메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1483-1508

The Überlingen accident: Macro-level safety lessons

Author keywords

Air traffic management; Collision risk; Formal safety assessment; Risk analysis

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENTS; AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS; PUBLIC POLICY; RISK ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK PERCEPTION; SAFETY FACTOR;

EID: 54949125359     PISSN: 09257535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2007.10.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 54949124334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAIB (Swiss Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau) 2002. Final Report concerning the incident (Airprox) between THY1944, BAG4608, IBE3514 and AZA467 on 13th September 2000 UIR Switzerland near TRA. No. A024. Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications.
    • AAIB (Swiss Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau) 2002. Final Report concerning the incident (Airprox) between THY1944, BAG4608, IBE3514 and AZA467 on 13th September 2000 UIR Switzerland near TRA. No. A024. Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications.
  • 2
    • 0033326739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abdul-Baki, B., Baldwin, J., Rudel, M-P., 1999. Independent validation and verification of the TCAS II collision avoidance subsystem IEEE. In: AIAA 18th Annual Digital Avionics Systems Conference. .
    • Abdul-Baki, B., Baldwin, J., Rudel, M-P., 1999. Independent validation and verification of the TCAS II collision avoidance subsystem IEEE. In: AIAA 18th Annual Digital Avionics Systems Conference. .
  • 3
    • 25844530255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1st July Mid-air Collision over Überlingen, Germany: A holistic analysis
    • Bennett S. The 1st July Mid-air Collision over Überlingen, Germany: A holistic analysis. Risk Management: An International Journal 6 1 (2004) 31-49
    • (2004) Risk Management: An International Journal , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-49
    • Bennett, S.1
  • 4
    • 54949141545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The awkward alliance: the controller/pilot team
    • Besco R.D. The awkward alliance: the controller/pilot team. The Journal of Air Traffic Control October-December (1997) 24-31. http://www.ppi.aero/publications/corporateculture/awkwardalliance.pdf
    • (1997) The Journal of Air Traffic Control , vol.October-December , pp. 24-31
    • Besco, R.D.1
  • 5
    • 54949150848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BFU (German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation), 2004. Investigation report: Überlingen Mid-air collision. AX001-1-2/02. .
    • BFU (German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation), 2004. Investigation report: Überlingen Mid-air collision. AX001-1-2/02. .
  • 6
    • 4344568618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consistent and up-to-date aviation safety targets
    • Brooker P. Consistent and up-to-date aviation safety targets. Aeronautical Journal 108 1085 (2004) 345-356
    • (2004) Aeronautical Journal , vol.108 , Issue.1085 , pp. 345-356
    • Brooker, P.1
  • 7
    • 25144461079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinking about downlink of resolution advisories from airborne collision avoidance systems
    • Brooker P. Thinking about downlink of resolution advisories from airborne collision avoidance systems. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety 4 1 (2004) 49-65
    • (2004) Human Factors and Aerospace Safety , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-65
    • Brooker, P.1
  • 8
    • 2442574026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why the eurocontrol safety regulation commission policy on safety nets and risk assessment is wrong
    • Brooker P. Why the eurocontrol safety regulation commission policy on safety nets and risk assessment is wrong. Journal of the Institute of Navigation 57 2 (2004) 231-243
    • (2004) Journal of the Institute of Navigation , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-243
    • Brooker, P.1
  • 9
    • 13244283346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airborne collision avoidance systems and air traffic management safety
    • Brooker P. Airborne collision avoidance systems and air traffic management safety. Journal of Navigation 58 1 (2005) 1-16
    • (2005) Journal of Navigation , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-16
    • Brooker, P.1
  • 10
    • 25144517884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STCA, TCAS, airproxes and collision risk
    • Brooker P. STCA, TCAS, airproxes and collision risk. Journal of Navigation 58 3 (2005) 389-404
    • (2005) Journal of Navigation , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 389-404
    • Brooker, P.1
  • 11
    • 41549090736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NGATS: strategy and challenges
    • Brooker P. NGATS: strategy and challenges. Navigation News January/February (2007) 12-15
    • (2007) Navigation News , vol.January-February , pp. 12-15
    • Brooker, P.1
  • 12
    • 54949097896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brooker, P., Ingham, T., 1977. Target levels of safety for controlled airspace. CAA Paper 77002. CAA, London.
