Flag desecration in American culture: Offenses against civil religion and a consecrated symbol of nationalism

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 77-93

  Welch, Michael ^a   Bryan, Jennifer L ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749442677     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf02226105     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Daedalus, 1988 (117: 3), 97-118;
2. R.N. Bellah, "Religion and Legitimation in the American Republic," Society, 1978 (15: 4), 16-23;
3. R.N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant (New York: Seabury, 1975);
4. R.N. Bellah, Beyond Belief (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).
5. Robert Justin Goldstein, Saving "Old Glory". The History of the American Flag Desecration Controversy (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1995).
6. Jeff Rosen, "Was the Flag Burning Amendment Unconstitutional?" The Yale Law Review, 1991 (100: 4), 1073-1092.
7. Nat Hentoff, "The Ultimate Desecration of the Flag." The Village Voice, 1995 (July 18), 20-21.
8. R. Goldstein (1995), The Village Voice, op. cit.;
9. Michael Welch, "The Flag-Burning Controversy: Protection of a Venerated Object as Social Control," American Journal of Criminal Justice, 1992 (XVII: 1), 1-17;
10. Merle Curti, The Roots of the American Loyalty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968);
11. Milo Quaife, The Flag of the United States (New York: Grosset & Dunlop, 1942).
12. Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Otrange Mastai, The Stars and Stripes: The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present (New York University Press, 1973;
13. Willis Johnson, The National Flag: A History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930);
14. Geo. Henry Preble, Origin and History of the American Flag (Philadelphia: Nicholas L. Brown, 1917).
15. B. Mastai and M. Mastai (1973), Origin and History of the American Flag op. cit.
16. R. Goldstein (1995), Origin and History of the American Flag op. cit., p. 2.
17. Ruhstrat v. People, 185 ILL. 133 (1900).
18. Halter v. Nebraska, 205 U.S. 34 (1907).
19. Julian Jaffe, Crusade Against Radicalism: New York During the Red Scare (Port Washington, N.Y: Kennikat, 1972);
20. Paul L. Murphy, The Constitution in Crisis Times: 1918-1969. New Tork: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1972).
21. Anthony Lewis, Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment (New York: Vintage Books, 1991);
22. H.C. Peterson and Gilbert Fite, Opponents of War, 1917-1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1957);
23. Zechariah Chafee, "Freedom of Speech in War Time," Harvard Law Review, 1919 (32), 932-978.
24. R. Goldstein (1995), Harvard Law Review, op. cit., p. 75.
25. R. Goldstein (1995), Harvard Law Review, op. cit.;
26. J. Jaffe (1972), Harvard Law Review, op. cit.;
27. P. Murphy (1972), Harvard Law Review, op. cit.
28. R. Goldstein (1995), Harvard Law Review, op. cit.;
29. P. Murphy (1972), Harvard Law Review, op. cit.
30. People v. Street 229 N.E. 2d 187 (1967); Crosson v. Silver, 319, F. Supp. 1084 (1970); Sutherland v. Dewulf, 323 F. Supp. 740 (1971); Deeds v. State, 474 S.W. 2d 718 (1971); State v. Farrell, 223 N.W. 2d, 270 (1974); Alford v. Sacramento Judicial District, 102 Cal. Reptr. 667 (1972).
31. Hoffman v. United States, 445 F. 2d 226 (1971).
32. State v. Waterman, 190 N.W. 2d 809 (1971); State v. Saionz, 261 N.E. 2d 135 (Ohio 1969).
33. People v. Cowgill, 78 Cal. Reptr. 853 (1969); Franz v. Commonwealth, 86 S.E. 2d 71 (1972).
34. Royal v. Superior Court of New Hampshire, 531 F. 1084 (1976); Parker v. Morgan, 322 F. Supp. 585 (1971).
35. Delorme v. State, 488 S.W. 2d 808 (1973); State v. Kasnett, 297 N.E. 2d 537 (Ohio 1973); State v. Mitchell, 288 N.E. 2d 216 (Ohio 1972).
36. State v. Mitchell, (1972), op. cit.
37. Goguen v. Smith, 471 F. 2d 88 (1972); Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566 (1974); State v. Claxton, 501 P. 2d 192 (1972); People v. Vaughan, 514, P. 2d 1318 (1973).
38. State v. Kool, 212 N.W. 2d 518 (1973); State v. Liska, 291 N.E. 2d 498 (1971); State v. Nicola, 182 N.W. 2d 870 (1971); Herrick v. Commonwealth, 188 S.E. 6d 209 (1972); Long Island Vietnam Moratorium Committee v. Cahn, 437 F. 2d 344 (1970); State v. Zimmelman, 301 A. 2d 129 (1973); Miami v. Wolfenberger, 265 S.E. 2d 732 (1972); Renn v. State, 495 S.W. 2d 922 (1973).
39. State v. Kent, No. 36, 423, Hawaii Circuit Court, December 9, (1966).
40. Korn v. Elkins, 317 F. Supp. 136 (1970).
41. People v. Keough, 290 N.E. 2d 819 (1972).
42. Johnson v. State, 755 S.W. 2d 92 (1988), p. 97.
43. Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).
44. Ibid., p. 410.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p. 420.
47. Ibid., p. 435.
48. Ibid., p. 414.
49. The New York Times, "Supreme Court Roundup: Arguments on Flag Burning Heard," 1990 (May 15): A-1.
50. In Scott's interactive art piece, he laid the flag on the floor of the gallery, thereby permitting visitors to walk across the flag and write a personal message in a ledgerbook.
