. Juby A. Correlation between the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination and three methods of clock drawing scoring. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1999 ; 12: 87-91.
11. Heinik J., Solomesh I., Shein V., et al. Clock drawing test in mild and moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a comparative and correlation study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 ; 17: 480-485.
12. Cahn-Weiner DA, Sullivan EV, Shear PK, et al. Brain structural and cognitive correlates of clock drawing performance in Alzheimer's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1999 ; 5: 502-509.
13. Heinik J., Reider-Groswasser II, Solomesh I., Segev Y., Bleich A. Clock drawing test: correlation with linear measurements of CT studies in demented patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000 ; 15: 1130-1137.
14. Nagahama Y., Okina T., Suzuki N., Nabatame H., Matsuda M. Neural correlates of impaired performance on the clock drawing test in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005 ; 19: 390-396.
15. Bodner T., Delazer M., Kemmler G., Gurka P., Marksteiner J., Fleischhacker WW Clock drawing, clock reading, clock setting and judgment of clock faces in elderly people with dementia and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 ; 52: 1146-1150.
16. Richardson HE, Glass JN A comparison of scoring protocols on the Clock Drawing Test in relation to ease of use, diagnostic group, and correlations with Mini-Mental State Examination. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 ; 50: 169-173.
17. Scanlan JM, Brush M., Quijano C., Borson S. Comparing clock tests for dementia screening: naive judgments vs formal systems-what is optimal ? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 ; 17: 14-21.
18. Schröder MR, Hasse-Sander I., Müller H., Horn R., Möller HJ Merkmalsanalyse von Uhrzeichnungen als Beitrag zur Diagnostik der Demenz vom Alzheimer Typ. ZfGP. 1999 ; 12: 55-66.
19. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 ; 12: 189-198.
20. Morris JC, Heyman A., Mohs RC, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1989 ; 39: 1159-1165.
21. Erzigkeit H. The SKT-a short cognitive performance test as an instrument for the assessment of clinical efficacy of cognition enhancers. Diagnosis and Treatment of Senile Dementia In: Bergener M, Reisberg B, eds. New York, NY: Springer; 1989: 164-174.
22. Reitan RM Trail-Making Test. Manual for Administration and Scoring. South Tuscon, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratory ; 1992.
23. Wechsler D. WAIS-R Manual. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York, NY: The Psychological Corporation ; 1981.
24. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Revised 4 th edn, DSM-IV. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association ; 1994.
25. McKhann G., Drachman D., Folstein M., et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of department of health and human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984 ; 34: 939-944.
26. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjunnti T., et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993 ; 43: 250-260.
27. Reisberg B., Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 ; 139: 1136-1139.
28. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 1992.
29. Shulman KI, Shedletsky R., Silver IL The challenge of time: clock-drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1986 ; 1: 135-140.
30. Shulman KI, Gold DP, Cohen CA, Zucchero CA Clock-drawing and dementia in the community: a longitudinal study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1993 ; 8: 487-496.
31. Manos PJ, Wu R. The ten point clock test: a quick screen and grading method for cognitive impairment in medical and surgical patients. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1994 ; 24: 229-244.
32. Lin KN, Wang PN, Chen C., et al. The three-item clock-drawing test: A simplified screening test for Alzheimer's disease. Eur Neurol. 2003 ; 49: 53-58.
33. Wolf-Klein GP, Silverstone FA, Levy AP, Brod MS Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989 ; 37: 730-734.
34. Watson YI, Arfken CL, Birge SJ Clock completion: an objective screening test for dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993 ; 41: 1235-1240.
35. Manos PJ Ten-point clock test sensitivity for Alzheimer's disease in patients with MMSE scores greater than 23. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999 ; 14: 454-458.
36. Manos PJ The utility of the ten-point clock test as a screen for cognitive impairment in general hospital patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1997 ; 19: 439-444.
37. Elias MF, Beiser A., Wolf PA, Au R., White RF, D'Agostino RB The preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease. A 22-year prospective study of the Framingham cohort. Arch Neurol. 2000 ; 57: 808-813.
38. Amieva H., Jacqmin-Gadda H., Orgogozo JM, et al. The 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: a prospective population-based study. Brain. 2005 ; 128 (Pt 5). 1093-1101.
39. Freedman M., Leach L., Kaplan E., Winocur G., Shulman K., Delis D. Clock Drawing: A Neuropsychological Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press ; 1994.
40. Lee H., Lawlor BA State-dependent nature of the clock drawing task in geriatric depression. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995 ; 43: 796-798.
41. Gruber NP, Varner RV, Chen YW, Lesser JM A comparison of the clock drawing test and the Pfeiffer short portable mental status questionnaire in a geropsychiatry clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997 ; 12: 526-532.
42. Yekrangi-Hartmann C. Der ''Clock-Drawing-Test''-Ein geeignetes Instrument zur Früherkennung der Demenz? 2000. Available at: http://www.uni-wh.de/de/ service/dissonline/doc2000/yekrangi_hartmann.html. Accessed January 18, 2002.
43. Herrmann N., Kidron D., Shulman KI, et al. Clock tests in depression, Alzheimer's disease and elderly controls. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1998 ; 28: 437-447.
44. Woo BKP, Rice VA, Legendre SA, Salmon DP, Jeste DV, Sewell DD The clock drawing test as a measure of executive dysfunction in elderly depressed patients. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004 ; 17: 190-194.
45. De Vries DK Memory complaints and cognitive performance in a community based sample of elderly people. 2004. Available at: http://www.neuropsychologie. leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/Reprints/dk_de_vries_thesis.pdf#search= %22de%20Vries%20memory%20complaints%22. Accessed May 24, 2006.
46. Rouleau I., Salmon DP, Butters N. Longitudinal analysis of clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Cogn. 1996 ; 31: 17-34.
47. Alberg JA, Park JW, Hager BW, Brock MV, Diener-West M. The use of ''overall accuracy'' to evaluate the validity of screening or diagnostic tests. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 ; 19: 460-465.