Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A primer for dentists

Journal of the American Dental Association

Volumn 139, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1328-1337

  Klevens, R Monina ^a   Gorwitz, Rachel J ^b   Collins, Amy S ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

Contact precautions; Dental office; Infection control; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA; Standard precautions

Indexed keywords

EID: 54549085680     PISSN: 00028177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0044     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. New Engl J Med 1998;339(8):520-532.
2. John JF, Barg NL. Staphylococcus aureus. In: Mayhall G, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004:443-470.
3. Levinson DC, Griffith GC, Pearson HE. Increasing bacterial resistance to the antibiotics; a study of 46 cases of streptococcus endocarditis and 18 cases of staphylococcus endocarditis. Circulation 1950;2(5):668-75.
4. Barber M. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 1961;14:385-393.
5. Jevons M. Celbenin-resistant staphylococci. Br Med J 1961;1(5219):124- 125.
6. Barrett FF, McGehee RF Jr, Finland M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital: bacteriologic and epidemiologic observations. N Engl J Med 1968;279(9):441-448.
7. Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. hospitals, 1975-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13(10):582-586.
8. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Tenover FC, McDonald LC, Horan T, Gaynes R. Changes in the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units in US hospitals, 1992-2003. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42(3):389-391.
9. Burton DC, Edwards J, Fridkin SK Comparison of measures of MRSA related to central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units - United States, 1997-2007. Paper presented at: 18th Annual Session of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; April 7, 2008; Orlando, Fla.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48(32):707-710.
11. Baggett HC, Hennessy TW, Rudolph K, et al. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureuss associated with antibiotic use and the cytotoxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin during a furunculosis outbreak in rural Alaska. J Infect Dis 2004;189(9):1565-1573.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among competitive sports participants: Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52(33):793-795.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: Los Angeles County, California, 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52(5):88.
14. Adcock PM, Pastor P, Medley F, Patterson JE, Murphy TV. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in two child care centers. J Infect Dis 1998;178(2):577-580.
15. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Fridkin SK, et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and healthcare risk factors. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12(12):1991-1993.
16. Diep BA, Chambers HF, Graber CJ, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300 in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med 2008;148(4):249-257.
17. Klevens RM, Cardo DM. Control of infections in institutions: healthcare-associated infections. In: Wallace RB, Kohatsu N, eds. Public Health and Preventive Medicine. 15th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Medical; 2008:333-339.
18. Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities (published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2005;352[22]:2362). N Engl J Med 2005;352(14):1436-1444.
19. Gorwitz RJ, Jernigan DB, Powers JH, Jernigan JA. Strategies for clinical management of MRSA in the community: summary of an experts' meeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ pdf/ar/ CAMRSA_ExpMtgStrategies.pdf. Accessed June 13, 2008.
20. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2006;355(7):666-674.
21. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007;298(15):1763-1771.
22. Han LL, McDougal LK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. High frequencies of clindamycin and tetracycline resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pulsed-field type USA300 isolates collected at a Boston ambulatory health center. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45(4): 1350-1352.
23. Hulten KG, Kaplan SL, Gonzalez BE, et al. Three-year surveillance of community onset health care-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25(4):349-353.
24. Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med 2003;348(14):1342-1347.
25. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 1995;44 (RR-12):1-13.
26. Sievert DM, Rudrik JT, Patel JB, McDonald LC, Wilkins MJ, Hageman JC. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002-2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(5):668-674.
27. Olive MD, Bean P. Principles and applications of methods for DNA-based typing of microbial organisms. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37(6):1661-1669.
28. McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE, Chaitram JM, McAllister SK, Tenover FC. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(11): 5113-5120.
29. Tenover FC, McDougal LK, Goering RV, et al. Characterization of a strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus widely disseminated in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44(1):108-118.
30. McDougal LK, Wenming Z, Patel JB, Tenover FC. Characterization of two new community-associated oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pulsed-field types consisting of U.S. isolates that carry SCCmecIV and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (abstract). Presented at: American Society for Microbiology 104th General Meeting; May 25, 2004; New Orleans.
31. Carleton HA, Diep BA, Charlebois ED, Sensabaugh GF, Perdreau-Remington F. Community-adapted methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): population dynamics of an expanding community reservoir of MBSA. J Infect Dis 2004;190(10):1730-1738.
32. Johnson JK, Khoie T, Shurland S, Kreisel K, Stine OC, Roghmann MC. Skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13(8):1195-1200.
33. Diep BA, Gill SR, Chang RF, et al. Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2006;367(9512):731-739.
