The human brain evolving: A personal retrospective

Annual Review of Anthropology

Volumn 37, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-19

  Holloway, Ralph L ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Asymmetries; Broca's area; Cerebral cortex; Corpus callosum; Paleoneurology

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; ASYMMETRY; BODY SHAPE; BRAIN; GROWTH FORM; NEUROLOGY;

CRANIA;

EID: 55349144205     PISSN: 00846570     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085211     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Allen JS, Bruss J, Damasio H. 2006. Looking for the lunate sulcus: a magnetic resonance imaging study in modern humans. Anat. Rec. (A) 288A:867-76
2. Armstrong E, Zilles K, Kurtis M, Schleicher A. 1991. Cortical folding, the lunate sulcus and the evolution of the human brain. J. Hum. Evol. 20:341-48
3. Balter M. 2007. In study of human brain evolution, zeal and bitter debate. Profile of scientist at work, Ralph Holloway. New York Times, Nov. 27:F2
4. Bean RB. 1906. Some racial peculiarities of the Negro brain. Am. J. Anat. 5:353-432
5. Bishop KM, Wahlsten D. 1997. Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: myth or reality? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21:581-601
6. Brodmann K. 1909. Verleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in Ihren Prinzipien Dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig, Germany: Barth
7. Brown P, Sutikna T, Morwood MJ, Soejono RP, Jatmiko W, et al. 2004. A new small-bodied hominid from the late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 441:624-28
8. Buxhoeveden DP, Casanova MF. 2002. The minicolumn and evolution of the brain. Brain Behav. Evol. 60:125-51
9. Calvin W. 1983. The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain. New York: McGraw-Hill
10. Changeux JP, Chavaillon J, eds. 1995. Origins of the Human Brain. Oxford, UK: Clarendon
11. Clark WE, Le Gros, Cooper DM, Zuckerman S. 1936. The endocranial cast of the chimpanzee. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 66:249-68
12. Connolly CJ. 1950. External Morphology of the Primate Brain. Springfield, IL: Thomas
13. Dart RA. 1925. Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa. Nature 115:195-99
14. Dart RA. 1926. Taung and its significance. Nat. Hist. 26:315-27
15. Dart RA. 1956. The relationships of brain size and brain pattern to human status. S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. 21:23-45
16. de LaCoste-Utamsing C, Holloway RL. 1982. Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. Science 216:1431-32
17. Falk D. 1980. A reanalysis of the South African australopithecine natural endocasts. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53:525-39
18. Falk D. 1983a. Cerebral cortices of East African early hominids. Science 222:1072-74
19. Falk D. 1983b. Hadar AL 162-28 endocast as evidence that brain enlargement preceded cortical reorganization in hominid evolution. Nature 313:45-47
20. Falk D. 1983c. The Taung endocast: a reply to Holloway. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 60:479-90
21. Falk D. 1985. Apples, oranges, and the lunate sulcus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:313-15
22. Falk D. 1989. Ape-like endocast of "ape-man" Taung. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 80:335-39
23. Falk D. 1990. Brain evolution in Homo: the 'radiator' theory. Behav. Brain Sci. 13:333-81
24. Falk D. 1997. Book review: Origins of the Human Brain. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 9:766-67
25. Falk D. 2004. Braindance, Revised and Expanded Edition: New Discoveries about Human Origins and Brain Evolution. Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
26. Falk D, Clarke R. 2007. New reconstruction of the Taung endocast. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 134(4):529-34
27. Falk D, Hildebolt C, Smith K, Morwood MJ, Sutikna T, et al. 2005. The brain of LB1 Homo floresiensis. Science 308:242-45
28. Falk D, Redmond JC Jr, Guyer J, Conroy GC, Recheis W, et al. 2000. Early hominid brain evolution: a new look at old endocasts. J. Hum. Evol. 38:695-717
29. Fausto-Sterling A. 1985. Myths of Gender. New York: Basic Books
30. Freedman DG, DeBoer MM. 1979. Biological and cultural differences in early child development. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 8:579-600
31. Grimaud-Hervé D. 1997. L'évolution de l'encéphale chez Homo erectus et Homo sapiens. Paris: CNRS Ed.
32. Gur RC, Gunning-Dixon F, Bilker WB, Gur RE. 2002. Sex differences in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults. Cereb. Cortex 12:998-1003
33. Hahn ME, Jensen G, Dudek BC. 1979. Development and Evolution of Brain Size. New York: Academic
34. Haier RJ, Jung RE, Yeo RA, Head K, Alkire MT. 2005. The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: sex matters. Neuroimage 25:320-27
35. Henneberg M, Thorne A. 2004. Flores may be pathological Homo sapiens. Before Farming 1:2-4
36. Hershkovitz I, Kornreich L, Laron Z. 2007. Comparative skeletal features between Homo floresiensis and patients with primary growth hormone insensitivity (Laron Syndrome). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 134:198-208
37. Ho K-C, Roessmann U, Hause L, Monroe G, 1981. Newborn brain weight in relation to maturity, sex, and race. Ann. Neurol. 10:243-46
38. Ho K-C, Roessmann U, Straumfjord JV, Monroe G. 1980. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 104:640-45
39. Holloway RL. 1964. Some quantitative relations of the primate brain. PhD thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 174 pp.
