Use of cardiac biomarkers in end-stage renal disease

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 19, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1643-1652

  Wang, Angela Yee Moon ^a   Lai, Kar Neng ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY HOSPITAL   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; TROPONIN T; PEPTIDE FRAGMENT; PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (1 76); PRO-BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (1-76);

CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART FAILURE; HEART HYPERTROPHY; KIDNEY FAILURE; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SHORT SURVEY; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; HUMAN; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; TROPONIN T;

EID: 54749141217     PISSN: 10466673     EISSN: 15333450     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008010012     Document Type: Short Survey

References (93)

1. US Renal Data System: USRDS 1999 Annual Data Report, Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, 1999, pp 1-37
2. Vasan RS: Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: Molecular basis and practical considerations. Circulation 113: 2335-2362, 2006
3. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69: 89-95, 2001
4. Baughman KL: B-type natriuretic peptide: A window to the heart. N Engl J Med 347: 158-159, 2002
5. de Lemos JA, McGuire DK, Drazner MH: B-type natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular disease. Lancet 362: 316-322, 2003
6. Kangawa K, Matsuo H: Purification and complete amino acid sequence of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 118: 131-139, 1984
7. de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H: A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci 28: 89-94, 1981
8. Sudoh T, Kangawa K, Minamino N, Matsuo H: A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain. Nature 332: 78-81, 1988
9. Sudoh T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H: C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): A new member of natriuretic peptide family identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168: 863-870, 1990
10. Kinnunen P, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H: Mechanisms of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide release from rat ventricular myocardium: Effect of stretching. Endocrinology 132: 1961-1970, 1993
11. Weber M, Hamm C: Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine. Heart 92: 843-849, 2006
12. Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Sumida H, Kikuta K, Kugiyama K, Jougasaki M, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Mukoyama M, Nakao K: Localization and mechanism of secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A-type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Circulation 90: 195-203, 1994
13. Hosoda K, Nakao K, Mukoyama M, Saito Y, Jougasaki M, Shirakami G, Suga SI, Ogawa Y, Yasue H, Imura H: Expression of brain natriuretic peptide gene in human heart: Production in the ventricle. Hypertension 17: 1152-1155, 1991
14. Dao Q, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, Harrison A, Amirnovin R, Lenert L, Clopton P, Alberto J, Hlavin P, Maisel AS: Utility of Btype natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in an urgent-care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol 37: 379-385, 2001
15. Cowie MR, Struthers AD, Wood DA, Coats AJ, Thompson SG, Poole-Wilson PA, Sutton GC: Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet 350: 1349-1353, 1997
16. Davis M, Espiner EA, Yandle T, Richards G, Town I, Neill A, Drennan C, Richards A, Turner J, Billings J: Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in assessment of acute dyspnoea. Lancet 343: 440-444, 1994
17. Masson S, Vago T, Baldi G, Salio M, De AN, Nicolis E, Maggioni AP, Latini R, Norbiato G, Bevilacqua M: Comparative measurement of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Clin Chem Lab Med 40: 761-763, 2002
18. Hobbs FD, Davis RC, Roalfe AK, Hare R, Davies MK, Kenkre JE: Reliability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide assay in diagnosis of heart failure: Cohort study in representative and high risk community populations. BMJ 324: 1498, 2002
19. Januzzi JL Jr, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, Baggish AL, Chen AA, Krauser DG, Tung R, Cameron R, Nagurney JT, Chae CU, Lloyd-Jones DM, Brown DF, Foran-Melanson S, Sluss PM, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Lewandrowski KB: The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol 95: 948-954, 2005
