Increased police patrols for preventing alcohol-impaired driving

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  Goss, Cynthia W ^a   Van Bramer, Lisa D ^b   Gliner, Jeffrey A ^c   Porter, Todd R ^d   Roberts, Ian G ^e   Diguiseppi, Carolyn ^a  

^a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Colorado State University and the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at the Colorado School of Public Health   (United States)

^b Rocky Mountain Research and Prevention Institute   (United States)

^c Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; DRUNKEN DRIVING; HUMAN; INJURY; MOTOR VEHICLE; POLICE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT;

EID: 55049126766     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005242.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (173)

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18. Jones R, Joksch H, Lacey J, Wiliszowski C, Marchetti L. Summary report: field test of combined speed, alcohol and safety belt enforcement strategies. Winchester (MA): Mid-America Research Institute; 1995 Mar. Report No.: DOT HS 808 242.
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25. Lacey 1987 {published data only} Lacey JH, Marchetti LM, Stewart JR, Murphy PV, Jones RK. Combining enforcement and public information to deter DWI: the experience of three communities. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center; 1990 Apr. Report No.: DOT HS 807 601.
26. * Lacey JH, Marchetti LM, Stewart JR, Popkin CL, Murphy PV, Lucke RE, et al.Enforcement and public information strategies for DWI general deterrence: the Boise City, Idaho experience. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center; 1987 Aug. Report No.: DOT HS 807 191.
27. Lacey 1988 {published data only} Lacey JH, Marchetti LM, Stewart JR, Murphy PV, Jones RK. Combining enforcement and public information to deter DWI: the experience of three communities. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center; 1990 Apr. Report No.: DOT HS 807 601.
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32. Maynard-Moody 1986 {published data only} Lacey JH, Jones RK. Assessment of changes in dwi enforcement/level. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center and Winchester (MA): Mid-America Research Institute; 1991 Jan. Report No.: DOT HS 807 690 16-20.
33. * Maynard-Moody S, Palumbo D, Scheurich J, Kruger K. Final report for the Wichita comprehensive program to reduce driving while intoxicated. Lawrence (KA): Institute for Public Policy and Business Research, University of Kansas; 1986 May. Report No.: 121.
34. McEwen 1985 {published data only} McEwen T, Brazil F. Sacramento, California selective traffic enforcement program. Final report. Sacramento (CA): Sacramento Police Department and McLean (VA): PRC Public Management Services; 1976 Aug. Report No.: DOT HS 801 983.
35. Pigman 1984 {published data only} Lacey JH, Jones RK. Assessment of changes in dwi enforcement/level. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center and Winchester (MA): Mid-America Research Institute; 1991 Jan. Report No.: DOT HS 807 690 26-30.
36. * Pigman JG, Agent KR. Impact evaluation of Lexington - Fayette County traffic alcohol program (Abridgment). Transportation Research Record 1984;974:4-7.
37. Pigman 1988 {published data only} Pigman JG, Agent KR, Hardyman PL, Johnson KW, McCleary R. Impact evaluation of the Louisville-Shively-Jefferson County traffic alcohol programs. Lexington (KY): Kentucky Transportation Center; 1988 Oct. Report No.: KTC-88-3..
38. Sali 1983 {published and unpublished data} Sali GJ. Evaluation of Boise selective traffic enforcement project. Transportation Research Record 1983;910:68-74.
39. St Louis Police 1981 {published data only} St. Louis County Police Department. Driving while intoxicated enforcement: grant evaluation. Saint Louis (MO): St. Louis County Police Department; 1981.
40. Stuster 1995 {published data only} Stuster JW, Blowers PA. Experimental evaluation of sobriety checkpoint programs. Santa Barbara (CA): Anacapa Sciences; 1995 Jun. Report No.: DOT HS 808 287.
41. Stuster 2001 {published and unpublished data} Stuster J. Albuquerque police department's safe streets program. Anacapa Sciences; 2001 Jun. Report No.: DOT HS 809-278.
42. Sykes 1984 {published data only} Sykes GW. Saturated enforcement: the efficacy of deterrence and drunk driving. Journal of Criminal Justice 1984;12:185-97.
43. Voas 1987 {published and unpublished data} Hause J, Chavez E, Hannon R. Increased DUI enforcement program. Stockton, California third annual report. Stockton (CA): Stockton Police Department and University of the Pacific; 1979 Aug. Report No.: DOT HS 804 838.
