Food and welfare in India, c. 1900-1950

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1010-1035

  Amrith, Sunil S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 54749138058     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: 14752999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S001041750800042X     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. People's Union for Civil Liberties [PUCL] v. Union of India [UOI] and Others, Writ Petition (Civil), No. 196 of 2001. The full text is available at: http://www.righttofoodindia.org/case/case.html/.
2. PUCL v. UOI and others, §3.
3. Ibid., §11.
4. Ibid., §17.
5. Journalist P. Sainath puts it with characteristic eloquence: "An exclusive focus on 'starvation deaths' - disconnected from the larger canvas - seems to imply this: If they don't die, everything's alright. If they lose their land, cannot feed their families, see their children enter bondage, are forced into debt-driven prostitution - all that is okay. They just shouldn't starve to death. That's upsetting. It's bad implementation." P. Sainath, "It's the Policy, Stupid, Not Implementation," http://www.indiatogether.org/opinions/ps1.htm/.
6. Jean Dreze, Famine Prevention in India (London: London School of Economics, 1988)
7. cf. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (London: Verso, 1999).
8. Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, India: Development and Participation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
9. On the British context for such interventions, see the illuminating work of James Vernon, notably, "The Ethics of Hunger and the Assembly of Society: The Techno-Politics of the School Meal in Britain," American Historical Review, 110, 3 (2005): 693-725.
10. As Dipesh Chakrabarty has noted, "The capacity to notice and document suffering (even if it be one's own suffering) from the position of a generalized and necessarily disembodied observer is what marks the beginnings of the modern self." He argues that where "social thought" sees pain as "specific and hence open to secular interventions," in religious thought "suffering is existential. It shadows man in his life." The discourses of food and hunger in modern India brought these countervailing notions of pain - as necessary or preventable - into contention and dialogue. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Post-Colonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 119-20.
11. Talal Asad, "Thinking about Agency and Pain," in Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 67-99.
12. This is to suggest that, modifying Gyan Prakash's argument, it was not only or even primarily by turning to an "inner and uncolonized tradition" that Indian nationalists were able to appropriate and "reinscribe" colonial governmentality. Cf. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
13. Ranajit Guha, A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement (Paris: Mouton, 1963).
14. Ravi Ahuja, "State Formation and 'Famine Policy' in Early Colonial South India," Indian Economic and Social History Review 39, 4 (2002): 351-80.
15. Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," in, Graham Burchill, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (London: Harvester Wbeatsheaf, 1991).
16. Initiators of the debate on colonial governmentality were David Scott, "Colonial Governmentality," Social Text 43 (Fall 1995): 191-220
17. and Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
18. U. Kalpagam, "Colonial Governmentality and the 'Economy,'" Economy and Society 29, 3 (2000): 418-38.
19. Sarah Hodges, "Governmentality, Population and the Reproductive Family in Modern India," Economic and Political Weekly 39, 11 (13 Mar. 2004): 1157-63
20. Sarah Hodges, "Looting the Lock Hospital in Colonial Madras during the Famine Years of the 1870s," Social History of Medicine 18 (2005): 379-98.
21. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason, 157. This point was also raised in David Arnold's presentation on "Famine and Ideas of Welfare in India," at the conference on Welfare, Land and Taxes, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 3 June 2005.
22. Report of the Indian Famine Commission, 1880 (Calcutta: Goverrunent of India), 31-32.
23. See, for example: Famine Code: Madras Presidency (Madras: Government of Madras, 1883); Bengal Famine Code, rev. ed. (Calcutta: Government of Bengal, 1892).
24. Dadabhai Naoroji, Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (London: Swan, Sonnenschein and Co., 1901), 24.
25. R. C. Dutt, The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age: From the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 to the Commencement of the Twentieth Century, vol. 2 (London: Kegan, Paul and Co., 1904).
26. Arjun Appadurai, "Gastro-Politics in Hindu South Asia," American Ethnologist 8, 3 (1981): 494-511, quote p. 496.
27. Carey Watt, Serving the Nation: Cultures of Service, Association and Citizenship (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005).
28. M. K. Gandhi, "Non-Cooperation Means Self Purification," Navajivan 27 Jan. 1921, in Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi [henceforth CWMG], vol. 19 (New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1958-1983, 90 vols.), 285.
