Climate and tickborne encephalitis

Ecology and Society

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1998, Pages

  Lindgren, Elisabet ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Climate; Encephalitis; Temperature; Tickborne; Tickborne diseases; Ticks

Indexed keywords

EID: 54249108132     PISSN: 17083087     EISSN: 17083087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/es-00037-020105     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May. 1991. Infectious diseases of humans. Dynamics and control. Oxford University Press, UK.
2. Balashov, Y. S. 1972. Bloodsucking ticks (Ixodoidea), vectors of disease of man and animals. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 8: 163-376.
3. Berglund, J., R. Eitrem, K. Ornstein, A. Lindberg, A. Rigner, H. Elmrud, M. Carlsson, A. Runehagen, C.Svanborg, and R. Norrby. 1995. An epidemiological study of Lyme disease in southern Sweden. New England Journal of Medicine 333:1319-1327.
4. Berry, M. O. 1981. Snow and climate. Pages 51-60 in D. M. Gray, and D. H. Male, editors. The handbook of snow. Principles, processes, management and use. Pergamon, Toronto, Canada.
5. Buskirk, J. V., and R. S. Ostfeld. 1995. Controlling Lyme disease by modifying the density and species composition of tick hosts. Ecological Applications 5(4): 1133-1140.
6. Cederlund, G. 1981. Some aspects of roe-deer winter ecology. Dissertation. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
7. Cederlund, G., and O. Liberg. 1995. The roe deer. Wildlife, ecology and hunting. In Swedish (Rådjuret. Viltet, ekologin och jakten). Almqvist and Wiksell, Uppsala, Sweden.
8. Clark, D. D. 1995. Lower temperature limits for activity of several Ixodid ticks (Acari:Ixodidae): Effects of body size and rate of temperature change. Journal of Medical Entomology 32(4): 449-452.
9. Daniel, M. 1993. Influence of the microclimate on the vertical distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in central Europe. Acarologica XXXIV: 105-113.
10. Daniel, M., and J. Kolar. 1991. Using satellite data to forecast the occurrence of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) Modern Acarology 1: 191-196.
11. Dawson, J. E., C. K. Warner, S. Standaert, and J. G. Olson. 1996. The interface between research and the diagnosis of an emerging tick-borne disease, human Ehrlichiosis due to Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Archives of Internal Medicine 156: 137-142.
12. Dobson, A., and R. Carper. 1993. Biodiversity. Lancet 342: 1096-1099.
13. French, J. B., W. L. Schell, J. J. Kazmierczak, and J. P. Davis. 1992. Changes in population density and distribution of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in Wisconsin during the 1980s. Journal of Medical Entomology 29(5): 723-728.
14. Fruzinski, B. 1983. Habitat, density and spatial structure of the forest roe deer population. Acta Theriologica 28: 243-258.
15. Fujimoto, K. 1994. Comparison of the cold hardiness of Ixodes nipponensis and I. persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to the distribution patterns of both species in Chichibu Mountains. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology (Eisei Dobutsus) 1: 333-339.
16. Gilot, B., C. Guiguen, and B. Degeilh. 1994. Phytoecological mapping of Ixodes ricinus as an approach to the distribution of Lyme borrelisosis in France. Pages 105-112 in J. S. Axford and D. H. E. Rees, editors. Lyme borreliosis. Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.
17. Glass, G. E., B. S. Schwartz, J. M. Morgan III, D. T. Johnson, P. M. Noy, and E. Israel. 1995. Environmental risk factors for Lyme disease identified with Geographic Information Systems. American Journal of Public Health 85(7): 944-948.
18. Gustafson, R., B. Svenungsson, A. Gardulf, G. Stiernstedt, and M. Forsgren. 1990. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in a defined Swedish population. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 22: 297-306.
19. Gustafson, R., B. Svenungsson, M. Forsgren, A. Gardulf, and M. Granström. 1992. Two-year survey of the incidence of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a high-risk population in Sweden. European Journal of Clinical Microbiological Infectious Diseases II: 894-900.
20. Gustafson, R. 1994. Epidemiological studies of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases Supplement 24: 181-188.
21. Hadley Center. 1995. Modelling climate change 1860-2050. The U.K. Meteorological Office, Bracknell, UK.
22. Holmgren, E. B., and M. Forsgren. 1990. Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden 1956-1989: A study of 1116 cases. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 22: 287-295.
23. IPCC. Watson, R. T., M. C. Zinyowera, and R. H. Moss, editors. 1996a. Climate change 1995: Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change. Scientific-technical analyses. Contribution of working group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