20. Yamamoto K, Burnett J, Jougasaki M, Nishimura RA, Bailey KR, Saito Y, Nakao K, Redfield MM: Superiority of brain natriuretic peptide as a hormonal marker of ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction and ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 28: 988-994, 1996
21. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, Omland T, Storrow AB, Abraham WT, Wu AH, Clopton P, Steg PG, Westheim A, Knudsen CW, Perez A, Kazanegra R, Herrmann HC, McCullough PA: Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 347: 161-167, 2002
22. Hunt PJ, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Doughty RN, Espiner EA: Immunoreactive amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-PROBNP): A new marker of cardiac impairment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 47: 287-296, 1997
23. McCullough PA, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Herrmann HC, Steg PG, Duc P, Westheim A, Omland T, Knudsen CW, Storrow AB, Abraham WT, Lamba S, Wu AH, Perez A, Clopton P, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, Maisel AS: B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: Analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study. Circulation 106: 416-422, 2002
24. McDonagh TA, Robb SD, Murdoch DR, Morton JJ, Ford I, Morrison CE, Tunstall-Pedoe H, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ: Biochemical detection of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction. Lancet 351: 9-13, 1998
25. Anwaruddin S, Lloyd-Jones DM, Baggish A, Chen A, Krauser D, Tung R, Chae C, Januzzi JL Jr: Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement: Results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 47: 91-97, 2006
26. Mueller C, Laule-Kilian K, Scholer A, Nusbaumer C, Zeller T, Staub D, Perruchoud AP: B-type natriuretic peptide for acute dyspnea in patients with kidney disease: Insights from a randomized comparison. Kidney Int 67: 278-284, 2005
27. deFilippi CR, Fink JC, Nass CM, Chen H, Christenson R: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for predicting coronary disease and left ventricular hypertrophy in asymptomatic CKD not requiring dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 46: 35-44, 2005
28. Khan IA, Fink J, Nass C, Chen H, Christenson R, deFilippi CR: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide for identifying coronary artery disease and left ventricular hypertrophy in ambulatory chronic kidney disease patients. Am J Cardiol 97: 1530-1534, 2006
29. Takami Y, Horio T, Iwashima Y, Takiuchi S, Kamide K, Yoshihara F, Nakamura S, Nakahama H, Inenaga T, Kangawa K, Kawano Y: Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma brain natriuretic peptide in non-dialysis-dependent CRF. Am J Kidney Dis 44: 420-428, 2004
30. Vickery S, Price CP, John RI, Abbas NA, Webb MC, Kempson ME, Lamb EJ: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino-terminal proBNP in patients with CKD: Relationship to renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Kidney Dis 46: 610-620, 2005
31. Apple FS, Murakami MM, Pearce LA, Herzog CA: Multi-biomarker risk stratification of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiac troponin T and I in end-stage renal disease for all-cause death. Clin Chem 50: 2279-2285, 2004
32. Madsen LH, Ladefoged S, Corell P, Schou M, Hildebrandt PR, Atar D: N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease in hemodialysis. Kidney Int 71: 548-554, 2007
33. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Tripepi G, Benedetto FA, Parlongo S, Cataliotti A, Cutrupi S, Giacone G, Bellanuova I, Stancanelli B, Malatino LS: Diagnostic potential of cardiac natriuretic peptides in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 59: 1559-1566, 2001
34. Satyan S, Light RP, Agarwal R: Relationships of N-terminal pro-B-natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin T to left ventricular mass and function and mortality in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 50: 1009-1019, 2007
35. Wang AY, Lam CW, Yu CM, Wang M, Chan IH, Zhang Y, Lui SF, Sanderson JE: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: an independent risk predictor of cardiovascular congestion, mortality, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 321-330, 2007
36. Sommerer C, Giannitsis E, Schwenger V, Zeier M: Cardiac biomarkers in haemodialysis patients: The prognostic value of amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin T. Nephron Clin Pract 107: c77-c81, 2007