44. Hause J, Matheson D, Hannon R, Chavez E. Increased DUI enforcement program. Stockton, California project evaluation. Stockton (CA): Stockton Police Department and University of the Pacific; 1977 Jan. Report No.: DOT HS 802 205.
45. * Voas RB, Hause JM. Deterring the drinking driver: the Stockton experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1987;19(2):81-90.
46. Voas 1997 {published and unpublished data} Holder HD. Community prevention of alcohol problems. Addictive Behaviors 2000;25(6):843-59.
47. Holder HD, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Treno AJ, Grube JW, Saltz RF, et al.Effect of community-based interventions on high-risk drinking and alcohol-related injuries. JAMA 2000;284(18):2341-7.
48. Holder HD, Saltz RF, Grube JW, Voas RB, Gruenewald PJ, Treno AJ. A community prevention trial to reduce alcohol-involved accidental injury and death: overview. Addiction 1997;92 Suppl 2:155-71.
49. Holder HD, Saltz RF, Treno AJ, Grube JW, Voas RB. Evaluation design for a community prevention trial. Evaluation Review 1997;21 (2):140-65.
50. Roeper PJ, Voas RB, Padilla-Sanchez L, Esteban R. A long-term community-wide intervention to reduce alcohol-related traffic injuries: Salinas, California. Drugs: education, prevention and policy 2000;7(1):51- 60.
51. Treno AJ, Holder HD. Environmental approaches to reducing underage drinking. Juvenile Justice 1998;5(2):20-7.
52. Voas RB. Drinking and driving prevention in the community: program planning and implementation. Addiction 1997;92(2 Suppl):201S-219S.
53. * Voas RB, Holder HD, Gruenewald PJ. The effect of drinking and driving interventions on alcohol-involved traffic crashes within a comprehensive community trial. Addiction 1997;92 Suppl 2:221-36.
54. Voas 2002 {published and unpublished data} Voas RB, Lange JE, Tippetts AS, Johnson M. Operation safe crossing: using science within a community intervention. http://icadts.org/proceedings/show.php?paper=2000-117 (accessed 25 July 2007).
55. * Voas RB, Tippetts AS, Johnson MB, Lange JE, Baker J. Operation safe crossing: using science within a community intervention. Addiction 2002;97:1205-14.
56. Wiliszowski 2003 {published and unpublished data} Wiliszowski CH, Jones RK. Evaluation of the Austin police department DWI enforcement unit. Winchester (MA): Mid-America Research Institute; 2003 Aug. Report No.: DOT HS 809 641.
57. Wolfe 1984 {published data only} Madsen BB. A multijurisdictional effort to improve safety. ITE Journal 1991;61(7):50-5.
58. Wolfe AC. Evaluation of the special alcohol enforcement/education project in Oakland County, Michigan. Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety: Proceedings of the ninth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 1983; San Juan, Puerto Rico. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1985; Vol. 3:1575-95.
59. Wolfe AC. First evaluation report on the Oakland County alcohol enforcement/education project. Ann Arbor (MI): Highway Safety Research Institute; 1981 Feb. Report No.: UM-HSRI-81-6.
60. Wolfe AC. Interim (two-year) evaluation report on the Oakland County alcohol enforcement/education project. Ann Arbor (MI): Transportation Research Institute; 1983 Mar. Report No.: UMTRI-83-12.
61. * Wolfe AC, O'Day J. Evaluation report on the 1979-1983 Oakland County alcohol enforcement/education project. Ann Arbor (MI): Transportation Research Institute; 1984 Jul. Report No.: UMTRI-84-32.
62. Zador 1976 {published data only} Johnson P, Levy P, Voas R. A critique of the paper "statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol safety action". Accident Analysis & Prevention 1976;8:67-77.
63. Levy P, Voas R, Johnson P, Klein TM. An evaluation of the department of transportation's alcohol safety action projects. Journal of Safety Research 1978;10(4):162-76.
64. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Alcohol safety action projects: evaluation of operations-1974: Volume II, detailed analysis. Washington (DC): Department of Transportation, Office of Driver and Pedestrian Programs; 1974. Report No.: DOT HS-801 726.
65. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Summary of national alcohol safety action projects. Washington (DC): Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1979. Report No.: DOT-HS 804 032.
66. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Alcohol Countermeasures. Alcohol safety action projects: evaluation of operations, 1972. Washington (DC): U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Office of Alcohol Countermeasures; 1972; Report Nos. : DOT HS-800 973, -800 874.
67. National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. Alcohol safety action projects evaluation methodology and overall program impact. Washington (DC): Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1979 Apr. Report No.: DOT HS-803 896.