    • Brooker, P., Ingham, T., 1977. Target levels of safety for controlled airspace. CAA Paper 77002. CAA, London.
  • 13
    • 54949119275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carpenter, K., 2004. ACAS safety study summary. Qinetiq Report for Eurocontrol. .
    • Carpenter, K., 2004. ACAS safety study summary. Qinetiq Report for Eurocontrol. .
  • 14
    • 54949109541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clarke, K.A., 1999. Probabilistic causality and explanation in political science. Paper to Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. .
    • Clarke, K.A., 1999. Probabilistic causality and explanation in political science. Paper to Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. .
  • 15
    • 54949111836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003. Report volume I, Chapter 7. August 2003. .
    • Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003. Report volume I, Chapter 7. August 2003. .
  • 16
    • 54949109908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECORYS et al., 2005. Impact assessment on the extension of EASA competences to ANS, ATM and Airports. Final report for European Commission, DG TREN. .
    • ECORYS et al., 2005. Impact assessment on the extension of EASA competences to ANS, ATM and Airports. Final report for European Commission, DG TREN. .
  • 18
    • 54949113378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eurocontrol, 2003. Eurocontrol Annual Report 2002. .
    • Eurocontrol, 2003. Eurocontrol Annual Report 2002. .
  • 19
    • 54949126893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eurocontrol, 2006. ATM safety enhancement in ECAC States: 2003-2006. Eurocontrol. .
    • Eurocontrol, 2006. ATM safety enhancement in ECAC States: 2003-2006. Eurocontrol. .
  • 20
    • 54949150768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eurocontrol SAFREP (Safety Data Reporting and Data Flow Task Force), 2005. Report on ATM incident reporting culture: impediments and practices. Edition 1.0, Ref: DAP/SAF/126. [dated 13 October 2005; not available on Eurocontrol website @ 1st November 2007].
    • Eurocontrol SAFREP (Safety Data Reporting and Data Flow Task Force), 2005. Report on ATM incident reporting culture: impediments and practices. Edition 1.0, Ref: DAP/SAF/126. [dated 13 October 2005; not available on Eurocontrol website @ 1st November 2007].
  • 21
    • 54949123194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 2003. Collision avoidance systems; final rule. Department of Transportation Part III 14 CFR Parts 121, 125, and 129. .
    • FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 2003. Collision avoidance systems; final rule. Department of Transportation Part III 14 CFR Parts 121, 125, and 129. .
  • 22
    • 33746769336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capturing emerging complex interactions: safety analysis in air traffic management
    • Felici M. Capturing emerging complex interactions: safety analysis in air traffic management. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 91 (2006) 1482-1493
    • (2006) Reliability Engineering and System Safety , vol.91 , pp. 1482-1493
    • Felici, M.1
  • 23
    • 54949086866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fieldsend, J.E., Everson, R.M., 2004. ROC optimisation of safety related systems. In: Proceedings of ROCAI 2004, Part of the 16th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 22nd August, Valencia, pp. 37-44. .
    • Fieldsend, J.E., Everson, R.M., 2004. ROC optimisation of safety related systems. In: Proceedings of ROCAI 2004, Part of the 16th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 22nd August, Valencia, pp. 37-44. .
  • 24
    • 54949137056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flight Safety Digest, 2004. Includes two articles about ACAS: bracing the last line of defense against midair collisions; ACAS provides an effective safety net when procedures are followed. .
    • Flight Safety Digest, 2004. Includes two articles about ACAS: bracing the last line of defense against midair collisions; ACAS provides an effective safety net when procedures are followed. .
  • 25
    • 54949099000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FSF (Flight Safety Foundation), 2006. Aviation safety groups issue joint resolution condemning criminalization of accident investigations. ; .
    • FSF (Flight Safety Foundation), 2006. Aviation safety groups issue joint resolution condemning criminalization of accident investigations. ; .
  • 26
    • 54949099759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geest, P.J. van der et al., 2003. Aviation safety management in Switzerland: recovering from the myth of perfection. National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Netherlands. NLR-CR-2003-316. .
    • Geest, P.J. van der et al., 2003. Aviation safety management in Switzerland: recovering from the myth of perfection. National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Netherlands. NLR-CR-2003-316. .
  • 27
    • 54949125081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gilgen, C., 2004. Mid-air collision over Ueberlingen, Germany, July 1, 2002. Skycontrol/Swiss ATCA Geneva ACC. ANACNA Presentation 2003. .