37. Cataliotti A, Malatino LS, Jougasaki M, Zoccali C, Castellino P, Giacone G, Bellanuova I, Tripepi R, Seminara G, Parlongo S, Stancanelli B, Bonanno G, Fatuzzo P, Rapisarda F, Belluardo P, Signorelli SS, Heublein DM, Lainchbury JG, Leskinen HK, Bailey KR, Redfield MM, Burnett JC Jr: Circulating natriuretic peptide concentrations in patients with end-stage renal disease: Role of brain natriuretic peptide as a biomarker for ventricular remodeling. Mayo Clin Proc 76:1111-1119, 2001
38. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Benedetto FA, Tripepi G, Parlongo S, Cataliotti A, Cutrupi S, Giacone G, Bellanuova I, Cottini E, Malatino LS: Cardiac natriuretic peptides are related to left ventricular mass and function and predict mortality in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 1508-1515, 2001
39. Naganuma T, Sugimura K, Wada S, Yasumoto R, Sugimura T, Masuda C, Uchida J, Nakatani T: The prognostic role of brain natriuretic peptides in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 22: 437-444, 2002
40. Lee JA, Kim DH, Yoo SJ, Oh DJ, Yu SH, Kang ET: Association between serum n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentration and left ventricular dysfunction and extracellular water in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 26: 360-365, 2006
41. Nishikimi T, Futoo Y, Tamano K, Takahashi M, Suzuki T, Minami J, Honda T, Uetake S, Asakawa H, Kobayashi N, Horinaka S, Ishimitsu T, Matsuoka H: Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in chronic hemodialysis patients: Influence of coronary artery disease. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 1201-1208, 2001
42. Mark PB, Stewart GA, Gansevoort RT, Petrie CJ, McDonagh TA, Dargie HJ, Rodger RS, Jardine AG: Diagnostic potential of circulating natriuretic peptides in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 402-410, 2006
43. Luchner A, Hengstenberg C, Lowel H, Riegger GA, Schunkert H, Holmer S: Effect of compensated renal dysfunction on approved heart failure markers: Direct comparison of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP. Hypertension 46: 118-123, 2005
44. Fagugli RM, Palumbo B, Ricciardi D, Pasini P, Santirosi P, Vecchi L, Pasticci F, Palumbo R: Association between brain natriuretic peptide and extracellular water in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract 95: c60-c66, 2003
45. Lee SW, Song JH, Kim GA, Lim HJ, Kim MJ: Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration on assessment of hydration status in hemodialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis 41: 1257-1266, 2003
46. David S, Kumpers P, Seidler V, Biertz F, Haller H, Fliser D: Diagnostic value of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NTProBNP) for left ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant December 18, 2007 [epub ahead of print]
47. Racek J, Kralova H, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Eiselt J: Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal proBNP in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract 103: c162-c172, 2006
48. Wahl HG, Graf S, Renz H, Fassbinder W: Elimination of the cardiac natriuretic peptides B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP by hemodialysis. Clin Chem 50: 1071-1074, 2004
49. Iwashima Y, Horio T, Takami Y, Inenaga T, Nishikimi T, Takishita S, Kawano Y: Effects of the creation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis on cardiac function and natriuretic peptide levels in CRF. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 974-982, 2002
50. Goto T, Takase H, Toriyama T, Sugiura T, Kurita Y, Tsuru N, Masuda H, Hayashi K, Ueda R, Dohi Y: Increased circulating levels of natriuretic peptides predict future cardiac event in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Nephron 92: 610-615, 2002
51. Sommerer C, Beimler J, Schwenger V, Heckele N, Katus HA, Giannitsis E, Zeier M: Cardiac biomarkers and survival in haemodialysis patients. Eur J Clin Invest 37: 350-356, 2007
52. Sharma R, Gaze DC, Pellerin D, Mehta RL, Gregson H, Streather CP, Collinson PO, Brecker SJ: Raised plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations predict mortality and cardiac disease in endstage renal disease. Heart 92: 1518-1519, 2006
53. Rutten JH, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, Dekker FW, Krediet RT, Boomsma F, van den Meiracker AH: B-type natriuretic peptide and amino-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide predict survival in peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 26: 598-602, 2006
54. Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Yandle TG, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Richards AM: Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (NBNP) concentrations. Lancet 355: 1126-1130, 2000
55. Jourdain P, Jondeau G, Funck F, Gueffet P, Le HA, Donal E, Aupetit JF, Aumont MC, Galinier M, Eicher JC, Cohen-Solal A, Juilliere Y: Plasma brain natriuretic peptideguided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: The STARS-BNP Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 1733-1739, 2007
56. Hara Y, Hamada M, Shigematsu Y, Murakami B, Hiwada K: Beneficial effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on left ventricular function in haemodialysis patients. Clin Sci (Lond) 101: 219-225, 2001
57. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP: Myocardial infarction redefined: A consensus document of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 959-969, 2000
58. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, Jones RH, Kereiakes D, Kupersmith J, Levin TN, Pepine CJ, Schaeffer JW, Smith EE III, Steward DE, Theroux P, Alpert JS, Eagle KA, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gardner TJ, Gregoratos G, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 970-1062, 2000
59. Abbas NA, John RI, Webb MC, Kempson ME, Potter AN, Price CP, Vickery S, Lamb EJ: Cardiac troponins and renal function in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Chem 51: 2059-2066, 2005
60. Ooi DS, House AA: Cardiac troponin T in hemodialyzed patients. Clin Chem 44: 1410-1416, 1998
61. Dierkes J, Domrose U, Westphal S, Ambrosch A, Bosselmann HP, Neumann KH, Luley C: Cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Circulation 102: 1964-1969, 2000
62. Deegan PB, Lafferty ME, Blumsohn A, Henderson IS, McGregor E: Prognostic value of troponin T in hemodialysis patients is independent of comorbidity. Kidney Int 60: 2399-2405, 2001
63. Conway B, McLaughlin M, Sharpe P, Harty J: Use of cardiac troponin T in diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac events in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20: 2759-2764, 2005
64. Apple FS, Murakami MM, Pearce LA, Herzog CA: Predictive value of cardiac troponin I and T for subsequent death in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 106: 2941-2945, 2002
65. Ishii J, Nomura M, Okuma T, Minagawa T, Naruse H, Mori Y, Ishikawa T, Kurokawa H, Hirano T, Kondo T, Nagamura Y, Ezaki K, Hishida H: Risk stratification using serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T in patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic maintenance dialysis. Clin Chim Acta 312: 69-79, 2001
66. McLaurin MD, Apple FS, Voss EM, Herzog CA, Sharkey SW: Cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T, and creatine kinase MB in dialysis patients without ischemic heart disease: Evidence of cardiac troponin T expression in skeletal muscle. Clin Chem 43: 976-982, 1997
67. Bodor GS, Porterfield D, Voss EM, Smith S, Apple FS: Cardiac troponin-I is not expressed in fetal and healthy or diseased adult human skeletal muscle tissue. Clin Chem 41: 1710-1715, 1995
68. Apple FS, Sharkey SW, Hoeft P, Skeate R, Voss E, Dahlmeier BA, Preese LM: Prognostic value of serum cardiac troponin I and T in chronic dialysis patients: A 1-year outcomes analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 29: 399-403, 1997
69. Martin GS, Becker BN, Schulman G: Cardiac troponin-I accurately predicts myocardial injury in renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13: 1709-1712, 1998
70. Aviles RJ, Askari AT, Lindahl B, Wallentin L, Jia G, Ohman EM, Mahaffey KW, Newby LK, Califf RM, Simoons ML, Topol EJ, Berger P, Lauer MS: Troponin T levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, with or without renal dysfunction. N Engl J Med 346: 2047-2052, 2002
71. Ooi DS, Veinot JP, Wells GA, House AA: Increased mortality in hemodialyzed patients with elevated serum troponin T: A one-year outcome study. Clin Biochem 32: 647-652, 1999
72. Wang AY, Lam CW, Wang M, Chan IH, Goggins WB, Yu CM, Lui SF, Sanderson JE: Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T is independent of inflammation, residual renal function, and cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin Chem 53: 882-889, 2007
73. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Parlongo S, Tripepi G, Benedetto FA, Cutrupi S, Bonanno G, Fatuzzo P, Rapisarda F, Seminara G, Stancanelli B, Bellanuova I, Cataliotti A, Malatino LS: Troponin is related to left ventricular mass and predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 68-75, 2002