24. IPCC. Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, editors. 1996b. Climate change 1995: The science of climate change. Contribution of working group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
25. Jaenson, T. G. T., L. Tälleklint, L. Lundqvist, B. Olsen, L. Chirico, and H. Mejlon. 1994. Geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae) in Sweden. Journal of Medical Entomology 31: 240-256.
26. Kaiser, R. 1995. Tick-borne encephalitis in southern Germany. Lancet 345: 463.
27. Karl, T. R., P. D. Jones, and R. W. Knight. 1993. A new perspective on global warming: asymmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74: 1007-1023.
28. Knülle, W., and D. Rudolph. 1983. Humidity relationships and water balance of ticks. Pages 34-70 in F. D. Obenchain and R. Galun, editors. Physiology of ticks. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
29. Levins, R., T. Awerbuch, U. Brinkman, I. Eckardt, P. Epstein, N. Makhoul, C. Albuquerque de Possas, C. Puccia, A. Spielman, and M. E. Wilson. 1994. The emergence of new diseases. American Scientist 2: 52-60.
30. Lindsay, I. R., I. K. Barker, G. A. Surgeoner, S. A. McEwen, T. J. Gillespie, and J. T. Robinson. 1995. Survival and development of Ixodes scapularisnbsp; (Acari: Ixodidae) under various climatic conditions in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology 32: 143-152.
31. Martens, W. J. M. 1995. Modelling the effect of global warming on the prevalence of schistosomiasis. The Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Report Number 461502010, Bithoven, The Netherlands.
32. Martens, W. J. M., L. W. Niessen, J. Rotmans, T. H. Jetten, and A. J. McMichael. 1995. Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environmental Health Perspective 103: 458-464.
33. Martens, W. J. M., T. H. Jetten, and D. A. Ficks. 1997. Sensitivity of malaria, schistosomiasis and dengue to global warming. Climatic Change 32(2): 145-156.
34. Martin, P. H., and M. G. Lefebvre. 1995. Malaria and climate: sensitivity of malaria potential transmission to climate. AMBIO XXIV: 200-209.
35. Maskell, K., I. M. Mintzer, and B. A. Callander. 1993. Basic science of climate change. Lancet 342: 1027-1031.
36. Matsuoka, Y., and K. Kai. 1994. An estimation of climate change effects on malaria. Journal of Global Environment Engineering 1: 1-15.
37. McEnroe, W. D. 1977. The restriction of the species range of Ixodes scapularis, Say, in Massachussets by fall and winter temperature. Acarologia XVIII: 618-625.
38. _. 1984. Winter survival and spring breeding by the fall tick, Ixodes dammini, in Massachusetts (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acarologica XXV: 223-229.
39. _. 1990. Climatic regulation of the two-cohort population of Ixodes dammini in coastal Massachusetts. Acarologica XXXI: 235-239.
40. McMichael, A. J., A. Haines, R. Sloff, and S. Kovats. 1996. Climate change and human health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
41. Mejlon, H. A., and T. G. T Jaenson. 1993. Seasonal prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi inIxodes ricinus in different vegetation types in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 25: 449-456.
42. Murphy, F. A., C. M. Fauquet, D. H. L. Bishop, S. A. Ghabrial, and A. W. Jarvis, editors. 1995. Virus taxonomy. Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Springer-Verlag, Wien, Austria.
43. Ostfeld, R. S. 1997. The ecology of Lyme-disease risk. American Scientist 85: 338-346.
44. Ostfeld, R. S., O. M. Cepeda, K. R. Hazler, and M. C. Miller. 1995. Ecology of Lyme disease: habitat associations of ticks (Ixodes scapularis ) in a rural landscape. Ecological Applications 5(2): 353-361.
45. Patz, J. A., P. R. Epstein, T. A. Burke, and J. M. Balbus. 1996. Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of the American Medical Association 275: 217-223.
46. Randolph, S. E., L. Gern, and P. A. Nuttall. 1996. Co-feeding ticks: epidemiological significance for tick-borne pathogen transmission. Parasitology Today 12: 472-479.
47. Real, L. A. 1996. Sustainability and the ecology of infectious disease. BioScience 46: 88-97.
48. Reeves, W. C., J. L. Hardy, W. K. Reisen, and M. M. Milby. 1994. Potential effect of global warming on mosquito-borne arboviruses. Journal of Medical Entomology 31(3): 323-332.
49. Smorodintsev, A. 1958. Tick-borne spring - summer encephalitis. Progress in Medical Virology 1: 210-248.
50. Telford, S. R., P. M. Armstrong, P. Katavolus, I. Foppa, A. S. Olmeda Garcia, M. L. Wilson, and A. Spielman. 1997. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. Emerging Infectious Diseases URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no2/telford.htm
51. WHO meeting. 1986. Tick-borne encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe: report on a WHO meeting, Baden, Austria, 3-5 October, 1983. EURO Report Studies 104: 1-51.