    • Gilgen, C., 2004. Mid-air collision over Ueberlingen, Germany, July 1, 2002. Skycontrol/Swiss ATCA Geneva ACC. ANACNA Presentation 2003. .
  • 28
    • 33750202714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goertz, G., Levy, J.S., 2007. Explaining War and Peace: Case Studies and Necessary Condition Counterfactuals. Routledge, UK.
    • Goertz, G., Levy, J.S., 2007. Explaining War and Peace: Case Studies and Necessary Condition Counterfactuals. Routledge, UK.
  • 29
    • 0002469974 scopus 로고
    • Inference to the best explanation
    • Harman G. Inference to the best explanation. Philosophical Review 74 1 (1965) 88-95
    • (1965) Philosophical Review , vol.74 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-95
    • Harman, G.1
  • 30
    • 54949148502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harrison, D., 1993. Results of ACAS II safety analysis. ICAO Secondary Surveillance Radar Improvements and Collision Avoidance Systems Panel (SICASP/5).
    • Harrison, D., 1993. Results of ACAS II safety analysis. ICAO Secondary Surveillance Radar Improvements and Collision Avoidance Systems Panel (SICASP/5).
  • 31
    • 54949107930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hitchcock, C.R., 2002. Probabilistic causality. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. .
    • Hitchcock, C.R., 2002. Probabilistic causality. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. .
  • 33
    • 0003495778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the orderliness of human action
    • Sarter N.B., and Amalberti R. (Eds), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Hollnagel E. Modeling the orderliness of human action. In: Sarter N.B., and Amalberti R. (Eds). Cognitive Engineering in the Aviation Domain (2000), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • (2000) Cognitive Engineering in the Aviation Domain
    • Hollnagel, E.1
  • 34
    • 54949149662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HSE (UK Health & Safety Executive), 2004. Nuclear Safety Directorate Strategic Plan 2004-2010. .
    • HSE (UK Health & Safety Executive), 2004. Nuclear Safety Directorate Strategic Plan 2004-2010. .
  • 35
    • 54949089759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) 2005. Threat and error management (TEM) in air traffic control. Preliminary Edition. .
    • ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) 2005. Threat and error management (TEM) in air traffic control. Preliminary Edition. .
  • 36
    • 54949145875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnson, C.W., 2004. Final Report: review of the BFU Überlingen Accident Report. Contract C/1.369/HQ/SS/04 to Eurocontrol. .
    • Johnson, C.W., 2004. Final Report: review of the BFU Überlingen Accident Report. Contract C/1.369/HQ/SS/04 to Eurocontrol. .
  • 37
    • 54949086865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnson, C.W., 2006a. Linate and Überlingen: understanding the role that public policy plays in the failure of air traffic management systems. In: Proceedings of the ENEA International Workshop on Complex Networks and Infrastructure Protection. .
    • Johnson, C.W., 2006a. Linate and Überlingen: understanding the role that public policy plays in the failure of air traffic management systems. In: Proceedings of the ENEA International Workshop on Complex Networks and Infrastructure Protection. .
  • 38
    • 54949144490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnson, C.W., 2006b. Understanding the interaction between safety management and the 'Can Do' attitude in air traffic management: modeling the causes of the Überlingen Mid-Air Collision. HCI-Aero 2006. In: International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aeronautics. .
    • Johnson, C.W., 2006b. Understanding the interaction between safety management and the 'Can Do' attitude in air traffic management: modeling the causes of the Überlingen Mid-Air Collision. HCI-Aero 2006. In: International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aeronautics. .
  • 39
    • 0004058894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Josephson J.R., and Josephson S.G. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, New York
    • In: Josephson J.R., and Josephson S.G. (Eds). Abductive Inference: Computation, Philosophy, Technology (1996), Cambridge University Press, New York
    • (1996) Abductive Inference: Computation, Philosophy, Technology
  • 40
    • 54949104780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kirchsteiger, C. (Ed.), 2005. Shaping Public Safety Investigations of Accidents in Europe. ESReDA Working Group on Accident Investigation. EUR 21560 EN. .
    • Kirchsteiger, C. (Ed.), 2005. Shaping Public Safety Investigations of Accidents in Europe. ESReDA Working Group on Accident Investigation. EUR 21560 EN. .