74. deFilippi C, Wasserman S, Rosanio S, Tiblier E, Sperger H, Tocchi M, Christenson R, Uretsky B, Smiley M, Gold J, Muniz H, Badalamenti J, Herzog C, Henrich W: Cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein for predicting prognosis, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. JAMA 290: 353-359, 2003
75. Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Thompson CR, Levin A: Prognostic value of troponin T and I among asymptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease: A meta-analysis. Circulation 112: 3088-3096, 2005
76. Khan IA, Wattanasuwan N, Mehta NJ, Tun A, Singh N, Singh HK, Vasavada BC, Sacchi TJ: Prognostic value of serum cardiac troponin I in ambulatory patients with chronic renal failure undergoing long-term hemodialysis: A two-year outcome analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 38: 991-998, 2001
77. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45: S1-S153, 2005
78. Wayand D, Baum H, Schatzle G, Scharf J, Neumeier D: Cardiac troponin T and I in end-stage renal failure. Clin Chem 46: 1345-1350, 2000
79. Havekes B, van Manen JG, Krediet RT, Boeschoten EW, Vandenbroucke JP, Dekker FW: Serum troponin T concentration as a predictor of mortality in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 47: 823-829, 2006
80. Harnett JD, Foley RN, Kent GM, Barre PE, Murray D, Parfrey PS: Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: Prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors. Kidney Int 47: 884-890, 1995
81. Wang AY, Lam CW, Yu CM, Wang M, Chan IH, Lui SF, Sanderson JE: Troponin T, left ventricular mass, and function are excellent predictors of cardiovascular congestion in peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 70: 444-452, 2006
82. Fredericks S, Chang R, Gregson H, Bewick M, Collinson PO, Gaze D, Carter ND, Holt DW: Circulating cardiac troponin-T in patients before and after renal transplantation. Clin Chim Acta 310: 199-203, 2001
83. Ellis K, Dreisbach AW, Lertora JL: Plasma elimination of cardiac troponin I in endstage renal disease. South Med J 94: 993-996, 2001
84. Ooi DS, Isotalo PA, Veinot JP: Correlation of antemortem serum creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, troponin I, and troponin T with cardiac pathology. Clin Chem 46: 338-344, 2000
85. Jung HH, Ma KR, Han H: Elevated concentrations of cardiac troponins are associated with severe coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 3117-3123, 2004
86. Fahie-Wilson MN, Carmichael DJ, Delaney MP, Stevens PE, Hall EM, Lamb EJ: Cardiac troponin T circulates in the free, intact form in patients with kidney failure. Clin Chem 52: 414-420, 2006
87. Iliou MC, Fumeron C, Benoit MO, Tuppin P, Courvoisier CL, Calonge VM, Moatti N, Buisson C, Jacquot C: Factors associated with increased serum levels of cardiac troponins T and I in chronic haemodialysis patients: Chronic Haemodialysis And New Cardiac Markers Evaluation (CHANCE) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 1452-1458, 2001
88. Amann K, Breitbach M, Ritz E, Mall G: Myocyte/capillary mismatch in the heart of uremic patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 1018-1022, 1998
89. Amann K, Ritz E: Cardiac disease in chronic uremia: Pathophysiology. Adv Ren Replace Ther 4: 212-224, 1997
90. Kaye D, Pimental D, Prasad S, Maki T, Berger HJ, McNeil PL, Smith TW, Kelly RA: Role of transiently altered sarcolemmal membrane permeability and basic fibroblast growth factor release in the hypertrophic response of adult rat ventricular myocytes to increased mechanical activity in vitro. J Clin Invest 97: 281-291, 1996
91. deFilippi CR, Thorn EM, Aggarwal M, Joy A, Christenson RH, Duh SH, Jeudy J, Beache G: Frequency and cause of cardiac troponin T elevation in chronic hemodialysis patients from study of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am J Cardiol 100: 885-889, 2007
92. Wallace TW, Abdullah SM, Drazner MH, Das SR, Khera A, McGuire DK, Wians F, Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA: Prevalence and determinants of troponin T elevation in the general population. Circulation 113: 1958-1965, 2006
93. Wu AH, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Jesse RL, Francis GL, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Tang WH, Christenson RH, Cannon CP: National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Use of cardiac troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide for etiologies other than acute coronary syndromes and heart failure. Clin Chem October 22, 2007 [epub ahead of print]