The structure of pathological gambling among Korean gamblers: A cluster and factor analysis of clinical and demographic characteristics

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 551-563

  Lee, Tae Kyung ^a   Labrie, Richard A ^b   Grant, Jon E ^c   Kim, Suck Won ^c   Shaffer, Howard J ^b  

^a Seoul National University Hospital   (South Korea)

^b CAMBRIDGE HEALTH ALLIANCE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cluster analysis; Exploratory factor analysis; Level 3 gambler; Multidimensional disorder; Prevalence

Indexed keywords

EID: 55949089973     PISSN: 15571874     EISSN: 15571882     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11469-007-9082-8     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. A. T. Beck N. Epstein G. Brown R. A. Steer 1988 An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 6 893 897
3. D. W. Black T. Moyer 1998 Clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity of subjects with pathological gambling behavior Psychiatric Services 49 11 1434 1439
4. K. A. Bradley D. R. Kivlahan K. R. Bush M. B. McDonell S. D. Fihn 2001 Variations on the CAGE alcohol screening questionnaire: Strengths and limitations in VA general medical patients Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research 25 10 1472 1478
5. R. B. Breen M. Zuckerman 1999 'Chasing' in gambling behavior: personality and cognitive determinants Personality and Individual Differences 27 6 1097 1111
6. Capra, M. G. (2005). Factor analysis of card sort data: An alternative to hierarchical cluster analysis. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Meeting.
7. C. S. Carver T. L. White 1994 Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 319 333
8. W. C. Choi K. B. Kim D. Y. Oh T. K. Lee 2001 A preliminary study on standardization of Korean form of the South Oaks gambling screen Journal of the Korean Academy of Addiction Psychiatry 5 1 46 52
9. D. N. Crockford N. el-Guebaly 1998 Psychiatric comorbidity in pathological gambling: A critical review Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43 43 50
10. R. M. Cunningham-Williams L. B. Cottler 2001 The epidemology of pathological gambling Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 6 155 156
11. P. N. Dannon K. Lowengrub Y. Gonopolski E. Musin M. Kotler 2005 Topiramate versus fluvoxamine in the treatment of pathological gambling: A randomized, blind-rater comparison study Clinical Neuropharmacology 28 1 6 10
12. S. Dawe N. J. Loxton 2004 The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review 28 343 351
13. B. Dell'Osso A. Allen E. Hollander 2005 Comorbidity issues in the pharmacological treatment of pathological gambling: A critical review Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 1 21 1 9
14. J. L. Evenden 1999 Varieties of impulsivity Psychopharmacology 146 348 361
15. Everitt, B. S., Landau, S., & Leese, M. (2001). Cluster analysis (4th ed. ed.). London: Arnold.
16. J. A. Ewing 1984 Detecting alcoholism: The CAGE questionnaire Journal of the American Medical Association 252 14 1905 1907
17. B. Gambino 1997 The correction for bias in prevalence estimation with screening tests Journal of Gambling Studies 13 4 343 351
18. M. D. Garner P. E. Garfinkel 1979 The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa Psychological Medicine 9 273 279
19. Gold, M. S., & Star, J. (2005). Eating disorders. In J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. B. Millman & J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook (4th edn., pp. 469-488). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Williams.
20. J. E. Grant S. W. Kim 2001 Demographic and clinical features of 131 adult pathological gamblers Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62 12 957 962
21. J. E. Grant S. W. Kim 2003 Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108 3 203 207
22. D. C. Hodgins N. Peden E. Cassidy 2005 The association between comorbidity and outcome in pathological gambling: A prospective follow-up of recent quitters Journal of Gambling Studies 21 3 255 271
23. C. Holden 2001 'Behavioral' addictions: Do they exist? Science 294 980 982
24. E. Hollander S. Pallanti A. Allen E. Sood N. B. Rossi 2005 Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders? American Journal of Psychiatry 162 1 137 145
25. Kim, M. K. (2002). The relationship between computer game addiction and the aggression, impulsiveness, and social anxiety of elementary school upper classmen. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyungnam University, Masan, South Korea.
26. S. W. Kim J. E. Grant D. E. Adson Y. C. Shin 2001 Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling Biological Psychiatry 49 11 914 921
27. K. H. Kim Y. S. Kim 2001 The Korean translation of behavioral activation/inhibition system scale The Korean Journal of Health Psychology 6 2 19 37
28. H. J. Kim J. H. Kim Y. C. Shin H. C. Shin J. E. Grant T. K. Lee 2005 The reliability and validity of the Korean translation of the gambling symptom assessment scale (KG-SAS) Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatry Association 44 6 682 689
29. K. H. Kim H. P. Lee S. J. Kwon 2005 Epidemiological study of pathological gambling in South Korea: A comparison of the KNODS, KMAGS, and the KSOGS The Korean Journal of Health Psychology 10 2 227 242