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69. Zador P. Statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of "alcohol safety action projects". Accident Analysis & Prevention 1976;8:51-66.
70. * Zador P. Statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of "alcohol safety programs". Washington (DC): Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; 1975.
71. Beirness 1997 {published data only} Beirness DJ, Foss RD, Mercer B. Roadside breath testing surveys to assess the impact of an enhanced DWI enforcement campaign in British Columbia. Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety - T'97: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety; 1997 Sept 21-26; Annecy (FR). Annecy (FR): Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Médecine du Trafic, 1997.
72. CA HWY Patrol 1972 {published data only} Operation 101: an accident and enforcement study. Sacramento (CA): State of California Department of California Highway Patrol; 1972 Apr. Report No.: CHP 7-72-300.
73. CAAP 1988 {published data only} * Community alcohol action programme: Wanganui May-July 1987. Final report. Wellington (NZ): New Zealand Ministrry of Transport; 1988 Apr.
74. Bailey JPM. Community alcohol action drink driving programmes in New Zealand. Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, T92. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 1992 Sep 28 - Oct 2; Cologne (DE). 1993; Vol. 3:1422-30.
75. Calderwood 1986 {published and unpublished data} * Calderwood R, Woods B. Impact evaluation of the breath alcohol testing mobile units (BAT mobiles) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review 1983;2(4):21-35.
76. Woods BD. Evaluation of innovative state and community alcohol projects: breath alcohol testing program effectiveness, impact and transferability. Washington (DC): National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation; 1987 Mar. Report No.: DOT HS-807 124.
77. Cameron 1981 {published data only} Cameron MH, Strang PM, Vulcan AP. Evaluation of random breath testing in Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety; 1980 Jun 15-19; Stockholm (SE). Stockholm (SE): Almqvist & Winksell International, 1981; Vol. 3:1364-81.
78. Castle 1996 {published and unpublished data} Castle SP, Woods BD, Davis JW, Romero I, Flint SF, Sewell CM. Outcome of a statewide sobriety checkpoint program. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Vancouver, British Columbia, 1996:521-3.
79. Clark 1982 {published data only} Clark WE, Rockel HC. Maryland's effort to reduce drunk driving. Police Chief 1982;49:44-9.
80. Cliff 2003 {published data only} Cliff DM. Effective road policing in rural areas: an integrated approach. Proceedings of the road safety research, policing and education conference; 2003 Sept 24-26; Sydney (AU). Sydney (AU): Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW, 2003; Vol. 2:175-82.
81. Cowart 1984 {published data only} Cowart GB. DWI countermeasures: avoid the 13. Police Chief 1984;51(7):35-7.
82. Derby 1987 {published data only} Derby NM, Hurst PM. The effects of random stopping in New Zealand. Alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety - T86. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety; 1986 Sept 9-12; Amsterdam (NLD). New York: Excerpta Medica, 1987:421-7.
83. Diamantopoulou 2000 {published data only} Diamantopoulou K. The effects of random breath testing operations and drink-driving publicity on alcohol-related crashes in rural areas. Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety-T 2000. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 2000 May 22-26; Stockholm (SE). Stockholm (SE): ICADTS, 2000.
84. Epperlein 1987 {published data only} Epperlein T. Initial deterrent effects of the crackdown on drinking drivers in the state of Arizona. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1987; 19(4):285-303.
85. Finklestein 1971 {published and unpublished data} Finklestein R. An optimum system for traffic enforcement/driver control. Final report. GTE Sylvania Inc 1971; Vol. Vol 2.
86. Glad 1997 {published and unpublished data} Glad A, Vaa T. Lower legal alcohol limit requires increased enforcement efforts [Lavere promillegrense krevermer kontroll]. Samferdsel; 1997 May.
87. Greenwood 1985 {published data only} Greenwood RE. A study of the widening and penetrating effects of a campaign against the folk crime of DUI [dissertation]. Univ. of Tennessee, 1984.
88. Hocherman 1996 {published and unpublished data} Hocherman I, Zaidel D, Sheinfeld M, Hakkert S. Inherent operational limits to efficiency of urban traffic enforcement by police. Proceedings of the Conference Road Safety in Europe and Strategic Highway Research Program; 1995 Sep 20-22; Prague (CZ). Linkoping (SE): Swedish National Road and Transport Institute, 1996:271-2.
89. Homel 1987 {published and unpublished data} Homel R. Deterring the drinking driver: a theoretical model of the process. Alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety - T86. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety; 1986 Sept 9-12; Amsterdam (NLD). New York: Excerpta Medica, 1987:443-6.
