메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 859-879

Sowing patriotism, but reaping nationalism? Consequences of exposure to the American flag

Author keywords

American flag; Authoritarianism; Cultural reproduction; Nationalism; Patriotism; Priming; Social dominance

Indexed keywords


EID: 54949087572     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00670.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (105)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 54949088206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABC News/The Washington Post (. ICPSR version. Horsham, PA: Taylor Nelson Sofres Intersearch [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium of Political and Social Research [distributor].
    • th Poll, September 2002 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Horsham, PA: Taylor Nelson Sofres Intersearch [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium of Political and Social Research [distributor].
    • (2002) th Poll, September 2002 [computer File]
  • 4
    • 77956716914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The other "authoritarian personality."
    • In. M. Zanna (. Ed. vol. 30, pp.). San Diego: Academic Press.
    • Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other "authoritarian personality." In M. Zanna (Ed. Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 30, pp. 47 92). San Diego : Academic Press.
    • (1998) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , pp. 47-92
    • Altemeyer, B.1
  • 5
    • 54949103911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • America's Health Care System (. n.d.). Retrieved July 30, 2003, from
    • America's Health Care System (n.d.). Retrieved July 30, 2003, from http://www.klbenefits.com/information.html.
  • 7
    • 0003776752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hometown ideology and retailer legitimization: The institutional semiotics of Wal-Mart flyers
    • Arnold, S. J., Kozinets, R. V. Handelman, J. M. (2001). Hometown ideology and retailer legitimization: The institutional semiotics of Wal-Mart flyers. Journal of Retailing, 77, 243 271.
    • (2001) Journal of Retailing , vol.77 , pp. 243-271
    • Arnold, S.J.1    Kozinets, R.V.2    Handelman, J.M.3
  • 8
    • 85050831265 scopus 로고
    • Patriotism as fundamental beliefs of group members
    • Bar-Tal, D. (1993). Patriotism as fundamental beliefs of group members. Politics and the Individual, 3, 45 62.
    • (1993) Politics and the Individual , vol.3 , pp. 45-62
    • Bar-Tal, D.1
  • 9
    • 0031181901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: Comment on Cross and Madson (1997)
    • Baumeister, R. Sommer, K. (1997). What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: Comment on Cross and Madson (1997). Psychological Bulletin, 122, 38 44.
    • (1997) Psychological Bulletin , vol.122 , pp. 38-44
    • Baumeister, R.1    Sommer, K.2
  • 11
    • 0038170350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data
    • Blank, T. Schmidt, P. (2003). National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data. Political Psychology, 24, 289 312.
    • (2003) Political Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 289-312
    • Blank, T.1    Schmidt, P.2
  • 13
    • 0142019084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate?
    • Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429 444.
    • (1999) Journal of Social Issues , vol.55 , pp. 429-444
    • Brewer, M.B.1
  • 15
    • 33847201876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liberty and justice for all? Implications of exposure to the U.S. flag for intergroup relations
    • Butz, D. A., Plant, E. A. Doerr, C. E. (2007). Liberty and justice for all? Implications of exposure to the U.S. flag for intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 396 408.
    • (2007) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.33 , pp. 396-408
    • Butz, D.A.1    Plant, E.A.2    Doerr, C.E.3
  • 16
    • 54949125898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (. Retrieved July 30, 2003, from
    • Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (June 17, 2003). What the world thinks of America. Retrieved July 30, 2003, from http://www.cbc.ca/news/america/index. html.
    • (2003)
  • 17
    • 54949121694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connecticut General Assembly House of Representatives, Special Session June 30, Retrieved on February 18, 2004, from
    • Connecticut General Assembly House of Representatives, Special Session June 30, 2002. Retrieved on February 18, 2004, from http://www.cga.state.ct.us/ 2002/trn/H/2002HTR00630-R00-TRN.htm.
    • (2002)
  • 18
    • 84949371356 scopus 로고
    • A nation is a nation, is a state, is an ethnic group, is a.
    • Connor, W. (1978). A nation is a nation, is a state, is an ethnic group, is a. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1, 377 400.
    • (1978) Ethnic and Racial Studies , vol.1 , pp. 377-400
    • Connor, W.1
  • 20
    • 54949136440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors Elkins, Z. (2003). Are patriots bigots? An inquiry into the vices of in-group pride. American Journal of Political Science
    • Davis, J. A., Smith, T. W. Marsden, P. V. (2003). General Social Surveys, 1972-2002 [cumulative file] [computer file]. ICPSR version. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center [producer]. Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors Elkins, Z. (2003). Are patriots bigots? An inquiry into the vices of in-group pride. American Journal of Political Science, 47, 171 188.
    • (2003) General Social Surveys, 1972-2002 [cumulative file] [computer file]. ICPSR version , vol.47 , pp. 171-188
    • Davis, J.A.1    Smith, T.W.2    Marsden, P.V.3
  • 22
    • 18144398940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationships between the need for closure and support for military action against Iraq: Moderating effects of national attachment
