Millennium-long recession of limestone facades in London

Environmental Geology

Volumn 56, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 463-471

  Brimblecombe, Peter ^a   Grossi, Carlota M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Building stone; Climate change; Damage functions

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; BUILDING MATERIALS; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATOLOGY; EROSION; POLLUTION; PUBLIC POLICY; SOIL MECHANICS; SULFUR;

BUILDING STONE; DAMAGE FUNCTIONS; FREEZE THAWS; HISTORICAL DATUMS; POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS; PRECIPITATION DATUMS; RECESSION RATES; SALT WEATHERINGS; TWENTIETH CENTURIES;

WEATHERING;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); LIMESTONE; PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY); WEATHERING;

EID: 55849094714     PISSN: 09430105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00254-008-1465-z     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. ASTM (1996) ASTM C568-89 (reapproved 1996) Standard specification for limestone dimension stone. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
2. A Bonazza P Brimblecombe CM Grossi C Sabbioni 2007 Carbon in black layers at the Tower of London Environ Sci Technol 41 4199 4204
3. Bonazza A, Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM, Messina P, Sabbioni C (2008) Mapping the impact of climate change on surface recession of carbonate buildings in Europe. Sci Total Environ (submitted)
4. P Brimblecombe 1977 London air pollution 1500-1900 Atmos Environ 11 1157 1162
5. P Brimblecombe 1982 Trends in the deposition of sulphate and total solids in London Sci Total Environ 22 97 103
6. P Brimblecombe 1987 The antiquity of smokeless zones Atmos Environ 21 11 2485 2485
7. Brimblecombe P (1987b) The big smoke. Methuen, London
8. Brimblecombe P (1992) A brief history of grime: accumulation and removal of soot deposits on buildings since the 17th century. In: Webster RGM (ed) Stone cleaning. Donhead Publishing, London, pp 53-62
9. P Brimblecombe 2000 Air pollution and architecture: past present and future J Archit Conserv 5 2 30 46
10. Brimblecombe P (2003) Documentary records. In: Mackay A, Battarbee R, Birks J, Oldfield F (eds) Global change in the Holocene. Arnold, London, pp 159-167
11. P Brimblecombe 2006 The Clean Air Act after fifty years Weather 61 311 314
12. Brimblecombe P, Camuffo D (2003) Long term damage to the built environment. In: Brimblecombe P (ed) The Effects of air pollution on the built environment. Imperial College Press, London, pp 1-30
13. Brimblecombe P, Bowler C, Doktor P (1992) Air pollution and the cost of repairs to English cathedrals since 1700, Patriomonio Historico artistico y Contaminacion. Consorcio para la Organizacion de Madrid Capital Europea de la Cultura, Madrid, pp 91-99
14. RN Butlin AT Coote M Devenish ISC Hughes CM Hutchens JG Irwin GO Lloyd SW Massey AH Webb TJS Yates 1992 Preliminary results from the analysis of stone tablets from the national materials exposure programme (NMEP) Atmos Environ Part B Urban Atmos 26 189 198
15. Chandler TJ (1965) The climate of London. Hutchinson and Co., London
16. M Del Monte P Ausset RA Lefe'vre S Thiébault 2001 Evidence of pre-industrial air pollution from the heads of the Kings of Juda statues from Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris Sci Total Environ 273 101 109
17. Drake F (1736) Eboracium, London
18. CW Dubelaar S Engering RPJ Van Hees R Koch H-G Lorenz 2003 Lithofacies and petrophysical properties of Portland base bed and Portland whit bed limestone as related to durability Heron 48 221 229
19. Dunham R (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham WE (ed) Classification of carbonate rocks, AAPG Mem. 1, pp 108-121
20. van Engelen AFV, Buisman J, Ijnsen F (2001) A millenium of weather, winds and water in the low countries. In: Jones PD, Ogilvie AEJ, Davies TD, Briffa KR (eds) History and climate: memories of the future? Springer, Heidelberg, pp 101-124
21. Evelyn J (1661) Fumifugium, London
22. CM Grossi M Murray RN Butlin 1995 Response of porous building stones to acid deposition Water Air Soil Pollut 85 2713 2718
23. Grossi CM, Brimblecombe P (2007) Effects of long term changes in air pollution and climate on the decay and blackening of European stone buildings. In: Smith B, Prikryl R (eds), Geological Society Special Publication
24. CM Grossi P Brimblecombe RM Esbert FJ Alonso 2007 Colour changes in architectural limestones from pollution and cleaning Color Res Appl 32 320 331
25. CM Grossi P Brimblecombe I Harris 2007 Climate change and frost impact on the built heritage Sci Total Environ 377 273 281
