The impact of FTAs on public health policies and TRIPS flexibilities

International Journal of Intellectual Property Management

Volumn 1, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 75-93

  Roffe, Pedro ^a   Spennemann, Christoph ^b  

^a International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development   (Switzerland)

^b Division on Investment   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Access to medicines; Free Trade Agreements (FTAs); Generic medicines; Intellectual property rights and public health; Patent rights; Protection of pharmaceutical test data; TRIPS plus obligations

Indexed keywords

EID: 55349131318     PISSN: 14789647     EISSN: 14789655     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2006.011023     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Abbott, F. (2004a) The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health and the Contradictory Trend in Bilateral and Regional Free Trade Agreements, Occasional Paper 14, Quaker United Nations Office, Geneva, Contradictory Trend.
2. Abbott, F. (2004b) The Cycle of Action and Reaction: Latest Developments and Trends in IP and Health, Paper submitted to the Third ICTSD-UNCTAD Bellagio Dialogue on Policy Options for Ensuring Access to Essential Medicines, 12-16 October; available at http://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/bellagio/docs/ Abbott-Bellagio3rev1.pdf.
3. This paper is also included in Roffe, P., Vivas-Eugui, D. and Tansey, G. (Eds.): Negotiating Health: Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines, Earthscan, London, 2006.
4. Abbott, F. (2005) 'The WTO medicines decision: the political economy of world pharmaceutical trade and the protection of public health', The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, pp.317-358 (The WTO Medicines Decision).
5. Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest (2004) Concerns Raised Over Access to Medicines Under Trade Treaties, Vol. 8, No. 25, 14 July, available at .
6. Commission on Intellectual Property Rights (2002) Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy, Report, London, September.
7. Correa, C. (2004) Protecting Test Data for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Products under Free Trade Agreements; Paper submitted to the Fourth ICTSD-UNCTAD Bellagio Dialogue on Moving the Pro-development IP Agenda Forward: Preserving Public Goods in Health, Education and Learning, 29 November - 3 December, available at
8. This paper is also included in Roffe, P., Vivas-Eugui, D. and Tansey, G. (Eds.): Negotiating Health: Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines, Earthscan, London, 2006.
9. CUTS (2004) 'TRIPs-Plus': Enhancing Right Holders' Protection, Eroding TRIPs' Flexibilities, Briefing Paper No. 2.
10. El-Said, M. (2005) 'The road from TRIPS-Minus, to TRIPS, to TRIPS-Plus. Implications of IPRs for the Arab World', The Journal of World Intellectual Property, Vol. 8, No. 1, January, pp.53-65.
11. Fink, C. and Reichenmiller, P. (2005) Tightening TRIPS: The Intellectual Property Provisions of Recent US Free Trade Agreements, World Bank Trade Note 20, 7 February, available at http://www.worldbank.org/trade.
12. Garrison, C. (2006) Exceptions to Patent Rights in Developing Countries, UNCTAD-ICTSD Issue Papers, Geneva, forthcoming.
13. Meitinger, I. (2005) 'Implementation of test data protection according to Article 39.3 TRIPS. The search for a fair interpretation of the term 'unfair commercial use', The Journal of World Intellectual Property, Vol. 8, No. 2, March, pp.123-139.
14. Mellouk, O. (2005) Struggling to Balance Free Trade with Access to Medicines in the post-TRIPS Era throughout the Arab World, Paper submitted to the UNCTAD-ICTSD Regional Dialogue on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Sustainable Development, 26-28 June, Alexandria, Egypt, Available at http://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/docs/ Mellouk-ArabRD-Health.pdf.
15. Oxfam (2004) Free Trade Agreement Between the USA and Thailand Threatens Access to HIV/AIDS Treatment, Briefing Note, July.
16. Roffe, P. (2004) Bilateral Agreements and a TRIPS-Plus World: The Chile - USA Free Trade Agreement, QUNO TRIPS Issues Paper No. 4, Geneva.
17. Roffe, P., Spennemann, C. and von Braun, J. (2005) 'The WTO Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and public health: a historical analysis', in Roffe, P., Vivas-Eugui, D. and Tansey, G. (Eds.): Negotiating Health: Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines, Earthscan, London, 2006.
18. Stiglitz, J. (2004) New Trade Pacts Betray the Poorest Partners, New York Times of 10 July.
19. Timmermans, K. (2005) 'Intertwining regimes: trade, intellectual property and regulatory requirements for pharmaceuticals', The Journal of World Intellectual Property, Vol. 8, No. 1, January, pp.67-74.
20. UNCTAD-ICTSD (2003) Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for Development, Policy Discussion Paper, Geneva.
21. UNCTAD-ICTSD (2005) Resource Book on TRIPS and Development, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo.
22. United States House of Representatives (2005) Trade Agreements and Access to Medications under the Bush Administration, Committee on Government Reform -Minority Staff Special Investigations Division, prepared for Rep. Henry A. Waxman, June, available at www.reform.house.gov/min.
23. Vivas-Eugui, D. (2003) Regional and Bilateral Agreements and a TRIPS-Plus World: The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), QUNO TRIPS Issues Paper No. 1, Geneva.
24. Vivas-Eugui, D. and Spennemann, C. (2006) 'The treatment of geographical indications in recent regional and bilateral free trade agreements', in Pugatch, M.P. (Ed.): The Intellectual Property Debate: Perspectives from Law, Economics and Political Economy, forthcoming, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham (UK)and Northampton (USA).