    • Federico, C. M., Golec, A. Dial, J. L. (2005). The relationships between the need for closure and support for military action against Iraq: Moderating effects of national attachment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 621 632.
    • (2005) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.31 , pp. 621-632
    • Federico, C.M.1    Golec, A.2    Dial, J.L.3
  • 24
    • 36049049403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the automatic association between America and aggression for news watchers
    • Ferguson, M. J. Hassin, R. R. (2007). On the automatic association between America and aggression for news watchers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1632 1647.
    • (2007) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.33 , pp. 1632-1647
    • Ferguson, M.J.1    Hassin, R.R.2
  • 25
    • 0008476746 scopus 로고
    • Individual aggression, national attachment, and the search for peace: Psychological perspectives
    • Feshbach, S. (1987). Individual aggression, national attachment, and the search for peace: Psychological perspectives. Aggressive Behavior, 13, 315 325.
    • (1987) Aggressive Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 315-325
    • Feshbach, S.1
  • 26
    • 0002756995 scopus 로고
    • Nationalism, patriotism, and aggression: A clarification of functional differences
    • In. R. L. Huesmann (. Ed. pp.). New York: Plenum.
    • Feshbach, S. (1994). Nationalism, patriotism, and aggression: A clarification of functional differences. In R. L. Huesmann (Ed. Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 275 291). New York : Plenum.
    • (1994) Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives , pp. 275-291
    • Feshbach, S.1
  • 28
    • 0033238165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are there "his" and "hers" type of interdependence? the implications of gender differences in collective versus relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition
    • Gabriel, S. Gardner, W. L. (1999). Are there "his" and "hers" type of interdependence? The implications of gender differences in collective versus relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 642 655.
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 642-655
    • Gabriel, S.1    Gardner, W.L.2
  • 29
    • 58149208119 scopus 로고
    • The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
    • Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26 42.
    • (1992) Psychological Assessment , vol.4 , pp. 26-42
    • Goldberg, L.R.1
  • 31
    • 21344497448 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals
    • Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P. Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105 1118.
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 1105-1118
    • Haddock, G.1    Zanna, M.P.2    Esses, V.M.3
  • 32
    • 12744272407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United" we stand: Responses to the September 11 attacks in Black and White
    • Harlow, R. Dundes, L. (2004 United" we stand: Responses to the September 11 attacks in Black and White. Sociological Perspectives, 47, 439 464.
    • (2004) Sociological Perspectives , vol.47 , pp. 439-464
    • Harlow, R.1    Dundes, L.2
  • 35
    • 79952805770 scopus 로고
    • The self-perpetuating national self-image: Cognitive biases in perceptions of international interventions
    • Hirshberg, M. S. (1993). The self-perpetuating national self-image: Cognitive biases in perceptions of international interventions. Political Psychology, 14, 77 98.
    • (1993) Political Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 77-98
    • Hirshberg, M.S.1
  • 36
    • 54949155093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holiday Message from President & Laura Bush (. Retrieved February 18, 2004, from
    • Holiday Message from President & Laura Bush (2001). Retrieved February 18, 2004, from http://www.dod.gov/specials/holiday2001/pres_1stlady. html.
    • (2001)
  • 37
    • 0034218477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition
    • Hong, Y.-Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C.-Y. Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709 720.
    • (2000) American Psychologist , vol.55 , pp. 709-720
    • Hong, Y.-Y.1    Morris, M.W.2    Chiu, C.-Y.3    Benet-Martinez, V.4
  • 39
    • 0034381339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans
    • Jost, J. T. Thompson, E. P. (2000). Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 209 232.
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 209-232
    • Jost, J.T.1    Thompson, E.P.2
  • 43
    • 84866162843 scopus 로고
    • Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes
    • Kosterman, R. Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10, 257 274.
    • (1989) Political Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 257-274
    • Kosterman, R.1    Feshbach, S.2
  • 44
    • 6344243740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What does it mean to be an American? Patriotism, nationalism and American identity after 9/11
    • Li, Q. Brewer, M. B. (2004). What does it mean to be an American? Patriotism, nationalism and American identity after 9/11. Political Psychology, 25, 727 739.
    • (2004) Political Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 727-739
    • Li, Q.1    Brewer, M.B.2
  • 46
    • 54949091102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintaining a Quality Health Care System. Retrieved July 30, from
    • Maintaining a Quality Health Care System. Website of U.S. Congressman Tom Tancredo (D-Col.). Retrieved July 30, 2003, from http://www.house.gov/tancredo/ issues/health_care.htm.
    • (2003) Website of U.S. Congressman Tom Tancredo (D-Col.)
  • 49
    • 0035381152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out-group rejection
    • Mummendey, A., Klink, A. Brown, R. (2001). Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out-group rejection. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 159 172.