30. J. H. Kwon E. H. Lee 2006 The Effects of Impulsivity, Parent's Child-rearing Attitude, Parent-adolescent Communication, and Self-control on Adolescent Problem Behavior Studies on Korean Youth 17 1 325 351
31. R. Ladouceur C. Bouchard N. Rheaume C. Jacques F. Ferland J. Leblond 2000 Is the SOGS an accurate measure of pathological gambling among children, adolescents and adults? Journal of Gambling Studies 16 1 1 24
32. C. K. Lee Y. S. Kwak J. Yamamoto H. Rhee Y. S. Kim J. H. Han 1990 Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. part I: Gender and age differences in Seoul Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178 4 242 246
33. C. K. Lee Y. K. Lee B. J. Bernhard Y. S. Yoon 2006 Segmenting casino gamblers by motivation: A cluster analysis of Korean gamblers Tourism Management 27 5 856 866
34. Y. H. Lee J. Y. Song 1991 A study of the reliability and the validity of the BDI, SDS, and MMPI-D scales Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 10 1 98 113
35. M. Lejoyeux M. Arbaretaz M. McLoughlin J. Ades 2002 Impulse control disorders and depression Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190 5 310 314
36. H. R. Lesieur S. B. Blume 1987 The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers American Journal of Psychiatry 144 1184 1188
37. S. L. McElroy H. G. Pope Jr. P. E. Keck Jr. J. I. Hudson K. A. Philips S. M. Strakowski 1996 Are impulse-control disorders related to bipolar disorder? Comprehensive Psychiatry 37 4 229 240
38. E. Moran 1970 Gambling as a form of dependence Addiction 64 3 419 428
39. E. Moran 1970 Varieties of pathological gambling British Journal of Psychiatry 116 593 597
40. J. O'Connor M. Dickerson 2003 Definition and measurement in off-course betting and gaming machine play Journal of Gambling Studies 19 4 359 386
41. B. K. Park D. B. Lee T. Y. Lee Y. C. Cho Y. Kwon 2000 Comparison of screening tests for alcoholism in terms of reliability, sensitivity and specificity Chungnam Medical Journal 27 1 37 47
42. S. D. Passik K. Kirsh K. Donaghy D. Theobald J. Lundberg E. Holtsclaw 2001 An attempt to employ the Zung self-rating depression scale as a "lab test" to trigger follow-up in ambulatory oncology clinics: Criterion validity and detection Journal of Pain Symptom Management 21 4 273 281
43. J. H. Patton M. S. Stanford E. S. Barratt 1995 Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale Journal of Clinical Psychology 51 768 774
44. N. M. Petry F. S. Stinson B. F. Grant 2005 Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66 5 564 574
45. M. K. Rhee Y. T. Go H. K. Lee E. J. Whang Y. H. Lee 2001 A validation of the Korean version of eating attitude test-26 Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 9 2 153 163
46. M. K. Rhee Y. H. Lee S. H. Park C. H. Shon Y. C. Chung S. K. Hong 1998 A standardization study of the Korean version of eating attitude test-26 I: Reliability and factor analysis Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 6 2 155 175
47. H. J. Shaffer M. N. Hall 1996 Estimating the prevalence of adolescent gambling disorders: A quantitative synthesis and guide toward standard gambling nomenclature Journal of Gambling Studies 12 2 193 214
48. H. J. Shaffer M. N. Hall J. Vander Bilt 1999 Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: A research synthesis American Journal of Public Health 89 9 1369 1376
49. H. J. Shaffer R. Kidman 2003 Shifting perspectives on gambling and addiction Journal of Gambling Studies 19 1 1 6
50. Shaffer, H. J., & Kidman, R. (2004). Gambling and the public health. In J. E. Grant & M. N. Potenza (Eds.), Pathological gambling: A clinical guide to treatment (pp. 3-23). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
51. Shaffer, H. J., & Korn, D. A. (2002). Gambling and related mental disorders: A public health analysis. In J. E. Fielding, R. C. Brownson & B. Starfield (Eds.), Annual Review of Public Health (vol. 23, pp. 171-212). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc.
52. H. J. Shaffer R. A. LaBrie D. A. Laplante S. E. Nelson M. V. Stanton 2004 The road less travelled: Moving from distribution to determinants in the study of gambling epidemiology Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49 8 159 171
53. H. J. Shaffer D. A. Laplante R. A. LaBrie R. C. Kidman A. N. Donato M. V. Stanton 2004 Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology Harvard Review of Psychiatry 12 367 374
54. SPSS Inc (2004). SPSS Base 12.0 for Windows user's guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
55. M. Toce-Gerstein D. R. Gerstein R. A. Volberg 2003 A hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community Addiction 98 1661 1672
56. S. P. Yook Z. S. Kim 1997 A clinical study on the Korean version of Beck Anxiety Inventory: Comparative study of patient and non patient Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 16 1 185 197
57. M. A. Zimmerman T. Meeland S. E. Krug 1985 Measurement and structure of pathological gambling behavior Journal of Personality Assessment 49 1 76 81
58. W. W. K. Zung 1965 A self-rating depression scale Archives of General Psychiatry 12 63 70
59. W. W. K. Zung 1967 Factors influencing the self-rating depression scale Archives of General Psychiatry 16 543 547