Introduction of the American grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Europe: A case study in biological invasion

Current Science

Volumn 95, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 903-906

  Sandro, Bertolino ^a  

^a DIVAPRA Dept of Protect and Exploitation of Agricultural Resources Entomology and Zoology   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alien species; Competition; Damage; Grey squirrel

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; POXVIRIDAE; SCIURIDAE; SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS; SCIURUS VULGARIS; TAMIASCIURUS;

EID: 55549135356     PISSN: 00113891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Vitousek, P. M., D'Antonio, C. M., Loope, L. L. and Westbrooks, R., Biological invasions as global environmental change. Am. Sci., 1996, 84, 468-478.
2. Wittenberg, R. and Cock, M., Invasive Alien Species: A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices, GISP/CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2001.
3. Gurnell, J. and Pepper, H., A critical look at conserving the British red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris. Mammal Rev., 1993, 23, 125-136.
4. Wauters, L. A., Currado, I., Mazzoglio, P. J. and Gurnell, J., Replacement of red squirrels by introduced grey squirrels in Italy. In The Conservation of Red Squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris L. (eds Gurnell, J. and Lurz. P. W. W.), People's Trust for Endangered Species, London, 1997, pp. 79-88.
5. Long, J. L., Introduced Mammals of the World, CABI/CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia, 2003.
6. Koprowski, J. L., Sciurus carolinensis. Mammalian Species 480, American Society of Mammalogists, USA, 1994.
7. Gurnell, J., The effects of food availability and winter weather on the dynamics of a grey squirrel population in southern England. J. Appl. Ecol., 1996, 33, 325-338.
8. Venturini, M., Franzetti, B., Genovesi, P., Marsan, A. and Spanò, S., Distribuzione e consistenza della popolazione di scoiattolo grigio Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788 nel levante genovese. Hystrix Ital. J. Mammol., 2005, 16, 53-58.
9. Gumell, J., The Natural History of Squirrels, Christopher Helm, London, 1987.
10. Laidler, K., Squirrels in Britain, David and Charles, North Pomfret, UK, 1980.
11. O'Teangana, D., Reilly, S., Montgomery, W. I. and Rochford, J., Distribution and status of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Ireland. Mammal Rev., 2000, 30, 45-56.
12. Bertolino, S. and Genovesi, P., The application of the European strategy on invasive alien species: An example with introduced squirrels. Hystrix Ital. J. Mammol., 2005, 16, 59-69.
13. O'Neill, K. and Montgomery, I., Recent Changes in the Distribution of Red Squirrels in Northern Ireland, Queen's University and Environment and Heritage Service, Belfast, 2003.
14. Bertolino, S. and Genovesi, P., Spread and attempted eradication of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy, and consequences for the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in Eurasia. Biol. Conserv., 2003, 109, 351-358.
15. Kolar, C. S. and Lodge, D. M., Progress in invasion biology: Predicting invaders. Trends Ecol. Evol., 2001, 16, 199-204.
16. Williamson, M. H. and Brown, K. C., The analysis and modelling of British invasions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 1986, B314, 505-522.
17. Okubo, A., Maini, P. K., Williamson, M. H. and Murray, J. D., On the spatial spread of the grey squirrel in Britain. Proc. R. Soc. London, 1989, B238, 113-125.
18. Wauters, L. A. and Gurnell, J., The mechanism of replacement of red by grey squirrels: A test of the interference competition hypothesis. Ethology, 1999, 105, 1053-1071.
19. Wauters, L. A., Tosi, G. and Gurnell, J., A review of the competitive effects of alien grey squirrels on behaviour, activity and habitat use of red squirrels in mixed, deciduous woodland in Italy. Hystrix Ital. J. Mammol., 2005, 16, 27-40.