90. Homel 1995 {published and unpublished data} Homel R, McKay P, Henstridge J. The impact on accidents of random breath testing in New South Wales: 1982-1992. Alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety, T'95: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 1995 Aug 13-18; Adelaide (AU). Adelaide (AU): NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, University of Adelaide, 1995; Vol. 2:849-55.
91. Kearns 1984 {published data only} Kearns IB, Goldsmith HJ. The impact on traffic crashes of the introduction of random breath testing in New South Wales. The 12th ARRB Conference; 1984 Aug 27-31; Hobart (TAS). Vermont South, Victoria: Australian Road Research Board, 1984; Vol. 12:81-95.
92. Kearns 1987 {published data only} Kearns IB, Vazey B, Carseldine D, Arthurson R. An overview of the random breath testing trial in New South Wales. Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety - T86. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety; 1986 Sept 9-12; Amsterdam (NL). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1987:429-32.
93. Maher 1983 {published data only} Maher GM. Streamlining drunk driving enforcement. Police Chief 1983;50(12):60.
94. Mastrofski 1990 {published data only} Mastrofski SR, Ritti RR, Snipes J. Organization theory and police arrests: Expectancy theory and police productivity in DUI enforcement. Law and Society Review 1994;28:113-48.
95. Mathijssen 1992 {published data only} Mathijssen R, Wesemann P. The role of police enforcement in the decrease of DWI in The Netherlands, 1983-1991. Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, T92: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 1992 Sept 28 - Oct 2; Cologne (DE). Cologne (DE): Verlag TUV Rheinland, 1993; Vol. 3:1216-22.
96. Mathijssen 2001 {published and unpublished data} Mathijssen MPM. Drink-driving and police enforcement in the Netherlands: pre-test carried out in 1999/2000 to determine the effects of future enhanced police enforcement, accompanied by recommendations for the organisation of enforcement [Rijden onder invloed in Nederland en het politietoezicht daarop: voormeting uitgevoerd in 1999/2000 ter bepaling van de effecten van toekomstig verhoogd politietoezicht, vergezeld van aanbevelingen voor de inrichting van het toezicht]. Leidschendam (NL): Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid SWOV; 2001. Report No.: R-2001-8.
97. Mathijssen 2004 {published and unpublished data} Mathijssen MPM, de Craen S. Evaluation of the regional traffic enforcement plans: effects of intensified police surveillance on traffic behaviour and road safety [Evaluatie van de regionale verkeershandhavingsplannen: effecten van geintensiveerd politietoezicht op verkeersgedrag en verkeersonveiligheid]. Leidschendam (NL): Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid SWOV; 2004. Report No.: R-2004-4.
98. McCartt 1985 {published and unpublished data} Foley D. Case study in DWI countermeasures. STOP DWI successful community responses to drunk driving. Lexington Books, 1986:33-54.
99. Friedman J. Analysis/discussion: accident trends since initiation of the special traffic options program for driving while intoxicated (STOP DWI) in New York state. Office of Alcohol and Highway Safety; 1983 Apr.
100. Legge JS. Traffic safety reform in the United States and Great Britain. University of Pittsburg Press, 1991.
101. * McCartt. An impact evaluation of the New York state STOP DWI program. Institute for Traffic Safety Management and Research; 1985.
102. Passidomo JA, McEwen HR. New York state's STOP DWI program. Police Chief 1984;51(7):50-1.
103. Mercer 1985 {published and unpublished data} Mercer GW. The relationships among driving while impaired charges, police drinking-driving roadcheck activity, media coverage and alcohol-related casualty traffic accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1985;17(6):467-74.
104. Mercer 1989 {published and unpublished data} Mercer GW. CounterAttack traffic research papers, 1988. Ministry of Labour and Consumer Services; 1989.
105. Miller 2004 {published data only} Miller T, Blewden M, Zhang J-f. Cost savings from a sustained compulsory breath testing andmedia campaign in New Zealand. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2004;36:783-94.
106. Mäki 1987 {published and unpublished data} Mäki M. Integrated method of information and enforcement as a traffic safety method [Tiedotuksen ja liikennevalvonnan yhteensovittaminen liikenneturvallisuustyon menetelmana oulun seudulla]. Liikenneturvan Tutkimuksia 1987.
107. O'Connell 1983 {published data only} O'Connell JP, Chadwick JR. DWI impact study: state of Washington 1977-1982. A study of the relationship between DWI enforcement and alcohol-related driving accidents. Olympia (WA): Washington State, Office of Financial Management , Forecasting and Estimation Division; 1983.