51. United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990).
52. Ibid.
53. Ruhstrat (1900) op. cit.; Halter (1907), op. cit.; Dimmitt v. City of Clearwater, 782 F. Supp. 586; (1991) U.S. Dist.; Sims v. City of Broadview Heights, No. 93-3410, (1994) U.S. App.; In re Old Glory Condom Corp., Serial No. 74/004, 391, (1993).
54. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Dawn M. Bricker, 666 A. 2d 257; (1995), Pa.; Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Mark D. Cox, No. 312, (1991), Mag. Dist. No. 37-3-02; United States v. Wilson, 33 M.J. 797, (1991); Carpenter v. State, 597 So. 2d 757; (1992) Ala. Crim. App.; State v. Jimenez, 828 S.W. 2d 455 (1992), Tex. App.
55. Cox (1991), op. cit.
56. Troster v. Pennsylvania State Department of Corrections, 65 F. 3d 1086; (1995) U.S. App.
57. Bricker (1995), op. cit.
58. Jack Katz, Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
59. R. Bellah (1988, 1978, 1975, 1970), Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil op. cit.
60. Rhys. H. Williams and N.J. Demerath, III, "Religion and Political Process in an American City," American Sociological Review, 1991 (56: 4) 417-431, p. 417.
61. Dick Anthony and Thomas Robbins, "Spiritual Innovation and the Crisis of American Civil Religion,"Daedalus, 1982 (111: 1), 215-234, p. 215.
62. Ronald C. Wimberley, "Civil Religion and the Choice of President: Nixon in '72," Social Forces, 1980 (59, 1), 44-61, p. 44.
63. N.J. Demerath, III and Rhys H. Williams, "Civil Religion in an Uncivil Society," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1985 (480), 154-166, p. 154.
64. James A. Mathisen, "Twenty Years After Bellah: Whatever Happend to American Civil Religion?" Sociological Analysis, 1989 (50: 2), 129-146;
65. Phillip E. Hammond, "The Sociology of American Civil Religion: A Bibliographic Essay," Sociological Analysis, 1976 (37: 2), 169-182.
66. N.J. Demerath and R.H. Williams (1985), Sociological Analysis, op. cit.
67. E. Benjamin Andrews, "Patriotism and the Public Schools," Arena, 1890 (3), 71;
68. Chauncey Colgrove, "Patriotism in our Public Schools," American Magazine of Civics, 1896-97 (9), 124-126;
69. Woodrow Wilson, "Spurious Versus Real Patriotism in Education," The School Review, 1899, 603-604.
70. Morris Sica, "The School Flag Movement: Origin and Influence," Social Education, 1990 (54), 380-384.
71. A. Lewis (1991), Social Education, op. cit.;
72. P. Murphy (1972), Social Education, op. cit.;
73. David Manwaring, Render Unto Caesar: The Flag Salute Controversy, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962);
74. Royal C. Gilkey, "Mr. Justice Frankfurter and Civil Liberties as Manifested in, and Suggested by, the Compulsory Flag-Salute Controversy," (unpublished Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1957);
75. Hollis W. Barber, "Religious Liberty v. the Police Power: Jehovah's Witnesses," American Political Science Review, 1947, (XLI), 226-247.
76. D. Manwaring (1962), American Political Science Review, op. cit.
77. J. Jaffe (1972), American Political Science Review, op. cit.;
78. P. Murphy (1972), American Political Science Review, op. cit.
79. Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940).
80. Ibid.
81. D. Manwaring (1962), American Political Science Review op. cit.
82. West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
83. Ibid., p. 415.
84. The New York Post, "NBA Bans Abdul-Rauf for Anthem Snub," 1996 (March 13), 56.
85. The New York Post, "NBA Bans Abdul-Rauf for Anthem Snub," 1996 (March 13), 56. Ibid.
86. Troster (1995), op. cit., p. 1088.
87. 28 United States Code, 1983 action.
88. Troster (1995), op. cit., 1097.
89. Ibid., p. 1093.
90. M.S. Waldman, "House Passes Flag-Burning Bill: Move Aimed at Heading off Constitutional Amendment," New York Newsday, 1989 (September 13), 15.
91. Ira Glasser, "Bush Lowers the Flag," The New York Times, 1989 (June 28), A-23.
92. Bellah (1988, 1978, 1975, 1970), The New York Times, op. cit.
93. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, (New York: The Free Press, 1912 [1954]).
94. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, 1912 [1954]. Ibid.;
95. Harry Alpert, Emile Durkheim and His Sociology, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939).
96. Ex Parte Starr, 263 F. (1920).
97. Ex Parte Starr, Ibid., p. 145, 146-147.
98. H.C. Peterson and G., Fite (1957), Ex Parte Starr, op. cit.;
99. T.H. Watkins, The Great Depression, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993).
100. J. Jaffe (1972), The Great Depression, op. cit.;
101. P. Murphy (1972), The Great Depression, op. cit.;
102. H.C. Peterson and G. Fite (1957), The Great Depression, op. cit.
103. See M. Sica (1990), The Great Depression, op. cit.
104. M. Kazin, "The New Historians Recapture the Flag," The New York Times Book Review, 1989 (June 2), 1, 19, 21, p. 19.
105. M. Kazin, "The New Historians Recapture the Flag," The New York Times Book Review, 1989 (June 2), 1. Ibid.
106. John Markoff and Daniel Regan, "The Rise and Fall of Civil Religion: Comparative Perspectives," Sociological Analysis, 1981 (42: 4), 333-352.
107. N.J. Demerath and R. Williams (1985), Sociological Analysis, op. cit., p. 154.
108. Adam Gamoran, "Civil Religion in American Schools," Sociological Analysis, 1990 (51: 3), 235-256, p. 235.