40. Holloway RL. 1966a. Cranial capacity and neuron number: a critique and proposal. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 25:305-14
41. Holloway RL. 1966b. Cranial capacity, neural reorganization, and hominid evolution: a search for more suitable parameters. Am. Anthropol. 68:103-21
42. Holloway RL. 1966c. Dendritic branching: some preliminary results of training and complexity in rat visual cortex. Brain Res. 2:393-96
43. Holloway RL. 1967. The evolution of the human brain: some notes toward a synthesis between neural structure and the evolution of complex behavior. Gen. Syst. 12:3-19
44. Holloway RL. 1968. The evolution of the primate brain: some aspects of quantitative relations. Brain Res. 7:121-72
45. Holloway RL. 1969a. Culture: a human domain. Curr. Anthropol. 10(4):395-412
46. Holloway RL. 1969b. Some questions on parameters of neural evolution in primates. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 167(1):332-40
47. Holloway RL. 1970a. Australopithecine endocast (Taung specimen, 1924): a new volume determination. Science 168:966-68
48. Holloway RL. 1970b. New endocranial values for the australopithecines. Nature 227:199-200
49. Holloway RL. 1972a. Australopithecine endocasts, brain evolution in the Hominoidea and a model of hominid evolution. In The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates, ed. R Tuttle, pp. 185-204. Chicago: Aldine/Atherton Press
50. Holloway RL. 1972b. New Australopithecine endocast, SK 1585, from Swartkrans, South Africa. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 37:173-86
51. Holloway RL. 1973a. Endocranial volumes of the early African hominids and the role of the brain in human mosaic evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 2:449-59
52. Holloway RL. 1973b. New endocranial values for the East African early hominids. Nature 243:97-99
53. Holloway RL. 1974. On the meaning of brain size. Science 184:677-79
54. Holloway RL. 1975a. Early hominid endocasts: volumes, morphology, and significance. In Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution, ed. R Tuttle, pp. 393-416. The Hague: Mouton
55. Holloway RL. 1975b. The Role of Human Social Behavior in the Evolution of the Brain. The 43rd James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain. New York: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45 pp.
56. Holloway RL. 1976. Paleoneurological evidence for language origins. In Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech, ed. SR Harnad, HD Steldis, J Lancaster, 280:330-48. New York: Ann. NY Acad. Sci.
57. Holloway RL. 1979. Brain size, allometry, and reorganization: toward a synthesis. In Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, ed. ME Hahn, C Jensen, BC Dudek, pp. 59-88. New York: Academic
58. Holloway RL. 1980a. Indonesian "Solo" (Ngandong) endocranial reconstructions: some preliminary observations and comparisons with Neandertal and Homo erectus groups. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53:285-95
59. Holloway RL. 1980b. The O.H. 7 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) hominid partial brain endocast revisited. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53:267-74
60. Holloway RL. 1980c. Within-species brain-body weight variability: a reexamination of the Danish data and other primate species. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53:109-21
61. Holloway RL. 1981a. Culture, symbols, and human brain evolution: a synthesis. Dialect. Anthropol. 5:287-303
62. Holloway RL. 1981b. The endocast of the Omo juvenile L338y-6 hominid specimen. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 54:109-18
63. Holloway RL. 1981c. Exploring the dorsal surface of hominoid brain endocasts by stereoplotter and discriminant analysis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci. 292:155-66
64. Holloway RL. 1981d. The Indonesian Homo erectus brain endocasts revisited. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 55:503-21