  • 41
    • 54949088010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ladkin, P.B., 2003. Comparison of incident explanation methods: TAD, WBA, STAMP, SOL and all that. Presentation to Australian safety critical systems association workshop. .
    • Ladkin, P.B., 2003. Comparison of incident explanation methods: TAD, WBA, STAMP, SOL and all that. Presentation to Australian safety critical systems association workshop. .
  • 42
    • 54949148060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal analysis of the ACAS/TCAS sociotechnical system. Safety critical systems and software 2004
    • Proceedings of the 9th Australian Workshop on Safety-Related Programmable Systems. Cant T. (Ed), Australian Computer Society
    • Ladkin P.B. Causal analysis of the ACAS/TCAS sociotechnical system. Safety critical systems and software 2004. In: Cant T. (Ed). Proceedings of the 9th Australian Workshop on Safety-Related Programmable Systems. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology vol. 38 (2005), Australian Computer Society. http://www.rvs.uni-bielefeld.de/publications/Reports/SCSS04.pdf
    • (2005) Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology , vol.38
    • Ladkin, P.B.1
  • 43
    • 54949098276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ladkin, P.B., 2005b. Überlingen, TCAS and RCMs. Presentation. AavPA Workshop, Canberra, Australia. .
    • Ladkin, P.B., 2005b. Überlingen, TCAS and RCMs. Presentation. AavPA Workshop, Canberra, Australia. .
  • 44
    • 54949088387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ladkin, P.B., 2005c. The causal analysis of sociotechnical systems I: the avionics system ACAS/TCAS. RVS-LN-14. Presentation. .
    • Ladkin, P.B., 2005c. The causal analysis of sociotechnical systems I: the avionics system ACAS/TCAS. RVS-LN-14. Presentation. .
  • 45
    • 54949091655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lauche, K., Busby, J., Bennett, S.A., 2004. Integrating operational complexity in design processes and improving design risk identification. In: Marjanovic, D. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Design 2004 8th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, pp. 349-354. .
    • Lauche, K., Busby, J., Bennett, S.A., 2004. Integrating operational complexity in design processes and improving design risk identification. In: Marjanovic, D. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Design 2004 8th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, pp. 349-354. .
  • 46
    • 54949137054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lee, R., 2004. Mid-air collision. Flight Safety Australia July-August, 22-29. .
    • Lee, R., 2004. Mid-air collision. Flight Safety Australia July-August, 22-29. .
  • 47
    • 0033892694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intent specifications: an approach to building human-centered specifications
    • Leveson N.G. Intent specifications: an approach to building human-centered specifications. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 26 1 (2000) 15-35. http://sunnyday.mit.edu/papers/intent-tse.pdf
    • (2000) IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-35
    • Leveson, N.G.1
  • 48
    • 54949144112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leveson, N.G., 2004. Model-based analysis of socio-technical risk. Working Paper Series, ESD-WP-2004-08, Engineering Systems Division, MIT. .
    • Leveson, N.G., 2004. Model-based analysis of socio-technical risk. Working Paper Series, ESD-WP-2004-08, Engineering Systems Division, MIT. .
  • 51
    • 54949152822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • * system models for dependability properties: the Uberlingen accident. In: Twelfth Working Conference on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality. .
    • * system models for dependability properties: the Uberlingen accident. In: Twelfth Working Conference on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality. .
  • 53
    • 25844517967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systemic perspective of situation awareness: an analysis of the 2002 mid-air collision over Uberlingen, Germany
    • Masys A.J. A systemic perspective of situation awareness: an analysis of the 2002 mid-air collision over Uberlingen, Germany. Disaster Prevention and Management 14 4 (2005) 548-557
    • (2005) Disaster Prevention and Management , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 548-557
    • Masys, A.J.1
  • 54
    • 13244265446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the effect of TCAS II on safety
    • McLaughlin M. Predicting the effect of TCAS II on safety. Air Traffic Control Quarterly 7 1 (1999) 1-18
    • (1999) Air Traffic Control Quarterly , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-18
    • McLaughlin, M.1
  • 55
    • 54949155278 scopus 로고
    • The U.S. air traffic control system wrestles with the influence of TCAS
    • Mellone V.J., and Frank S.M. The U.S. air traffic control system wrestles with the influence of TCAS. Flight Safety Foundation - Flight Safety Digest 12 11 (1993) 1-8. Available from: Related article in same year by authors: The behavioral impact of TCAS II on the national air traffic control system. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, R. Jensen, (Ed.) Department of Aviation. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.