26. Grossi CM, Bonazza A, Brimblecombe P, Harris I, Sabbioni, C (2008) Predicting 21st century recession of architectural limestones in European cities. Environ Geol (this issue)
27. N Hawksmoor 1934 Letters to the Dean Wren Soc 11 32 34
28. Honeyborne DB, Price CA (1977) Air pollution and the decay of limestone. Building Research Establishment Note 177/77 1977. Building Research Establishment, Watford
29. Howard L (1820) The climate of London, 2, London
30. Hulme M, Jenkins GJ, Lu X, Turnpenny JR, Mitchell TD, Jones RG, Lowe J, Murphy JM, Hassell D, Boorman P, McDonald R, Hill S (2002) Climate change scenarios for the United Kingdom: the UKCIP02 Scientific Report Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences. University of East Anglia, Norwich
31. M Ingram D Underhill TML Wigley 1978 Historical climatology Nature 276 329 334
32. SM Jaynes RU Cooke 1987 Stone weathering in southeast England Atmos Environ 21 1601 1622
33. Jennings JN (1985) Karst geomorphology. Blackwell, Oxford
34. TC Johns JM Gregory WJ Ingram CE Johnson A Jones JA Lowe JFB Mitchell DL Roberts DMH Sexton DS Stevenson SFB Tett MJ Woodage 2003 Anthropogenic climate change for 1860 to 2100 simulated with the HadCM3 model under updated emissions scenarios Clim Dyn 20 583 612
35. Jones P, Conway D, Briffa KR (1997) Precipitation variability and drought. In: Hulme M, Barrow E (eds) Climate of the British Isles, Routledge, London
36. Keepe H (1682) Monumenta Westmonasteriensa, London
37. Kucera V (2005) Model for multipollutant impact and assessment of threshold levels for cultural heritage. Swedish corrosion Institute, Stockholm
38. V Kucera J Tidblad K Kreislova D Knotkova M Faller D Reiss R Snethlage T Yates J Henriksen M Schreiner M Melcher M Ferm R-A Lefevre J Kobus 2007 UN/ECE ICP materials dose-response functions for the multi-pollutant situation Water Air Soil Pollut Focus 7 249 258
39. Lamb HH (1977) Climate past present and future, 2. Methuen, London
40. Lamb HH (1997) Through all the changing scenes of life-a Meterologist's tale. Taverner Publications, East Harling
41. EN Lawrence 1972 The earliest known journal of the weather Weather 27 494 501
42. FW Lipfert 1989 Atmospheric damage to calcareous stones: comparison and reconciliation of recent experimental findings Atmos Environ 23 415 429
43. Livingston RA (1997) Development of air pollution damage functions. In: Baer NS, Snethlage R (eds) Saving our architectural heritage. Wiley, Chichester, pp 37-62
44. C Long 1974 The oldest European weather diary? Weather 29 233 237
45. G Manley 1974 Central England temperatures: monthly means 1659-1972 Q J R Meteorological Soc 100 389 405
46. TR Oke 1973 City size and the urban heat island Atmos Environ 7 776 779
47. DE Parker B Horton 2005 Uncertainties in central England temperature 1878-2003 and some improvements to the maximum and minimum series Int J Climatol 25 1173 1188
48. DE Parker TP Legg CK Folland 1992 A new daily Central England temperature series, 1772-1991 Int J Climatol 12 317 342
49. Sabbioni C, Cassar M, Brimblecombe P, Tidblad J, Kozlowski R, Drdácký M, Saiz-Jimenez C, Grøntoft T, Wainwright I, Ariño X (2006) Global climate change on built heritage and cultural landscapes. In: Fort R, Alvarez de Buergo M, Gomez-Heras M, Vazquez-Calvo C (eds) Heritage, weathering and conservation. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 395-401
50. Schaffer RJ (1932) The natural weathering of building stones. Building Research Special Report No 18 HMSO, London
51. AD Sharp ST Trudgill RU Cooke CA Price RW Crabtree AM Pickles DI Smith 1982 Weathering of the balustrade on St Paul's Cathedral, London Earth Surf Proc Land 7 387 389
52. Strand J (2002) Environmental Kuznets curves: empirical relations between environmental quality and economic development. Memorandum, 4. Department of Economics. University of Oslo, Oslo
53. Thomson G (1978) The museum environment. Butterworth, London
54. AS Trenhaile 2001 Twenty-year weathering remeasurements at St Paul's Cathedral, London Earth Surf Proc Land 26 1129 1142
55. ST Trudgill HA Viles RU Cooke RJ Inkpen 1990 Rates of stone loss at St Paul's Cathedral, London Atmos Environ Part B Urban Atmos 24 361 363
56. ST Trudgill HA Viles RU Cooke RJ Inkpen 1991 Trends in stone weathering and atmospheric pollution at St Paul's Cathedral, London, 1980-1990 Atmos Environ 24A 2851 2853
57. E Turner 1833 Report on the chemistry of geology Lond Edinb Philos Mag 3 21 28
58. J Walder B Hallet 1985 A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing Geol Soc Am Bull 96 336 346
59. Wren C (1713) Report on Westminster Abbey to Francis Atterburg, Dean. In: Soo LM (ed) Wren's "tracts" on architecture and other writings (1998). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 79-92