108. Price 1993 {published data only} Price EJ. Local official's guide to drunk driving prevention. Washington DC: National League of Cities; 1993.
109. Rodriguez 2002 {published data only} Rodriguez L. Communicating higway safety: what works. Report and executive summary. Ames (IA): Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University; 2002 Feb.
110. Ross 1987 {published data only} Ross HL. Britain's Christmas crusade against drinking and driving. Alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety - T86. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety; 1986 Sept 9-12; Amsterdam (NLD). New York: Excerpta Medica, 1987: 625-8.
111. Savell 1984 {published data only} Savell L. Proactive Dallas programs curb traffic deaths. Police Chief 1984;51(7):55-7.
112. Sharp 2002 {published data only} Sharp A. Curbing DUI. Law and Order 2002;50:129-32.
113. SMI 1976 {published data only} Final evaluation report on the North Dakota selective traffic enforcement program (STEP). Safety Management Institute; 1976. Report No.: DOT HS 801 874.
114. Thomson 1984 {published data only} Thomson J, Mavrolefterou K. Assessing the effectiveness of random breath testing. The 12th ARRB Conference; 1984 Aug 27-31; Hobart (TAS). Vermont South, Victoria: Australian Road Research Board, 1984:72-80.
115. Verschuur 1988 {published and unpublished data} Verschuur W, Noordzij P. Randombreath testing on a small scale. In: Rothengatter T, de Bruin R editor(s). Road user behaviour: theory and research. Assen/Maastricht (NLD): Van Gorcum, 1988:396-402.
116. Vingilis 1980 {published data only} Vingilis E, Salutin L. A prevention programme for drinking driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1980;12:267-74.
117. Vingilis 1981 {published data only} Vingilis E, Chung L, Adlaf E. An evaluation of a prevention programme for drinking-driving called reduce impaired driving in Etobicoke (RIDE). 8th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Stockholm, 1981; Vol. 3:1259-70.
118. Votey 1978 {published data only} Votey HL. The deterrence of drunken driving accidents in Norway: an econometric analysis of existing policies. Drinking and driving in Scandinavia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978:79-99.
119. Votey 1982 {published data only} Votey HL. Scandanavian drinking-driving control: myth or intuition?. Journal of Legal Studies 1982;11:93-116.
120. Votey 1984 {published data only} Votey HL. Recent evidence from Scandinavia on deterring alcohol impaired driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1984;16(2):123-38.
121. Webb 1981 {published and unpublished data} Webb P. Evaluation of the California highway patrol's 1980 public information campaign to reduce driving under the influence. Final Report. Menlo Park (CA): Crain & Associates; 1981 Mar. Final report.
122. Weiss 1996 {published data only} Weiss A, Freels S. The effects of aggressive policing: the Dayton traffic enforcement experiment. American Journal of Police 1996;15(3):44-64.
123. White 2002 {published data only} White M, Walker J. Update and overview of research on the effectiveness of the Victorian Transport Accident Commission's road safety television advertising campaigns. Walkerville (South Australia): Safety Strategy, Transport SA, South Australia; 2002 Dec.
124. Williams 1995 {published data only} Williams AF, Wells JK, Foss RD. The North Carolina governor's highway safety initiative: initial results from "booze it and lose it". Alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety, T'95: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 1995 Aug 13-18; Adelaide (AU). Adelaide (AU): NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, University of Adelaide, 1995; Vol. 1:347-51.
125. Wright 1989 {published and unpublished data} Wright SKB. Minnesota community traffic safety project. Final Report. St Paul (MN): Minnesota University; 1989.
126. Youngman 1988 {published data only} Youngman JHR. The Victorian myth: an examination of the effectiveness of drink driving countermeasures. Road Traffic Safety Seminar: seminar papers; 1988 Sept 14-16; Wellington (NZ). Wellington (NZ): Road Traffic Safety Research Council, 1988; Vol. 2:205-22.
127. Blais 2005 {published data only} Blais E, Ouimet M. The Effect of Legal Interventions on Fatal Accidents and Associated to Driving While Impaired by Alcohol (Dwi) in Quebec Between 1980 and 2001 [L'effet des interventions legales sur les accidents mortels et associes a la conduite avec facultes affaiblies au Quebec entre 1980 et 2001]. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 2005;47(3):545-78.
128. Carso 1984 {published and unpublished data} Carso MP, Hoffman HJ. Alcohol selective traffic enforcement planning. Police Chief 1984;51(7):52-4.
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