29. Gandhi, "Five Crores Starving," Indian Opinion, 28 Mar. 1908, CWMG, vol. 8, 156-57.
30. Michel Foucault, "Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Critique of Political Reason," in, James Faubion, ed., Power: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-84, vol. 3, Robert Hurley et al., trans. (London: Penguin, 2001), 298-325, quote p. 308
31. see also "The Subject and Power," in the same volume, 326-48, quote pp. 334-35.
32. Sugata Bose, "Nation as Mother: Representations and Contestations of 'India' in Bengali Literature and Culture," in, S. Bose and A. Jalal, eds., Nationalism, Democracy and Development: State and Politics in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 50-75
33. Tanika Sarkar, "Nationalist Iconography: Images of Women in 19th-Century Bengali Literature," Economic and Political Weekly, 21 Nov. (1987): 2011-15.
34. Subramania Bharati, "Bharata Samudayam," Tamil original available at: http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/bharathy/ kavithaikal/thesiya1.htm#17._????_????????. I have slightly modified the translation, "Bharat Commonwealth," in Poems of Subramania Bharathy - A Selection, P. S. Sundaram, trans. (Madras: Vikas Publishing House, 1982).
35. I owe this formulation of the point to an anonymous CSSH reviewer.
36. Alexander Loveday, History and Economics of Indian Famines (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1914).
37. For the demographic evidence, see T. Dyson, ed., India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society (London: Curzon, 1989).
38. On the broader colonial context, see M. Worboys, "The Discovery of Colonial Malnutrition," in, D. Arnold, ed., Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 208-25.
39. The best discussion of India is David Arnold's "Discovery of Malnutrition and Diet in Colonial India," Indian Economic and Social Review 31, 1 (1994): 1-26.
40. Here the early interest taken by the League of Nations in the question of nutrition helped to "globalize" it. The League's work on the impact of poverty and unemployment on industrial workers' diets in Europe lent itself to global replication. On this process, see Sunil Amrith, Decolonizing International Health: India and Southeast Asia, 1930-65 (New York: Palgrave, 2006), ch. 1.
41. The proliferation of family budget studies suggested, implicitly, that this was the case.
42. N. Gangulee, Health and Nutrition in India (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), 26-27.
43. See Robert McCarrison and Roland Norris, "The Relationship of Rice to Beri-Beri in India," Indian Medical Research Memoirs 2 (1924)
44. Gangulee, Nutrition; W. R. Aykroyd, "Nutrition in India," in, League of Nations, Health Organization, Intergovernmental Conference of Far Eastern Countries on Rural Hygiene, C.H. 1235b, Geneva, Apr. 1937
45. W. R. Aykroyd, Note on the Results of Diet Surveys in India (Simla: India Research Fund, 1940).
46. For further discussion of this distinction between rice and wheat, see Arnold, "Discovery of Malnutrition."
47. For a sense of the older tradition of colonial writing on diet and race, see John Wilson Johnston, A Contribution to the Dynamics of Racial Diet in India (Edinburgh: Mclachlan and Stewart, 1876).
48. For an early contrast between "ordinary" diets and those under conditions of captivity, see W. R. Cornish, Reports on the Nature of the Food of the Inhabitants of the Madras Presidency and on the Dietaries of Prisoners in Zillah Jails (Madras: United Scottish Press,1863).
49. For a more detailed discussion of these themes, see Arnold, "Discovery of Malnutrition."
50. Aykroyd, "Nutrition in India."
51. See, for example, A. C. Roy Choudhury, Report of an Enquiry into the Standard of Living of Jute Mill Workers in Bengal (Calcutta: Government of Bengal, 1930)
52. N. K. Adyanthaya, Report of an Enquiry into the Family Budgets of Industrial Workers in Madras City (Madras: Government of Madras, 1938).
53. Gangulee, Nutrition, 128.
54. L. Wills and M. M. Mehta, "Studies in Pernicious Anaemia of Pregnancy," Indian Journal of Medical Research 17 (1930): 777-92
55. Margaret Balfour, "Maternity Conditions and Anaemia in the Assam Tea-Gardens," Journal of the Association of Medical Women in India 21 (1933): 28-38
56. and Balfour brings together concerns with childbearing women, and industrial workers, in, "Diseases of Pregnancy and Labour in India, with Special Reference to Community," Proceedings of the Seventh Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine (Calcutta: Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, 1927), 318-28.
57. W. R. Aykroyd and K. Rajagopal, "The State of Nutrition in Schoolchildren in South India," Indian Journal of Medical Research 24, 2 (1936): 419-38
58. W. R. Aykroyd and S. Krishnan, "The State of Nutrition of Schoolchildren in Three Towns of South India," Indian Journal of Medical Research 24, 3 (1937): 707-26.