    • (2001) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 159-172
    • Mummendey, A.1    Klink, A.2    Brown, R.3
  • 52
    • 54949087061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes on nationalism
    • The collected essays, journalism & letters. New York : Nonpareil Books Original work published 1945 Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3 72.
    • Orwell, G. (2000). Notes on nationalism. In S. Orwell I. Angus (Eds. George Orwell: As I please, 1943-1945: The collected essays, journalism & letters. New York : Nonpareil Books Original work published 1945 Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3 72.
    • (2000) George Orwell: As I Please, 1943-1945: The Collected Essays, Journalism & Letters. , vol.128 , pp. 3-72
    • Orwell, G.1    Kemmelmeier, M.2
  • 53
    • 0040076218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. patriotism and ideologies of group dominance: A tale of asymmetry
    • Peña, Y. Sidanius, J. (2002). U.S. patriotism and ideologies of group dominance: A tale of asymmetry. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 782 790.
    • (2002) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.142 , pp. 782-790
    • Peña, Y.1    Sidanius, J.2
  • 55
    • 54949127474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prepared Remarks of Attorney General Alberto R. September 13, Retrieved February 3, 2006, from
    • Prepared Remarks of Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales at The National Hispanic Foundation For The Arts "Noche de Gala," September 13, 2005. Retrieved February 3, 2006, from http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/speeches/2005/ ag_speech_0509132.html.
    • (2005) Gonzales at the National Hispanic Foundation for the Arts "noche de Gala,"
  • 56
  • 58
    • 54949108931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • October 17, Retrieved July 30, 2003, from
    • Remarks by the President at 2002 Unity Luncheon, October 17, 2002. Retrieved July 30, 2003, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/ 20021017-2.html.
    • (2002) Remarks by the President at 2002 Unity Luncheon
  • 60
    • 85067166398 scopus 로고
    • What is a nation?
    • In. H. K. Bhabha (. Ed. pp.). London: Routledge.
    • Renan, E. (1990). What is a nation? In H. K. Bhabha (Ed. Nation and narration (pp. 8 22). London : Routledge.
    • (1990) Nation and Narration , pp. 8-22
    • Renan, E.1
  • 61
    • 0022196460 scopus 로고
    • National pride in cross-national perspective
    • Rose, R. (1985). National pride in cross-national perspective. International Social Science Journal, 37, 93 95.
    • (1985) International Social Science Journal , vol.37 , pp. 93-95
    • Rose, R.1
  • 64
    • 0347833987 scopus 로고
    • Group dominance and the political psychology of gender: A cross-cultural comparison
    • Sidanius, J., Pratto, F. Brief, D. (1995). Group dominance and the political psychology of gender: A cross-cultural comparison. Political Psychology, 16, 381 396.
    • (1995) Political Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 381-396
    • Sidanius, J.1    Pratto, F.2    Brief, D.3
  • 65
    • 32244440955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patriotism or nationalism? Understanding post-September 11, 2001, flag-display behavior
    • Skitka, L. J. (2005). Patriotism or nationalism? Understanding post-September 11, 2001, flag-display behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1995 2011.
    • (2005) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 1995-2011
    • Skitka, L.J.1
  • 66
    • 0024635494 scopus 로고
    • Intergroup aggression: Its predictors and distinctness from in-group bias
    • Struch, N. Schwartz, S. H. (1989). Intergroup aggression: Its predictors and distinctness from in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 364 373.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 364-373
    • Struch, N.1    Schwartz, S.H.2
  • 67
    • 0001868677 scopus 로고
    • The social identity theory of intergroup behavior
    • In. W. G. Austin. S. Worchel (. Eds. pp.). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
    • Tajfel, H. Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In W. G. Austin S. Worchel (Eds. The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33 48). Chicago : Nelson-Hall.
    • (1986) The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations , pp. 33-48
    • Tajfel, H.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 70
    • 33749442677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flag desecration in American culture: Offenses against civic religion and a consecrated symbol of nationalism
    • Welch, M. Bryan, J. L. (1996). Flag desecration in American culture: Offenses against civic religion and a consecrated symbol of nationalism. Crime, Law and Social Change, 26, 77 93.
    • (1996) Crime, Law and Social Change , vol.26 , pp. 77-93
    • Welch, M.1    Bryan, J.L.2
  • 71
    • 54949125268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September 21, Retrieved July 30, 2003, from
    • White House Daily Briefing, September 21, 2001. Retrieved July 30, 2003, from http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/01092114.htm.
    • (2001) White House Daily Briefing
  • 72
    • 0033418818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice
    • Whitley, B. E., Jr. 1999). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 126 134.
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 126-134
    • Whitley Jr., B.E.1
  • 73
    • 0004282830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Harper. It should be noted that the distinction between nationalism and patriotism has been criticized by b10Billig (1995), who argued that patriotism without inherent nationalist tendencies is not imaginable.
    • Zinn, H. (2005). A people's history of the United States. New York : Harper.
    • (2005) A People's History of the United States.
    • Zinn, H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.