65. Holloway RL. 198le. Volumetric and asymmetry determinations on recent hominid endocasts: Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the Sale Homo erectus specimens, with some notes on Neandertal brain size. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 55:385-93
66. Holloway RL. 1983a. Cerebral brain endocast pattern of Australopithecus afarensis hominid. Nature 303:420-22
67. Holloway RL. 1983b. Homo erectus brain endocasts: volumetric and morphological observations with some comments on cerebral asymmetries. L'Homo erectus et la place de l'homme de Tautavel parmi les hominidés fosiles. Congr. Int. Paléontol. Hum., 1er, Nice. 16-21 Oct. 1982, pp. 355-66
68. Holloway RL. 1983c. Human brain evolution: a search for units, models, and synthesis. Can. J. Anthropol. 3:215-32
69. Holloway RL. 1983d. Human paleontological evidence relevant to language behavior. Hum. Neurobiol. 2:105-14
70. Holloway RL. 1985a. The past, present, and future significance of the lunate sulcus in early hominid evolution. In Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future, ed. PV Tobias, pp. 47-62. New York: Liss
71. Holloway RL. 1985b. The poor brain of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis: see what you please. In Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, ed. E Delson, pp. 319-24. New York: Liss
72. Holloway RL. 1988a. "Robust" australopithecine brain endocasts: some preliminary observations. In The Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines, ed. F Grine. pp. 97-106. New York: Aldine de Gruyter
73. Holloway RL. 1988b. Some additional morphological and metrical observations on Pan brain casts and their relevance to the Taung endocast. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 77:27-33
74. Holloway RL. 1990a. Comments on Falk's radiator hypothesis. Behav. Brain Sci. 13:360
75. Holloway RL. 1990b. Sexual dimorphism in die human corpus callosum: its evolutionary and clinical implications. In From Apes to Angels: Essays in Anthropology in Honor of Phillip V Tobias, ed. GH Sperber, pp. 221-28. New York: Wiley-Liss
76. Holloway RL. 1995. Toward a synthetic theory of human brain evolution. In Origins of the Human Brain, ed. J-P Changeux, J Chavaillon, pp. 42-54. Oxford: Clarendon
77. Holloway RL. 1996. Evolution of the human brain. In Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution, ed. A Lock, C Peters, pp. 74-116. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
78. Holloway RL. 2000. Holloway denies label. Anthropol. News 41(5):4
79. Holloway RL, Anderson PJ, Defidine R, Harper C. 1993. Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum. from three independent samples: relative size of the corpus callosum. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 92:481-98
80. Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Yuan MS. 2001a. The parietal lobe in early hominid evolution: newer evidence from chimpanzee brains. In Humanity From African Naissance to Coming Millennia, ed. PV Tobias, MA Raath, J Moggi-Cecchi, GA Doyle, pp. 365-71. Florence, Italy: Florence Univ. Press
81. Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Yuan MS. 2001b. Revisiting australopithecine visual striate cortex: newer data from chimpanzee and human brains suggest it could have been reduced during australopithecine times. In Evolutionary Anatomy of the Primate Cerebral Cortex, ed. D Falk, K Gibson, pp. 177-86. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
82. Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Yuan MS. 2003. Morphology and histology of the chimpanzee primary visual striate cortex indicate that brain reorganization predated brain expansion in early hominid evolution. Anat. Rec. 273A:594-602
83. Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Yuan MS. 2004a. Brain Endocasts: The Paleoneurological Evidence: Vol. 3, The Human Fossil Record. ed. JH Schwartz, I Tattersall. New York: Wiley-Liss
84. Holloway RL, Brown P, Schoenemann PT, Monge J. 2006. The brain endocast of Homo floresiensis: microcephaly and other issues. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. S42:105 (Abstr.)