20. Kenward, R. E. and Holm, J. L., On the replacement of the red squirrel in Britain: A phytotoxic explanation. Proc. R. Soc. London, 1993, B251, 187-197.
21. Wauters, L. A., Tosi, G. and Gurnell, J., Interspecific competition in tree squirrels: Do introduced grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) deplete tree seeds hoarded by red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris)? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 2002, 51, 360-367.
22. Sainsbury, A. W., Nettleton, P., Gilray, J. and Gurnell, J., Grey squirrels have high seroprevalence to a parapoxvirus associated with deaths in red squirrels. Anim. Conserv., 2000, 3, 229-233.
23. Rushton, S. P., Lurz, P. W. W., Gurnell, J., Nettleton, P., Bruemmer, C., Shirley, M. D. F. and Sainsbury, A. W., Disease threats posed by alien species: The role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain. Epidemiol. Infect., 2006, 134, 521-533.
24. European Squirrel Initiative, Newsletter 10, November 2006.
25. Gurnell, J. et al., Squirrel poxvirus: Landscape scale strategies for managing disease threat. Biol. Conserv., 2006, 31, 287-295.
26. Dagnall, J., Gurnell, J. and Pepper, H., Bark-stripping by gray squirrels in state forests of the United Kingdom: A review. In Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Tree Squirrels (eds Steele, M. A., Merritt, J. F. and Zegers, D. A.), Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication, Martinsville, VA, USA, 1998, pp. 249-261.
27. Kenward, R. E. and Parish, T., Bark-stripping by grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). J. Zool., 1986, 210, 473-481.
28. Anon., Review of non-native species policy. Report of the Working Group, Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, 2003.
29. Gill, R. M. A., Gurnell, J. and Trout, R. C., Do woodland mammals threaten the development of new woods? In The Ecology of Woodland Creation (ed Ferris-Kaan, R.), John Wiley, Chichester, 1995, pp. 201-224.
30. Hewson, C., Fuller, R., Mayle, B. and Smith, L., Possible impacts of grey squirrel on birds and other wildlife. Br. Wildl., 2004, 2, 183-191.
31. Rushton, S. P., Lurz, P. W. W., Fuller, R. and Garson, P. J., Modelling the distribution of the red and grey squirrel at the landscape scale: A combined GIS and population dynamics approach. J. Appl. Ecol., 1997, 34, 1137-1154.
32. Lurz, P. W. W., Rushton, S. P., Wauters, L. A., Bertolino, S., Currado, I., Mazzoglio, P. and Shirley, M. D. F., Predicting grey squirrel expansion in North Italy: A spatially explicit modelling approach. Landsc. Ecol., 2001, 16, 407-420.
33. Tattoni, C. et al., Modelling the expansion of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Lombardy, northern Italy: Implications for squirrel control. Biol. Invas., 2006, 8, 1605-1619.
34. Sheail, J., The grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) - A UK historical perspective on a vertebrate pest species. J. Environ. Manage., 1999, 55, 145-156.
35. Mayle, B., Pepper, H. and Ferryman, M., Controlling grey squirrel damage to woodland. Forestry Commission Practice Note 4 (Revised), Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 2004.
36. Genovesi, P. and Bertolino, S., Human dimension aspects in invasive alien species issues: The case of the failure of the grey squirrel eradication project in Italy. In The Great Reshuffling: Human Dimensions of Invasive Alien Species (ed. McNeely, J. A.), IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2001, pp. 113-119.
37. Moore, H. D. M., Jenkins, N. M. and Wong, C., Immunocontraception in rodents: A review of the development of a sperm-based immunocontraceptive vaccine for the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 1997, 9, 125-129.
38. Mitchell-Jones, A. J. et al., The Atlas of European Mammals, Academic Press, London, 1999.
39. Chapuis, J. L., Répartition en France d'un animal de compagnie naturalisé, le tamia de sibérie (Tamias sibiricus). Rev. Écol.-Terre Vie, 2005, 60, 239-253.
40. Genovesi, P., Eradications of invasive alien species in Europe: A review. Biol. Invas., 2005, 7, 127-133.