59. Gangulee, Nutrition, 119.
60. Joseph Alter, "Gandhi's Body, Gandhi's Truth: Nonviolence and the Biomoral Imperative of Public Health," The Journal of Asian Studies 55, 2 (1996): 301-22
61. David Arnold, Gandhi: Profiles in Power (London: Longman, 2001).
62. Pyarelal, Epic Fast (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1932), 44.
63. Alter, "Gandhi's Body."
64. See, inter alia, "Dietetic Changes," Harijan, 27 July 1935, in, M. K. Gandhi, Diet and Diet Reform (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1948), 86-87
65. "Minimum Diet," Harijan, 31 Aug. 1935, in ibid., 30
66. "Polished v. Unpolished," Harijan, 26 Oct. 1934, in ibid., 44-46.
67. Gandhi, Diet and Diet Reform.
68. Robert McCarrison, letter to Gandhi in Young India, 15 Aug. 1929, in ibid., 24-25.
69. Gandhi, "National Food," Harijan, 5 Jan. 1934, in Diet and Diet Reform (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1949), 29-30.
70. Gandhi, "Unfired Food Experiment," Young India, 18 July 1929, in ibid., 18.
71. Gandhi, "National Food."
72. See, for example, Gandhi's notion of a "cloth famine": Speech to Students of Gujarat Mahavidyalaya, Ahmedabad, 13 Jan. 1921, CWMG, vol. 22.
73. For further discussion, see C. A. Bayly, "The Origins of Swadeshi (Home Industry): Cloth and Indian Society, 1700-1930," in Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the Making of Modern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), 172-209
74. and Emma Tarlo, Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India (London: Hurst, 1996).
75. Gandhi, "A Talk to Village Workers," extract from a talk given on 22 Oct. 1935, in Diet and Diet Reform, 31-33. On this occasion, Gandhi had invited almost one hundred village workers to his ashram and had prepared for them a special meal that reflected his vision for "national food": Cheap, wholesome, vegetarian, and distinctively Indian.
76. Indeed, the language of nutrition was at least as crucial in this regard as was the resort to indigenous medical and scientific practices that Gyan Prakash emphasizes in Another Reason.
77. Wellcome Contemporary Medical Archive Centre, London, papers of R. McCarrison, GC 205: R. McCarrison, Nutrition and Health, Being the Cantor Lectures Delivered before the Royal Society of Arts, 1936 (London: The McCarrison Society, n.d.).
78. Gandhi, "Unfired Foods," Young India, 15 Aug. 1929, in Diet and Diet Reform, 26-27.
79. "Findings of the International Commission of Experts Appointed by the Health Committee of the League of Nations," Harijan, 25 Apr. 1936, in Diet and Diet Reform, 101.
80. The original report was: League of Nations, Report on the Physiological Bases of Nutrition, League of Nations Document A.12(a), 1936.
81. Gandhi, "Polished v. Unpolished."
82. Nick Cullather, "Foreign Policy of the Calorie," American Historical Review 112, 2 (2007): 337-64.
83. Following, here, the usage of Timothy Mitchell, The Rule of Experts: Egypt, Technopolitics, Modernity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002). I am grateful to an anonymous CSSH reviewer for clarifying this point.
84. For a recent perspective on the intellectual history of planning in India, see Benjamin Zachariah, Developing India: An Intellectual and Social History (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005).
85. National Planning Committee, Population: Report of the Sub-Committee Chair: Dr Radhakamal Mukherjee, K. T. Shah, ed. (Bombay: Vohra and Co, 1947), 144-45. The Planning Committee's reports were published after 1947, but their discussions took place between 1938 and 1940, and should therefore be read in the context of the debates of the 1930s.
86. National Planning Committee, Population, 127.
87. Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, "Customs of Governance: Colonialism and Democracy in Twentieth Century India," Modern Asian Studies 41, 3 (2007): 441-70.
88. On the Planning Committee's obsession with eugenics, see my "Political Culture of Health in India: A Historical Perspective," Economic and Political Weekly, 13 Jan. (2007): 114-21
89. and Benjamin Zachariah, "Uses of Scientific Argument: The Case of Development in India, c. 1930-1950," Economic and Political Weekly 29 Sept. (2001): 3689-702.
90. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Ben Fowkes, trans. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), 130, 134.
91. For an elaboration in the Indian context, see Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
92. National Planning Committee, Population, 14.
93. Gyan Chand, India's Teeming Millions (London: Allen and Unwin, 1939).
94. Radhakamal Mukherjee, Food Planning for Four Hundred Millions (London: MacMillan, 1938).
95. National Planning Committee, Population, 145.
96. Gangulee, Nutrition, 199.
97. Ibid., 200-1.
98. Ibid., 234.
99. V. Venkatesan, "Hoarder's Delight," Frontline, 25 Apr. (2008): 22.
100. W. R. Aykroyd, "The Economic Aspects of the Problem of Nutrition in India," Indian Journal of Social Work 2, 3 (1941): 269-82.
101. A synthesis of Aykroyd's many studies can be found in W. R. Aykroyd, B. G. Krishnan, R. Passmore, and A. R. Sundararajan (Coonoor Nutrition Research Laboratory), Indian Medical Research Memoirs, No. 32, The Rice Problem in India (Jan. 1940), British Library; Asia, Pacific and Africa Collection; India Office Records [henceforth IOR], V/25/850/92.
102. Aykroyd et al., The Rice Problem in India.
103. As Michel Foucault put it in his lectures on sovereignty and biopolitics, "One might say this: It is as though power, which used to have sovereignty as its modality or organising schema, found itself unable to govern the economic and political body of a society that was undergoing both a demographic explosion and industrialization." M. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76, David Macey, trans. (London: Penguin, 2003), 249.
104. Jawaharlal Nehru to B. J. K. Hallowes (Deputy Commissioner, Allababad and President of the Famine Relief Fund of Gonda), 26 June 1929, in, S. Gopal and Uma Iyengar, eds., The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), 12.
105. Cf. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended.
106. Nehru to B. J. K. Hallowes, 26 June 1929.
107. IOR/M/4/936, Food: Rice Study Group, Feb.-Jun. 1947; IOR/M/4/809, Food: International Emergency Food Council; Singapore Sub-Committee on Rice, Oct. 1946-Oct. 1947.
108. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund/Oxford University Press, 2003 [1946]), 496.
109. Ibid., 498.
110. Paul Greenough, Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1943-4 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982). This remains the best English language history of the famine.
111. Bhowani Sen, Rural Bengal in Ruins, N. Chakravarty, trans. (Bombay: People's Publishing House, 1945).
112. P. C. Mahalanobis, Ramakrishna Mukerjea, Ambika Ghosh, A Sample Survey of the After-Effects of the Bengal Famine of 1943 (Calcutta: Statistical Publishing Society, 1946)
113. T. G. Narayan, Famine over Bengal (Calcutta: Book Company, Ltd., 1944).
114. See also the classic analysis in Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay in Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
115. Greenough, Prosperity and Misery. See also Paul Greenough, "Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: The Case of Bengal in 1943-4," Modern Asian Studies 14, 2 (1980): 205-35.
116. Nehru, Discovery of India, 497.
117. Ibid., 497.
118. Arjun Appadurai, "How Moral is South Asia's Economy? - A Review Article," The Journal of Asian Studies 43, 3 (1984): 481-97, quote p. 485.
119. Gandhi, Talk with Mxidula Sarabhai, Sevagram, 26 Oct. 1944, CWMG, vol. 78, 234.
120. S. G. Sardesai, Food in the United Provinces (Bombay: People's Publishing House, 1944), 19.
121. Ibid., 36-37.
122. E. M. S. Namboodiripad, Food in Kerala (Bombay: People's Publishing House, 1944), 16.
123. Nehru, Discovery of India, 535.
124. Gyan Chand, Problem of Population (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1944), 10.
125. V. D. Wickizer and M. K. Bennett, The Rice Economy of Monsoon Asia (Stanford: Stanford University Food Research Institute, 1941)
126. see C. J. Baker, "Economic Reorganization and the Slump in Southeast Asia," Comparative Studies in Society and History 23, 3 (1981): 325-39.
127. See Sugata Bose, "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942-45," Modern Asian Studies 24, 4 (1990): 699-727.
128. Government of India, Foodgrains Policy Committee, Interim Report (New Delhi, 1948)
129. Government of India, Foodgrains Policy Committee, Final Report (New Delhi, 1948).
130. Report of American Famine Mission to India, led by T. W. Schultz, cited in Henry Knight, Food Administration in India, 1939-47 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1954), 253.