34. Gorwitz RJ, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister SK, et al. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. J Infect Dis 2008;197(9): 1226-1234.
35. Kuehnert MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Hill HA, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. J Infect Dis 2006;193(2):172-179.
36. Creech CB II, Kernodle DS, Alsentzer A, Wilson C, Edwards KM. Increasing rates of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24(7): 617-621.
37. Alfaro C, Mascher-Denen M, Fergie J, Purcell K. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in patients admitted to Driscoll Children's Hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25(5):459-461.
38. Hidron AI, Kourbatova EV, Halvosa JS, et al. Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital; emergence of community-associated MRSA nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(2):159-166.
39. Arduino MJ, Tokars JI. Why is an infection control program needed in the hemodialysis setting? Nephrol News Issues 2005;19(7): 44,46-49.
40. Fukuda M, Tanaka H, Kajiwara Y, et al. High-risk populations for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Chemother 2004;10(3):189-191.
41. Tacconelli E, Venkataraman L, De Girolami PC, DAgata EM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia diagnosed at hospital admission; distinguishing between community-acquired versus healthcare-associated strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53(3): 474-479.
42. Small H, Casey AL, Elliott TS, Rollason J, Hilton AC, Ball S. The oral cavity: an overlooked site for MRSA screening and subsequent decolonisation therapy? J Infect 2007;55(4):378-379.
43. Smith AJ, Robertson D, Tang MK, Jackson MS, MacKenzie D, Bagg J. Staphylococcus aureus in the oral cavity: a three-year retrospective analysis of clinical laboratory data. Br Dent J 2003;195(12): 701-703; discussion 694.
44. Rossi T, Peltonen R, Laine J, Eerola E, Vuopio-Varkila J, Kotilainen P. Eradication of the long-term carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients wearing dentures: a follow-up of 10 patients. J Hosp Infect 1996;34(4):311-320.
45. Tada A, Watanabe T, Yokoe H, Hanada N, Tanzawa H. Oral bacteria influenced by the functional status of the elderly people and the type and quality of facilities for the bedridden. J Appl Microbiol 2002;93(3):487-491.
46. Davis KA, Stewart JJ, Crouch HK, Florez CE, Hospenthal DR. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares colonization at hospital admission and its effect on subsequent MRSA infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(6):776-782.
47. Ellis MW, Hospenthal DR, Dooley DP, Gray PJ, Murray CK Natural history of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in soldiers. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(7):971-979.
48. McCaig LF, McDonald LC, Mandal S, Jernigan DB. Staphylococcus aureus-associated skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory care. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12(11):1715-1723.
49. Chen AE, Goldstein M, Carroll K, Song X, Perl TM, Siberry GK Evolving epidemiology of pediatric Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections in a Baltimore hospital. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006;22( 10): 717-723.
50. Bothwell NE, Shvidler J, Cable BB. Acute rise in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a coastal community. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;137(6):942-946.
51. Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Chenevert C, King T. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18(9):622-627.
52. Huang SS, Datta R, Platt R. Risk of acquiring antibiotic-resistant bacteria from prior room occupants. Arch Intern Med 2006;166(18): 1945-1951.
53. Motta RH, Groppo FC, Bergamaschi Cde C, Ramaciatto JC, Baglie S, de Mattos-Filho TR. Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a dental clinic environment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28(2):185-190.
54. Martin MV, Hardy P. Two cases of oral infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Br Dent J 1991;170(2):63-64.
55. Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M, et al. A clone of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med 2005;352(5):468-475.
56. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006. "www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf". Accessed Aug. 25, 2008.
57. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings 2007. "www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/ Isolation2007.pdf. Accessed Aug. 25, 2008.
58. Boyce JM, Pittet D; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force-Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002;51(RR-16):1-45.
59. Kohn WG, Collins AS, Cleveland JL, et al. Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings-2003. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003;52(RR-17):1-61.
60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings, "www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ ppe.htm". Accessed Aug. 25, 2008.
61. Maeda Y, Kenny F, Coulter WA, et al. Bactericidal activity of denture-cleaning formulations against planktonic health care-associated and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Infect Control 2007;35(9):619-622.
62. Tomas I, Alvarez M, Limeres J, et al. Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthwash on the risk of postextraction bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28(5):577-582.
63. Shinefield HR, Black S. Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: advances in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005;4(5):669-676.
64. Wootton SH, Arnold K, Hill HA, et al. Intervention to reduce the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in a correctional facility in Georgia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25(5):402-407.
65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection Control in Dental Settings: Guidelines and Recommendations-Recommended Infection Control Practice for Dentistry. "www.cdc.gov/OralHealth/ infectioncontrol/guidelines/index. htm". Accessed Sept. 4, 2008.
66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA). "www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa.htmr. Accessed Sept. 4, 2008.