85. Holloway RL, Clarke RJ, Tobias PV. 2004b. Posterior lunate sulcus in Australopithecus africanus: Was Dart right? Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3:1-7
86. Holloway RL, de Lacoste-Lareymondie MC. 1982. Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 58:101-10
87. Holloway RL, Kimbel WH. 1986. Endocast morphology of Hadar hominid AL 162-28. Nature 321:536
88. Holloway RL, Post DG. 1982. The relativity of relative brain measures and hominid mosaic evolution. In Primate Brain Evolution: Methods and Concepts, ed. E Armstrong, D Falk, pp. 57-76. New York: Plenum
89. Holloway RL, Yuan MS, Broadfield DC, Degusta D, Richards GD, et al. 2002. Missing Omo L338y-6 occipital-marginal sinus drainage pattern: ground sectioning, computer tomography scanning and the original fossil fail to show it. Anat. Rec. 266:249-57
90. Jacob T, Indriati E, Soejono RP, Hsu K, Frayer DW, et al. 2006. Pygmoid australomelanesian Homo sapiens skeletal remains from Liang Bua, Flores: population affinities and pathological abnormalities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:13421-26
91. Jensen AR. 1998. The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability. Westport, CT: Praeger
92. Jerison HJ. 1973. Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic
93. Jerison HJ. 1990. Fossil evidence on the evolution of the neocortex. In Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 8A, ed. EG Jones, A Peters, pp. 285-310. New York: Plenum
94. Keith A. 1931. New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man. New York: Norton
95. Kimbel WH. 1984. Variation in the pattern of cranial venous sinuses and hominid phylogeny. Am. Phys. Anthropol. 63:243-63
96. Kimbel WH. 1990. Comments on Falk's radiator hypothesis. Behav. Brain Sci. 13:359
97. Kimura D. 2003. Sex and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books
98. Klekamp J, Reidel A, Harper C, Kretschmann HJ. 1994. Morphometric study on the postnatal growth of the visual cortex of Australian Aborigines and Caucasians. J. Brain Res. 35:531-48
99. Kochetkova VI. 1978. Paleoneurology. Washington, DC: Winston
100. Leakey RE. 1981. The Making of Mankind. New York: Dutton
101. Leakey RE, Lewin R. 1978. People of the Lake: Mankind and Its Beginnings. Garden City, NY: Anchor
102. Lieberman L. 2005. How "Caucasoids" got such big brains and why they shrank. Curr. Antropol. 42(1):69-96
103. Lynn R, Vanhanen T. 2006. IQ & Global Inequality. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit
104. Marks J. 2000. Scientific racism in your face. Anthropol. News 41(2):60
105. Martin RD, Maclarnon AM, Phillips JL, Dobyns WB. 2006b. Flores hominid: new species or microcephalic dwarf? Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell Evol. Biol. 288:1123-45
106. Martin RD, Maclarnon AM, Phillips JL, Dussubieux L, Williams PR, Dobyns WB. 2006a. Comment on The brain of LB1 Homo floresiensis. Science 312:999b
107. Michael J. 1988. Anew look at Morton's craniological research. Curr. Anthropol. 29(2):349-54
108. Narr KL, Woods RP, Thompson PM, Szeszko P, Robinson D, et al. 2007. Relationships between IQ and regional cortical gray matter thickness in healthy adults. Cereb. Cortex 17:2163-71
109. Pakkenberg H, Voigt J. 1964. Brain weight of Danes. Acta Anat. 56:297-307
110. Preuss TM, Cáceres M, Laucher J, Zapala MA, Redmond JC, et al. 2003. Using genomics to identify human brain specializations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 36:171
111. Radinsky LB. 1974. The fossil evidence of anthropoid brain evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 41:15-28
112. Radinsky LB. 1975. Primate brain evolution. Am. Sci. 63:656-63
113. Radinsky LB. 1979. The Fossil Record of Primate Brain Evolution. New York: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
114. Richards GD. 2006. Genetic, physiologic and ecogeographic factors contributing to variation in Homo sapiens: Homo floresiensis reconsidered. J. Evol. Biol. 19:1744-67
115. Rilling JK. 2006. Human and nonhuman brains: Are they allometrically scaled versions of the same design? Evol. Anthropol. 15(2):65-77
116. Rushton JP. 2000. Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life-Histoiy Perspective. Port Huron, MI: Charles Darwin Res. Inst. 3rd ed.
117. Rushton JP. 2002. Race, brain size, and IQ. Gen. Pychol. 37:28-33
118. Schepers GWH. 1946. The endocranial casts of the South African ape men. In The South African Fossil Ape Men: The Australopithecinae, Transvaal Mus. Mem. 2, ed. R Broom, GHW Schepers. Pretoria: Transvaal Mus.
119. Schoenemann PT. 2006. Evolution of the size and functional areas of the human brain. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 35(1):379-406
120. Sherwood CC, Broadfield DC, Hof PR, Holloway RL. 2003. Variability in Broca's area homologue in great apes: implications for language evolution. Anat. Rec. 271A:276-85
121. Smith GE. 1904. The morphology of the occipital region of the cerebral hemispheres in man and apes. Anat. Anz. 24:436-51
122. Smith RJ. 2005. Relative size versus controlling for size. Curr. Anthropol. 46(2):249-73
123. Stanford C, Allen JS, Anton SC. 2008. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall
124. Stout D, Toth N, Schick K, Chaminade T. 2008. Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: technology, language and cognition in human evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B Biol. Ser B: 1-11
125. Tobias PV. 1970. Brain size, grey matter and race-fact or fiction? Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 32:3-26
126. Weaver AH. 2005. Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:3576-80
127. White DD, Falk D. 1999. A quantitative and qualitative reanalysis of the endocast from the juvenile Paranthropus specimen L338y-6 form Omo, Ethiopia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:399-406
128. Wood BA. 1991. Hominid Cranial Remains. Oxford: Clarendon