131. Knight, Food Administration.
132. Report of the Foodgrains Enquiry Committee, 1957 (New Delhi: Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 1957), 26-27.
133. On this point, see Hodges, "Governmentality."
134. Uday S. Mehta, "Indian Constitutionalism: The Articulation of a Political Vision," in, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Rochona Majumdar, and Andrew Sartori, eds., From the Colonial to the Postcolonial: India and Pakistan in Transition (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006), 13-30, 26-27.
135. Rudolf Mrazek, Sjahrir (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 333.
136. See, for example, Pierre Gourou, The Tropical World: Its Social and Economic Conditions and Its Future Status, S. H. Beaver and F. D. Laborde, trans. (London: Longman, 1973).
137. IOR, M/4/745, "Indonesia: Rice from Indonesia to India": Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, 30 Aug. 1946.
138. IOR, M/4/745, "Indonesia: Rice from Indonesia to India": Special (Food - Southeast Asia), 18 Sept. 1946.
139. Ibid.
140. For a consideration of the parallel developments concerning the United Nations and its organizations in the field of public health, see Amrith, Decolonizing International Health, ch. 2.
141. IOR, M/4/745, "Indonesia: Rice from Indonesia to India," Government of India - Food Department to Indian Agent General, Washington, D.C., 17 Sept. 1946.
142. Space constraints prevent my delving into the origins of food aid from the United States to India, but see the excellent account in Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990).
143. Foodgrains Enquiry Committee, 1957.
144. Gandhi, "Speech at Prayer Meeting," 3 Nov. 1947, CWMG, vol. 89, 467-68.
145. Ibid.
146. Ibid.
147. Gandhi, "A Letter," 13 July 1947, Bihar Pachhi Dilhi, CWMG, vol. 88, 328.
148. Gandhi, "Speech at Prayer Meeting," 18 Feb. 1946, CWMG, vol. 83, 153.
149. Gandhi, "Question Box," Harijan, 24 March 1946, CWMG, vol. 83, 240.
150. Gandhi, "Speech at Prayer Meeting," 6 Oct. 1947, CWMG, vol. 89, 294-95.
151. Gandhi, "Mass Murder," Harijan, 25 Aug. 1946, CWMG, vol. 85, 165-66.
152. Gandhi, "Speech at Prayer Meeting," 6 Oct. 1947.
153. Gandhi, "Speech at Prayer Meeting," 18 Feb. 1946.
154. One of the moving testimonies in Urvashi Butalia's collection of oral histories of Partition makes this connection explicit: "Such good relations we had that if there was any function that we had, then we used to call Musalmaans to our homes, they would eat in our houses, but we would not eat in theirs and this is a bad thing, which I realize now. If they would come to our houses we would have two utensils in one corner of the house, and we would tell them, pick these up and eat in them; they would then wash them and keep them aside and this was such a terrible thing. This was the reason Pakistan was created." In, Urvashi Butalia, The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India (London: Hurst, 2000), 31.
155. Gandhi, "Speech at Prayer Meeting," Srirampur, 10 Dec. 1946, CWMG vol. 86, 214.
156. Gandhi, "Speech at Prayer Meeting," New Delhi, 23 Sept. 1946, CWMG vol. 85, 362.
157. Dipesh Chakrabarty, "'In the Name of Politics': Sovereignty, Democracy and the Multitude in India," Economic and Political Weekly, 23 July (2005): 3293-301.
158. Partha Chatterjee, "Development Planning and the Indian State," in, P. Chatterjee, ed., State and Politics in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 271-97.
159. K. R. Venugopal, Deliverance from Hunger: The Public Distribution System in India (New Delhi: Sage, 1992)
160. Francine Frankel, India's Political Economy: The Gradual Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977).
161. For an illuminating discussion of how populist political discourse in India draws on earlier political languages of legitimacy, see Subir Sinha, "Lineages of the Developmentalist State: Transnationality and Village India, 1900-1965," Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, 1 (2008): 57-90.
162. Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, Hunger and Public Action (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989)
163. Dan Banik, Starvation and India's Democracy (London and New York: Routledge, 2007).
164. Barbara Harriss, Child Nutrition and Poverty in South India: Noon Meals in Tamil Nadu (New Delhi: Concept Publishing), 10.
165. Partha Chatterjee, Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the Word (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
166. At http://www.righttofoodindia.org/case/case.html/.
167. See Frontline, 25 Apr. 2008.