    • (1993) Flight Safety Foundation - Flight Safety Digest , vol.12 , Issue.11 , pp. 1-8
    • Mellone, V.J.1    Frank, S.M.2
  • 56
    • 54949084364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Menzies, P., 2001. Counterfactual theories of causation. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. .
    • Menzies, P., 2001. Counterfactual theories of causation. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. .
  • 57
    • 54949128388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nunes, A., Laursen, T., 2004. Identifying the factors that led to the Ueberlingen mid-air collision: implications for overall system safety. In: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Chapter Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, New Orleans, LA, USA. .
    • Nunes, A., Laursen, T., 2004. Identifying the factors that led to the Ueberlingen mid-air collision: implications for overall system safety. In: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Chapter Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, New Orleans, LA, USA. .
  • 59
    • 54949084775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Powell, D., Baldwin, T., 2002. European ACAS Operational Monitoring 2000 Report. EEC Report No. 373,. Eurocontrol. .
    • Powell, D., Baldwin, T., 2002. European ACAS Operational Monitoring 2000 Report. EEC Report No. 373,. Eurocontrol. .
  • 60
    • 54949125456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRC (Eurocontrol Performance Review Commission) 2006. An Assessment of Air Traffic Management in Europe during the Calendar Year 2005. Performance Review Report. PRR 2005. .
    • PRC (Eurocontrol Performance Review Commission) 2006. An Assessment of Air Traffic Management in Europe during the Calendar Year 2005. Performance Review Report. PRR 2005. .
  • 61
    • 54949099757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reason, J., Hollnagel, E., Paries, J., 2006. Revisiting the 'Swiss Cheese' Model of Accidents. EEC Note No. 13/06. .
    • Reason, J., Hollnagel, E., Paries, J., 2006. Revisiting the 'Swiss Cheese' Model of Accidents. EEC Note No. 13/06. .
  • 62
    • 54949129535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reuss, J., 2005. Why Does ACAS/TCAS Fail? ISASI Forum 20-25, April-June 2005. .
    • Reuss, J., 2005. Why Does ACAS/TCAS Fail? ISASI Forum 20-25, April-June 2005. .
  • 63
    • 54949091283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shappell, D.A., Wiegmann, S.A., 2001. A human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS): Final Report. FAA. USA Department of Transportation. DOT/FAA/AM-01/3. .
    • Shappell, D.A., Wiegmann, S.A., 2001. A human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS): Final Report. FAA. USA Department of Transportation. DOT/FAA/AM-01/3. .
  • 64
    • 54949151630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tomita, H., 2005. ANZSASI Regional Seminar. Presentation. .
    • Tomita, H., 2005. ANZSASI Regional Seminar. Presentation. .
  • 65
    • 54949112986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transport Committee (UK House of Commons), 2006. The Work of the Civil Aviation Authority. HC 809. .
    • Transport Committee (UK House of Commons), 2006. The Work of the Civil Aviation Authority. HC 809. .
  • 66
    • 54949093724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Airprox Board, 2007. Website (including details of publications). .
    • UK Airprox Board, 2007. Website (including details of publications). .
  • 67
    • 54949145133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • van Dam, R.D., 2002. Legal and Institutional Aspects of ATM in Europe. Presentation, CNS/ATM Seminar on Institutional and Economic Considerations Tegucigalpa, 1 October 2002. .
    • van Dam, R.D., 2002. Legal and Institutional Aspects of ATM in Europe. Presentation, CNS/ATM Seminar on Institutional and Economic Considerations Tegucigalpa, 1 October 2002. .
  • 68
    • 54949119713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modes of governance of hybrid systems. The mid-air collision at Ueberlingen and the impact of smart technology
    • Weyer J. Modes of governance of hybrid systems. The mid-air collision at Ueberlingen and the impact of smart technology. Science, Technology & Innovation Studies 2 2 (2006) 127-149
    • (2006) Science, Technology & Innovation Studies , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-149
    • Weyer, J.1
  • 69
    • 0024769115 scopus 로고
    • Development and operation of the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS)
    • Williamson T., and Spencer N.A. Development and operation of the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS). Proceedings of the IEEE 77 11 (1989) 1735-1744
    • (1989) Proceedings of the IEEE , vol.77 , Issue.11 , pp. 1735-1744
    • Williamson, T.1    Spencer, N.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.